Guidebook for Air Cargo Facility Planning and Development (2015)

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107 Air cargo Freight and mail carried by passenger airlines, integrated express carriers, and all- cargo carriers. Air cargo apron/ramp area Portions of the airport tarmac designated for air cargo aircraft parking and operations. Air forwarder Firm specializing in arranging storage and shipping of merchandise and materi- als on behalf of its shippers. It usually provides a full range of services, including tracking inland transportation, preparation of shipping and export documents, warehousing, booking cargo space, negotiating freight charges, freight consolidation, cargo insurance, and filing of insurance claims. Air freight That portion of air cargo that does not include mail. Air freight ranges in size from parcels weighing several ounces to large shipments weighing thousands of pounds. Airmail That portion of air cargo that does not include freight; typically composed of letters, parcels, and packages. Airport Reference Code (ARC) classification The ARC is a coding system developed by the FAA to relate airport design criteria to the operational and physical characteristics of the airplane types that will operate at a particular airport. The ARC has two components relating to the air- port design aircraft. The first component, depicted by a letter, is the aircraft approach category and relates to aircraft approach speed. The second component, depicted by a Roman numeral, is the airplane design group and relates to airplane wingspan. Generally, aircraft approach speed applies to runways and runway-length–related features. Airplane wingspan primarily relates to separation criteria and width-related features. All-cargo carriers All-cargo carriers operate airport-to-airport air cargo and freight services for their customers but do not offer passenger service. Cargo airports Cargo airports are dedicated to the movement of air cargo and offer the advan- tage of uncongested airspace relative to airports with passenger airline service. Cargo buildings Warehouses, buildings, and retrofitted hangars dedicated to facilitating the transport of air cargo at airports. Cargo terminal A cargo terminal is a facility designed to move cargo containers between dif- ferent transport vehicles for onward transportation. At an airport, the cargo terminal is used to move cargo between aircraft and trucks. Only a few such examples of pure cargo terminals exist in the world, including SuperTerminal 1 at Hong Kong International Airport and Emirates’ Cargo Mega Terminal at Dubai International. Glossary

108 Guidebook for Air Cargo Facility Planning and Development Compact fluorescent light (CFL)/light-emitting diode (LED) lighting A CFL bulb is a fluo- rescent lightbulb that has been compressed to the size of a standard-issue incandescent light- bulb. An LED is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it. Both CFL and LED lighting are considered energy efficient. Consolidation center/drop station A consolidation center, or drop station, is intended to reduce truck congestion at large international gateway airports by consolidating the loads of multiple trucks at a point well outside the airport prior to transporting to the destination airport. Converted hangar/warehouse A converted hangar/warehouse is a stand-alone building origi- nally designed as an aircraft hangar, converted to be used as a warehouse for the storage and transfer of air cargo. DHL’s converted warehouse at San Francisco International Airport is a prime example of this type of facility. Brussels Airport is also home to a converted Sabena hangar that was used for air cargo sorting by DHL. Cross-dock less-than-truckload (LTL) warehouse A cross-dock LTL warehouse is a facility where materials from trucks or rail cars are unloaded and directly loaded onto outbound trucks or rail cars, with little or no storage in between. Dedicated truck parking Parking for trucks/trailers on the landside of cargo buildings. Includes spaces in the building’s truck-bay doors/docks and parking lot truck/trailer spaces. Elevated transfer vehicle (ETV) ETVs are specifically designed for the efficient storage and retrieval of ULDs and air cargo pallets. The ETV’s functions are to store all types of ULDs and pallets on multiple levels in a cargo building using friction-driven or motorized roller decks. First-line air cargo facilities First-line air cargo facilities have direct airside access and are typically used by airlines as well as ground handlers that require direct access to the aircraft and usually park adjacent to the cargo building. Freighter Aircraft capable of carrying only cargo. Ground handler Businesses that provide aircraft handling services to air cargo and passenger airlines. These businesses assist with the loading and unloading of aircraft, cargo transport, and material handling. Ground support equipment (GSE) Tugs, K loaders, push-back tractors, trucks, belt loaders, dollies, ULDs, and other vehicles and equipment used to service air cargo aircraft. Heavy-lift cargo freighters Heavy-lift cargo freighters are operated by charter cargo airlines such as Volga-Dnepr Airlines and Antonov Airlines, providing specialized heavy-lift operations with their fleets of Antonov An-124 and An-225 aircraft, respectively. Hybrid non-conveyables A hybrid non-conveyables building is a warehouse that is capable of moving bulky or oversized items via forklift. These items are non-conveyable in the sense that they cannot be moved by conveyor systems. Once deplaned, they enter the facility and are sorted then transferred to truck or aircraft for further transport. Integrated express cargo carriers Cargo carriers offering door-to-door service typically under one brand. For example, FedEx Express, UPS, and DHL. Intercontinental hubs An intercontinental hub connects two or three continents by air cargo and passenger aircraft and can be located in relatively remote parts of the world, away from dense populations. These airports offer cargo hub capability as well as aircraft service centers for air- craft needing to refuel and change crews. International gateways The international gateway functions as a consolidation, distribution, and processing point for international air cargo. To a certain extent, an international air cargo

Glossary 109 gateway is similar to a hub airport in that the gateway airport is not reliant on the surrounding market area to generate sufficient cargo to justify air cargo–related operations. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification LEED is an inter- nationally recognized green-building certification system, providing third-party verification that a building or community was designed and built using strategies intended to improve perfor- mance in metrics such as energy savings, pollution, and waste. Material handling or sorting system Equipment installed in an air cargo building to facilitate the movement of air cargo packages, parcels, pallets, and ULDs. These include motorized and nonmotorized conveyors, roller decks, slides, and lifts. Multi-tenant facility An air cargo building/warehouse with several occupants occupying assigned areas in the cargo building. National cargo hub The cargo hub is the backbone of an integrated express carrier since it provides connections to each market in the integrator’s system. Each day of operation, flights from around the world arrive at the hub. Once at the hub, packages are unloaded, sorted for the appropriate destination market, and loaded onto the appropriate outbound aircraft. Non-integrated all-cargo carriers Cargo carriers offering airport-to-airport cargo service, such as Atlas, Cargolux, and Evergreen. These carriers rely heavily on air forwarders to transport cargo to and from the aircraft. Occupants An air cargo business, carrier, third-party provider, or passenger airline that occu- pies space in an air cargo building. Origin-and-destination (O&D)/local market stations Local market stations, or direct air cargo services (O&D service to an airport’s surrounding market area), are generally near population centers where there is a concentration of industry, commerce, and transportation infrastructure. These airports represent the spoke in a hub-and-spoke air carrier network. Pallet A pallet is a solid wood, metal, or plastic transport structure on which shipments are stacked and wrapped in plastic and netting. Passenger airlines Passenger airlines generally provide airport-to-airport service, with freight and mail carried as belly cargo. Air cargo services provided by passenger airlines vary in scope and size from airline to airline, based on the type of aircraft operating within their fleets. Passenger belly cargo Cargo loaded into the belly (and tail) compartments of passenger aircraft. Perishable centers Perishable centers are specialized facilities designed to handle goods that require refrigeration, such as flowers, fruits, vegetables, seafood, and pharmaceutical products. These facilities are often refrigerated or contain large coolers capable of maintaining the desired temperature. Perishable storage Freezer and refrigerated cargo storage facilities. Regional hubs Regional hubs serve the region in which they are located by performing the cargo sorting and distribution functions of a specific carrier’s primary hub. Roller/castor deck or floor Floor designed for the conveying of ULDs within a warehouse or onto a ramp. Roller decks can be motor or gravity operated for the staging of cargo with different dimensions. Ball-bearing or castor-like inserts in the deck provide a friction-free surface. Second-line air cargo facilities Second-line air cargo facilities may be on the airport premises but do not offer direct airside access. They work well for tenants who do not have aircraft or can access the aircraft through other through-the-fence access points.

110 Guidebook for Air Cargo Facility Planning and Development Single-tenant facility An air cargo building/warehouse with one occupant occupying the entire facility. Sorting facility Sorting facilities are designed to consolidate and process air cargo, routing it through the appropriate channel for further transport or local delivery. Automated sorting is used by integrators at their hub terminals in order to achieve their desired turnaround times and delivery commitments. These facilities do not necessarily need to be located on the airport premises. Surplus space Any building space not used on a consistent basis for the handling of air cargo. Telecommunications systems Wi-Fi/wireless Internet, two-way radios, cellphone/iPhone/iPad technology and devices, public address systems/intercoms, and phone landlines. Third-line air cargo facilities Third-line air cargo facilities are located in areas surrounding airports and may be owned by private landlords but are not directly connected with the airport. Although not on airport property, these facilities offer aviation service providers the proximity to the airport they desire. Third-party developer Real estate developers that lease airport land and construct air cargo facilities. These firms lease warehouse space to passenger airlines, cargo carriers, and integrated express carriers. Through-the-fence gate airside access Security gates in the vicinity of cargo buildings that allow vehicles access from landside to the air cargo ramp/apron. Unit load device (ULD) A unit load device is a pallet or container used to load luggage, freight, and mail onto wide-body aircraft and specific narrow-body aircraft. Warehouse Warehouses are buildings with many different functional definitions, depending on the operator’s role. Activities that take place in a warehouse relating to air cargo include unloading/breakdown, buildup/loading, import/export document processing, security screen- ing, tracking/tracing, inventory/control, perishables refrigeration, product inventory, delivery and receipt of goods, scanning and processing, and administration.

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation

TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED ISBN 978-0-309-37476-7 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 3 7 4 7 6 7 9 0 0 0 0 N O N -PR O FIT O R G . U .S. PO STA G E PA ID C O LU M B IA , M D PER M IT N O . 88 G uidebook for A ir Cargo Facility Planning and D evelopm ent A CRP Report 143 TRB