Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations Between HMA Layers, Volume 3 - Controlled Evaluation Reports (2013)

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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2013 www.TRB.org RepoRt S2-R06D-RW-3 The Second S T R A T E G I C H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations Between HMA Layers Volume 3 Michael heitzMan Kenneth Maser naM h. tran ray Brown haley Bell steve holland halil ceylan KiMBerly Belli dennis hiltunen National Center for Asphalt Technology at Auburn University Alabama

Subscriber Categories Construction Highways Maintenance and Preservation Pavements

SHRP 2 Reports Available by subscription and through the TRB online bookstore: www.TRB.org/bookstore Contact the TRB Business Office: 202-334-3213 More information about SHRP 2: www.TRB.org/SHRP2 SHRP 2 Report S2-R06D-RW-3 ISBN: 978-0-309-27295-7 © 2013 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Copyright Information Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copy- right to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. The second Strategic Highway Research Program grants permission to repro- duce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Per- mission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, or FHWA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. 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Developments in research and technology—such as advanced materials, communications technology, new data collection tech- nologies, and human factors science—offer a new opportunity to improve the safety and reliability of this important national resource. Breakthrough resolution of significant transportation problems, however, requires concentrated resources over a short time frame. Reflecting this need, the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) has an intense, large-scale focus, integrates multiple fields of research and technology, and is fundamentally different from the broad, mission-oriented, discipline-based research programs that have been the mainstay of the highway research industry for half a century. 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SHRP 2 focuses on applied research in four areas: Safety, to prevent or reduce the severity of highway crashes by understanding driver behavior; Renewal, to address the aging infrastructure through rapid design and construction methods that cause minimal disruptions and produce lasting facilities; Reliability, to reduce congestion through incident reduction, management, response, and mitigation; and Capacity, to integrate mobility, economic, environmental, and community needs in the planning and designing of new trans- portation capacity. SHRP 2 was authorized in August 2005 as part of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). The program is managed by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) on behalf of the National Research Council (NRC). 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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the American Asso- ciation of State Highway and Transportation Officials. It was conducted in the second Strategic Highway Research Program, which is administered by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. The project was managed by Dr. Monica Starnes, Senior Program Officer for SHRP 2 Renewal. The team recognizes the technical input of the research team’s expert panel. In addition to providing the team with valuable comments, the highway agency team members assisted with identification and support of field evaluation sites. The members of the expert panel are Jim Musselman, the Florida Department of Transportation (DOT); Kim Willoughby, the Washington State DOT; Andrew Gisi, the Kansas DOT; Nadarajah Sivaneswaran, FHWA; John Harvey, University of California, Davis; and Harold Von Quintus, Applied Research Associates. The team recognizes the support of the NDT technology firms that expended their own resources to provide NDT equipment and software to the study. The companies that supported the project were Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc.; MALA AB; 3d-Radar (a Curtiss-Wright Company); Geomedia Research and Development; Olson Instruments, Inc. and Olson Engineering Inc.; and Infrared Cameras, Inc. The study could not have been completed without their generous assistance. The team especially recognizes the efforts of the hardware and software development staffs of 3d-Radar and Olson Instruments, Inc., for improving the capabilities of their NDT technologies to meet the needs of highway agencies. SHRP 2 STAFF Ann M. Brach, Director Stephen J. Andrle, Deputy Director Neil J. Pedersen, Deputy Director, Implementation and Communications James Bryant, Senior Program Officer, Renewal Kenneth Campbell, Chief Program Officer, Safety JoAnn Coleman, Senior Program Assistant, Capacity and Reliability Eduardo Cusicanqui, Financial Officer Walter Diewald, Senior Program Officer, Safety Jerry DiMaggio, Implementation Coordinator Shantia Douglas, Senior Financial Assistant Charles Fay, Senior Program Officer, Safety Carol Ford, Senior Program Assistant, Renewal and Safety Elizabeth Forney, Assistant Editor Jo Allen Gause, Senior Program Officer, Capacity Rosalind Gomes, Accounting/Financial Assistant Abdelmename Hedhli, Visiting Professional James Hedlund, Special Consultant, Safety Coordination Alyssa Hernandez, Reports Coordinator Ralph Hessian, Special Consultant, Capacity and Reliability Andy Horosko, Special Consultant, Safety Field Data Collection William Hyman, Senior Program Officer, Reliability Michael Marazzi, Senior Editorial Assistant Linda Mason, Communications Officer Reena Mathews, Senior Program Officer, Capacity and Reliability Matthew Miller, Program Officer, Capacity and Reliability Michael Miller, Senior Program Assistant, Capacity and Reliability David Plazak, Senior Program Officer, Capacity Onno Tool, Visiting Professional Dean Trackman, Managing Editor Connie Woldu, Administrative Coordinator Patrick Zelinski, Communications/Media Associate

F O R EWO R D Monica A. Starnes, Ph.D., Senior Program Officer, Renewal Asphalt pavements with delamination problems experience considerable early damage because delaminations provide paths for moisture damage and the development of damage such as stripping, slippage cracks, and pavement deformation. Early detection of the existence, extent, and depth of delaminations in asphalt pavements is key for determining the appropriate rehabilitation strategy and thus extending the life of the given pavement. This report presents the findings of the first two phases of SHRP 2 Renewal Project R06D, Nondestructive Testing to Identify Delaminations Between HMA Layers. The main objective of the project was to develop nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques capable of detecting and quantifying delaminations in HMA pavements. The NDT techniques should be applicable to construction, project design, and network-level assessments. During Phase 1 of the project, the research team evaluated NDT methods that could potentially detect the most typical delaminations in asphalt pavements. Both laboratory and field testing were conducted during this task. Based on the findings from this testing, the manufacturers of two promising technologies conducted further development of their products to meet the goals of this project in Phase 2. The two technologies advanced in this research were ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and impact echo/spectral analysis of surface waves (IE/SASW). Additionally, the project developed guidelines and piloted both NDT technologies in collaboration with highway agencies. Once completed, the results from this additional scope of work will be published as an addendum to this report.

C O n t E n t s 1 CHAPTER 1 Controlled Laboratory and Field Evaluations: Construction Report 1 Construction of Test Slabs 3 Construction of Pavement Test Sections at the NCAT Pavement Test Track 12 Lessons Learned 12 References 13 CHAPTER 2 Laboratory and Field Evaluations of Ground-Penetrating Radar Systems 13 Laboratory Testing 14 Testing of GPR Systems at Test Track 16 Analysis of GPR Data 20 CHAPTER 3 Laboratory and Field Evaluations of Infrared Thermography Systems 20 Collection of Infrared Data 22 Infrared Data Analysis 24 CHAPTER 4 Controlled Evaluation of Mechanical Wave Technologies: Portable Seismic Pavement Analyzer, Scanning Impact Echo, and Multiple Impact Surface Waves 24 Portable Seismic Pavement Analyzer 31 Scanning Impact Echo and Multiple Impact Surface Waves Methods 37 CHAPTER 5 Ultrasonic Tomography Testing at NCAT Pavement Test Track 37 Introduction 37 Testing 38 Initial Analysis 40 Conclusions 41 Section 1 43 Section 2 46 Section 3 47 Section 4 49 Section 5 51 Section 6 53 Section 7 55 Section 8 57 Section 9 57 Section 10

59 CHAPTER 6 Controlled Evaluation of Lightweight Deflectometer 59 Introduction 59 Laboratory Testing 60 Field Testing 61 Summary 66 CHAPTER 7 Controlled Evaluation of Falling Weight Deflectometer 66 Background and Introduction 66 Research Approach Summary 67 Research Approach 1: BISAR—Analysis and Results 68 Research Approach 2: NCAT FWD Data Analysis and Results 76 FWD Deflection Plots at NCAT Section 85 Deflection Basin Parameters of FWD Measurements at NCAT Test Sections 88 Comparisons of BISAR Results with 9-Kips Loading Normalized FWD Measurements for FWD Testing on NCAT Test Sections: Deflection Basins 96 Comparisons of BISAR Results with Normalized 9-Kip Deflections for FWD Measurements for FWD Testing on NCAT Test Sections: Time History Curves 134 Summary 135 References