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A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health (2016)

Chapter: 3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health

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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×

3

Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health

Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×

PUTTING THE COMMUNITY IN CHARGE

The framework published by Audrey Danaher at the Wellesley Institute (see Figure 3-1) is part of a larger effort to reduce health disparities and improve population health through contributions from the community sector (Danaher, 2011). Within the context of the framework, the community sector is defined as “the wide range of not-for-profit organizations whose mandate is to work with and provide services to communities to meet local needs.” As described in the box to the far right of the figure, a responsive and effective community sector can contribute to reducing health disparities. This is accomplished through direct community engagement that builds trust, provides services that ameliorate the impact of disparities, and mobilizes communities to influence policy on the social determinants of health as noted in the three center circles adjacent to the box. The far left circles describe the conditions in which the community sector functions: the top circle depicts the policies, economics, and social systems that give rise to

image
FIGURE 3-1 The Danaher framework.
NOTE: SDoH = social determinants of health.
SOURCE: Danaher, 2011. Reprinted with permission from the Wellesley Institute. For more information, visit http://www.wellesleyinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Reducing-Disparities-and-Improving-Population-Health.pdf (accessed September 22, 2016).
Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×

the social determinants of health, and the bottom circle is the community characteristics that influence the social determinants of health.

As part of their guide to action on rural community health and wellbeing, researchers at Brandon University, the University of Manitoba, and Concordia University in Canada partnered with various stakeholder groups to build the framework seen in Figure 3-2 (Annis et al., 2004; Ryan-Nicholls, 2004). Stakeholders included

  • rural community development corporations,
  • regional health authorities,
  • Community Futures Partners of Manitoba,
image
FIGURE 3-2 Rural Community Health & Well-Being Framework.
SOURCE: Annis et al., 2004. Reprinted with permission from the Rural Development Institute and Brandon University.
Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
  • Wheat Belt Community Futures Development Corporation,
  • Health Canada,
  • the Rural Secretariat,
  • Statistics Canada, and
  • Brandon University researchers.

The purpose of the framework was to assist residents of rural communities in self-assessing quality-of-life measures that are listed under the framework as “Being,” “Belonging,” and “Becoming.” Being involves understanding the current state of the community; belonging denotes how the community fits within the broader context; and becoming encompasses all the purposeful activities that are carried out to achieve the community’s goals (Annis et al., 2004; Raphael et al., 1999).

In the center of the framework are the social, economic, and environmental factors that often predetermine a community’s health and wellbeing. Stemming from these three circles are ten items that rural residents identified (and tested) as important considerations and additions to the framework. Each item is linked to an easily understood and interpreted indicator that has accessible and available data sources; measures what is important, credible, and acceptable to the residents of the rural community; and has a scientific, traditional, or community basis for inclusion that is considered reliable, trustworthy, and relevant. Through such an analysis of what is valued by rural communities, the residents themselves can begin to understand the current state of their community’s health, well-being, and quality of life (Annis et al., 2004).

PUBLIC HEALTH AND SYSTEMS CONTEXT FOR IMPACTING THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) Commission on Social Determinants of Health published a conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health (Solar and Irwin, 2010) that it used to orient its work, discussed in Chapter 1 (WHO, 2008). This framework is displayed in Figure 3-3 and is divided into structural and intermediary determinants. The structural determinants comprise the societal, economic, and political context in which a person is born and lives, which dictates one’s socioeconomic position. One’s socioeconomic position then sets the stage for the intermediary determinants (material circumstances, psychosocial circumstances, behavioral and/or biological factors, and the health system itself) and the likelihood of exposure to health-compromising conditions. Illnesses caused by poor living conditions can then circle back to the structural determinants if, for example, a person experiences a loss of employment or income, thereby lowering his or her socioeconomic status.

Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
image
FIGURE 3-3 World Health Organization (WHO) conceptual framework.
SOURCE: Solar and Irwin, 2010. Reprinted with permission from the World Health Organization.

Bridging the structural and intermediary determinants are concepts of social cohesion and social capital. The commissioners who developed the framework acknowledged that the inclusion of these concepts risked depoliticizing approaches to public health and the social determinants of health. However, they opted to include this bridge because they also believed that states could be in a position to promote equity through cooperative relationships between citizens and institutions by developing systems that would facilitate such connections. The final box to the far right of the figure shows the impacts of structural and intermediary determinants on equity in health and well-being and how those impacts can feed back to the structural determinants, having a positive, negative, or neutral influence on future generations.

Frieden (2010) developed a five-tier pyramid as a framework for improving public health (see Figure 3-4). Anchoring the base of the pyramid are interventions that Frieden states have the greatest potential impact on social determinants of health (e.g., poverty reduction, improved education). Next are interventions that benefit the vast majority of populations and are not labor-intensive, such as fluoridated water, followed by interventions that benefit large segments of the population and are more labor-intensive, such as immunizations. The tier above is direct clinical interventions for prevention of certain conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, that have

Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
image
FIGURE 3-4 The Frieden framework.
SOURCE: Frieden, 2010. Reprinted with permission from the American Journal of Public Health.

the greatest health impact on individuals. Finally, at the top of the pyramid is education about health, which is believed to be the most labor-intensive intervention with the lowest public health impact.

According to Frieden (2010), since 1994, researchers have put forth public health frameworks that are similar but place greater emphasis on impacting health through clinical health services and the delivery of health care. Unlike these frameworks, Frieden used the social determinants of health to underpin his model.

Bay Area Regional Health Inequities Initiative is a group of local health departments in the San Francisco Bay Area dedicated to addressing health inequities. The initiative developed a health equity framework that depicts the link between health and social inequalities (see Figure 3-5). This framework shows upstream and downstream influences on health, as well as entry points for public health intervention. It broadens the scope of public health to include upstream drivers of health such as social inequities, institutional power, and living conditions (including physical, social,

Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
image
FIGURE 3-5 A public health framework for reducing health inequities.
SOURCE: BARHII, 2015. Reprinted with permission from the Bay Area Regional Health Inequities Initiative.
Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×

economic and work, and service environments). This framework has been formally adopted by the California Department of Public Health for application to its decision-making process (BARHII, 2015).

HEALTH PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND COLLABORATION

Karen Yoder (2006) developed a framework for service learning in dental education that could be applied to all health professions. Its focus is on planning, implementing, and evaluating service learning. It also allows educators to differentiate between service learning and other forms of

image
FIGURE 3-6 The Yoder framework.
SOURCE: Yoder, 2006. Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Dental Education.
Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×

community engagement, such as volunteerism, community service, internships, and field education, that may or may not include all the elements of true service learning (Furco, 1996). True service learning entails an ongoing synergistic effect between learning and service that involves active participation in thoughtfully organized service experiences deigned to meet the actual needs of the community. It also includes structured time for reflection and integration of the service into basic science and clinical courses (Chokshi, 2010; O’Brien et al., 2014; Yoder, 2006). The goal of service learning is to better prepare health professionals to work and partner effectively with diverse populations and communities, and to equip learners with competencies for interacting with other sectors, particularly within health policy.

As seen in Figure 3-6, service learning is placed in the center of the framework to signify an equal balance between service and learning and between the learner and the recipient of the service. The framework is structured around the four categories of scholarship, partnership, programs, and growth, each of which is further divided into two or three different but complementary components. In total, the framework encompasses ten essential components that are explained in Box 3-1.

Interprofessional education is key for helping health professionals learn to work with other professions and sectors. A previous Institute of Medicine (IOM) committee—the Committee on Measuring the Impact of Interprofessional Education on Collaborative Practice and Patient Outcomes—developed a model of interprofessional education (see Figure 3-7). This model depicts interprofessional education as ongoing and developing over time during a health professional’s career, including both formal and informal education, as well as all stages of professional development (foundational education, graduate education, and continuing professional development). It includes four interrelated components: a learning continuum; the outcomes of learning; individual and population health outcomes; system outcomes such as organizational changes, system efficiencies, and cost-effectiveness; and the major enabling and interfering factors that influence implementation and overall outcomes (IOM, 2015, p. 28).

The Cooperative Extension (the Extension) developed a National Framework for Health and Wellness (see Figure 3-8) that is based on the National Prevention Council Action Plan of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS, 2012). The HHS strategy identifies four areas for prevention efforts: (1) healthy and safe community environments, (2) clinical and community preventive services, (3) empowered people, and (4) elimination of health disparities (HHS, 2012). These areas are captured in the center of the Extension’s framework, in the overall goal to “increase the number of Americans who are healthy at every stage of life” (ECOP Task Force, 2014).

Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
image
FIGURE 3-7 The interprofessional learning continuum model.
NOTE: For this model, “graduate education” encompasses any advanced formal or supervised health professional training taking place between the completion of foundational education and entry into unsupervised practice.
SOURCE: IOM, 2015.

The Extension’s framework also is based on the social-ecological model of Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979), which addresses the relationships among individual, community, and societal factors. That model is captured in the first ring of the framework, “healthy and safe environments” and “healthy and safe choices.” The next ring depicts the Extension’s six priority areas: health policy issues education; integrated nutrition, health, environment, and agriculture systems; health literacy; chronic disease prevention and management; positive youth development for health; and health insurance literacy. The outer ring identifies key partners with which to collaborate to achieve the Extension’s goals: an engaged university system, health professionals, the education sector, the private sector, the public sector, engaged communities, community organizations, and clinical and community preventive services (ECOP Task Force, 2014).

Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
image
FIGURE 3-8 The Cooperative Extension’s National Framework for Health and Wellness.
SOURCE: ECOP Task Force, 2014. Reprinted with permission from the Extension Committee on Organization and Policy Health Task Force. For more information, visit http://www.aplu.org/members/commissions/food-environment-and-renewableresources/CFERR_Library/national-framework-for-health-and-wellness/file (accessed September 22, 2016).

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Figure 3-9 depicts a conceptual framework for measuring efforts to increase access to health workers in underserved areas. This framework builds on previous monitoring and evaluation efforts of WHO (2009) and parallels the WHO Commission’s social, political, and economic context as illustrated in Figure 3-3. These contextual factors are rarely considered in evaluations of country-led initiatives to attract and retain qualified health workers in underserved areas. Huicho and colleagues (2010) proposed this framework to capture contextual factors and overcome evaluation challenges due to the complexity of interventions and the lack of previously published guidelines.

Based on a systems approach, this framework is divided into inputs (design and implementation), outputs, outcomes, and impact. For each of

Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
image
FIGURE 3-9 A conceptual framework for measuring efforts to increase access to health workers in underserved areas.
NOTE: IMR = infant mortality rate; MMR = maternal mortality ratio.
SOURCE: Huicho et al., 2010. Reprinted with permission from the World Health Organization.

these divisions, the authors provide examples of indicators for evaluating success. Of particular interest for purposes of this report is the emphasis on education during the input phase, retention of workers as an output, worker performance as an outcome, and improved health status as a measurable impact (Huicho et al., 2010).

Finally, THEnet created a comprehensive framework to aid schools in examining and learning how to improve health outcomes and health systems performance. This framework is designed to be useful at the individual school level, the network/partnership level, and the broader level. Its

Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×

purpose is to help schools assess their social accountability, and it is structured around a series of questions under four sections, presented in Box 3-2 (THEnet, 2015). The entire framework is accessible online (THEnet, 2015).

REFERENCES

Annis, R., F. Racher, and M. Beattie. 2004. Rural community health and well-being: A guide to action. Brandon, Manitoba: Rural Development Institute. https://www.brandonu.ca/rdi/publication/rural-community-health-and-well-being-a-guide-to-action (accessed September 22, 2016).

BARHII (Bay Area Regional Health Inequities Initiative). 2015. A public health framework for reducing health inequities. http://barhii.org/framework (accessed September 22, 2016).

Bronfenbrenner, U. 1979. The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Chokshi, D. A. 2010. Teaching about health disparities using a social determinants framework. Journal of General Internal Medicine 25(Suppl. 2):S182-S185.

Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×

Danaher, A. 2011. Reducing disparities and improving population health: The role of a vibrant community sector. Toronto, ON: Wellesley Institute. http://www.wellesleyinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Reducing-Disparities-and-Improving-Population-Health. pdf (accessed September 22, 2016).

ECOP (Extension Committee on Organization and Policy) Task Force. 2014. Cooperative Extension’s national framework for health and wellness. http://www.aplu.org/members/commissions/food-environment-and-renewable-resources/CFERR_Library/nationalframework-for-health-and-wellness/file (accessed December 9, 2015).

Frieden, T. R. 2010. A framework for public health action: The health impact pyramid. American Journal of Public Health 100(4):590-595.

Furco, A. 1996. Service-learning: A balanced approach to experiential education. In Expanding boundaries: Serving and learning, edited by B. Taylor. Washington, DC: Corporation for National Service. Pp. 2-6.

HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2012. National Prevention Council Action Plan: Implementing the national prevention strategy. Washington, DC: HHS.

Huicho, L., M. Dieleman, J. Campbell, L. Codjia, D. Balabanova, G. Dussault, and C. Dolea. 2010. Increasing access to health workers in underserved areas: A conceptual framework for measuring results. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 88(5):357-363.

IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2015. Measuring the impact of interprofessional education on collaborative practice and patient outcomes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

O’Brien, M. J., J. M. Garland, K. M. Murphy, S. J. Shuman, R. C. Whitaker, and S. C. Larson. 2014. Training medical students in the social determinants of health: The Health Scholars Program at Puentes de Salud. Advances in Medical Education and Practice 5:307-314.

Raphael, D., I. Brown, and R. Renwick. 1999. Psychometric properties of the full and short versions of the quality of life instrument package: Results from the Ontario Province-Wide Study. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 46(2):157-168.

Ryan-Nicholls, K. 2004. Rural Canadian community health and quality of life: Testing a workbook to determine priorities and move to action. Rural Remote Health 4(2):278.

Solar, O., and A. Irwin. 2010. A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Social determinants of health discussion paper 2 (policy and practice). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. http://www.who.int/sdhconference/resources/ConceptualframeworkforactiononSDH_eng.pdf (accessed September 22, 2016).

THEnet (The Training for Health Equity Network). 2015. The social accountability framework for health workforce training. http://thenetcommunity.org/social-accountability-framework (accessed January 7, 2016).

WHO (World Health Organization). 2008. Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health, final report. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health.

WHO. 2009. Monitoring and Evaluation Working Group of the International Health Partnership and related initiatives (IHP+). Monitoring performance and evaluating progress in the scale-up for better health: A proposed common framework. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.

Yoder, K. M. 2006. A framework for service-learning in dental education. Journal of Dental Education 70(2):115-123.

Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×

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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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Suggested Citation:"3 Frameworks for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21923.
×
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The World Health Organization defines the social determinants of health as "the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life." These forces and systems include economic policies, development agendas, cultural and social norms, social policies, and political systems. In an era of pronounced human migration, changing demographics, and growing financial gaps between rich and poor, a fundamental understanding of how the conditions and circumstances in which individuals and populations exist affect mental and physical health is imperative. Educating health professionals about the social determinants of health generates awareness among those professionals about the potential root causes of ill health and the importance of addressing them in and with communities, contributing to more effective strategies for improving health and health care for underserved individuals, communities, and populations.

Recently, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to develop a high-level framework for such health professional education. A Framework for Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health also puts forth a conceptual model for the framework's use with the goal of helping stakeholder groups envision ways in which organizations, education, and communities can come together to address health inequalities.

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