Continuing Project to Synthesize Information on Highway Practices: 2016 (2015)

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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Senior Program Officer: Christopher Hedges chedges@nas.edu January 2016 C O N T E N T S Introduction, 1 The Synthesis Project, 2 Studies in Progress and Planned for 2016, 2 Selection of Topics, 3 Available Publications, 4 Index of Topic Subjects, 4 Conduct of the Studies, 4 Research Results Digest 398 INTRODUCTION Highway administrators, engineers, and researchers often face problems for which information already exists, either in docu- mented form or as undocumented experi- ence and practice. This information may be fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. As a consequence, full knowledge of what has been learned about a problem may not be brought to bear on its solution. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and due consideration may not be given to recom- mended practices for solving or alleviating the problem. There is information on nearly every subject of concern to highway administra- tors and engineers. Much of it derives from research or from the work of practitioners faced with problems in their day-to-day work. To provide a systematic means for assembling and evaluating such useful in- formation and making it available to the entire highway community, the American Association of State Highway and Trans- portation Officials—through the mecha- nism of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program—authorized the Trans- portation Research Board to undertake a CONTINUING PROJECT TO SYNTHESIZE INFORMATION ON HIGHWAY PRACTICES A staff digest of the progress and status of NCHRP Project 20-05, “Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Practices,” for which the Transportation Research Board is the agency conducting the research. Individual studies for the project are managed by Jon M. Williams, Program Director, Synthesis Studies; Gail R. Staba, Senior Program Officer; Jo Allen Gause, Senior Program Officer; and Tanya M. Zwahlen, Consultant, serving under the Studies and Special Programs Division of the Board, Stephen R. Godwin, Director. You can submit your recommendation at: http://www.trb.org/Synthesis Programs/Suggest.aspx “Synthesis Topic Submittals.” Topics suggested must be accompanied by a brief (one or two paragraphs) scope statement, including a discussion of the problem. A title (preferably 10 words or less) and the name and affiliation of the sub- mitter are also necessary. Identification of information sources is appreciated. A committee meets once each year, usually in the late spring, to make the final selections. To be considered at the next annual cycle, all submissions should be received by February 2016. If a topic is not selected, it may be resubmitted the following year to be considered. Interested in writing a synthesis? For details contact see the Synthesis homepage (address above) under “New Topics.”

2research; (4) to identify gaps in knowledge and research needs; (5) to organize, evaluate, and doc- ument the useful information that is acquired; and (6) to disseminate the synthesis information to all who might benefit from it. Each synthesis is an immediately useful document that records practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. New knowledge can be expected to be added to that which is now at hand and eventually the synthesis may need to be updated or redone. The readers and users of the syntheses are in the best posi- tion to know when this has occurred. Whenever you believe that a synthesis should be updated, it would be appreciated if you would contact TRB and propose a synthesis update by contacting the NCHRP Manager, Transportation Research Board, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20001. Studies in Progress and Planned for 2016 Work is currently under way on the topics listed in Table 1. Topics selected for the current program are listed in Table 2. Questions on these topics should be addressed to the project study managers, Jon M. Williams, by e-mail at jwilliams@nas.edu, or by phone at 202-334-3245; Gail R. Staba, by e-mail at gstaba@nas.edu, or by phone at 202-334-2442; Jo Allen Gause, by e-mail at jgause@nas.edu, or by phone at 202-334-3826; or Tanya M. Zwahlen, by continuing study. This study, NCHRP Project 20-05, “Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Prac- tices,” searches out and synthesizes useful knowl- edge from all available sources and prepares concise, documented reports on specific topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute an NCHRP report series, Synthesis of Highway Practice. THE SYNTHESIS PROJECT This synthesis series reports on current knowl- edge and practice, in a compact format, without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Each report in the series provides a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be most successful in re- solving specific problems. To develop these syntheses in a comprehen- sive manner and to ensure inclusion of significant knowledge, TRB employs a consultant to gather and analyze available information from numerous sources, including state departments of transporta- tion. A panel of experts in the subject area is estab- lished to guide the consultants in organizing and evaluating the data collected on each topic and to review the synthesis report. For each topic the project objectives are (1) to locate and assemble documented information; (2) to learn what practice has been used for solving or alleviating the problem; (3) to identify all ongoing Table 1 Topics Being Studied No. Title No. Title 46-01 46-02 46-03 46-04 46-05 46-06 46-07 46-09 Public Perception of Mileage-Based User Fees Roundabout Practices Performance Specifications for Asphalt Mixtures Influence of Geotechnical Investigation and Subsurface Conditions on Claims, Change Orders, and Overruns Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Recycled Asphalt Shingles in Asphalt Mixtures Use of Mobile IT Devices in the Field for Design, Construction, and Asset Management State Practices for Local Road Safety Extending Bridge Service Life Through Field Welded Repair and Retrofits 46-10 46-11 46-12 46-13 46-14 46-15 46-16 46-17 Application of Pedestrian Crossing Treatments for Streets and Highways Post-Extreme Event Damage Assessment of and Response for Highway Bridges Converting Paved Roads to Unpaved Practice of Rumble Strips and Rumble Stripes Practices for High-Tension Cable Barrier Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for Management of Highway Assets Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding Training and Certification of Maintenance Highway Workers

3Table 2 Synthesis Topics Selected for the FY 2015 Program No. Title No. Title 47-01 47-02 47-03 47-04 47-05 47-06 47-07 47-08 47-09 Control of Concrete Cracking in Bridges Alternate Design/Alternate Bid Process for Pavement Type Selection Current Practices and Guidelines for the Reuse of Bridge Foundations Leveraging Technology for Transportation Agency Workforce Development and Training Data Maintenance Practices Strategic Program Delivery Methods Evolving Debt Finance Practices for Surface Transportation Pavement Management Systems: Putting the Data to Work Practices for Establishing Contract Duration for Highway Construction Projects 47-10 47-12 47-13 47-14 47-15 47-16 47-17 Resource Allocation of Available Funding to Programs of Work Use of Fiber Reinforced Polymers in Highway Infrastructure Relationship Between Chemical Makeup of Asphalt Binders and Engineering Performance Effective Utility Coordination: Application of Research and Current Practices Traffic Signal Preemption at Intersections near Highway–Rail Grade Crossings Highway Worker Safety Statewide and Mega-Regional Travel Forecasting Models: Freight and Passenger e-mail at tzwahlen@nas.edu, or by phone at 585- 315-1834. Selection of Topics NCHRP Synthesis Oversight Panel 20-05 meets each year to select topics for study using funds from the upcoming fiscal year. The membership of this committee is given in Table 3. Current funding allows for initiation of about 15 syntheses per year. The following factors are considered in the selection process for synthesis topics: • The topic should address a problem that is widespread enough to generate broad interest in the synthesis. • The topic should be timely and critical with respect to safety, economic, or social impact. • The topic is appropriate if current practice is nonuniform or inconsistent from agency to Table 3 NCHRP Synthesis Oversight Panel SP 20-05 Chair Brian A. Blanchard Florida Department of Transportation Stuart D. Anderson Texas A&M University Socorro “Coco” Briseno California Department of Transportation David M. Jared Georgia Department of Transportation Cynthia L. Jones Ohio Department of Transportation Malcolm T. Kerley NXL, Richmond, VA John M. Mason, Jr. Auburn University Catherine Nelson Salem, Oregon Roger C. Olson Bloomington, Minnesota Benjamin T. Orsbon South Dakota Department of Transportation Randall R. “Randy” Park Utah Department of Transportation Robert L. Sack New York State Department of Transportation Francine Shaw Whitson Federal Highway Administration Joyce N. Taylor Maine Department of Transportation Liaisons Jack Jernigan Federal Highway Administration Stephen F. Maher Transportation Research Board

4Please send check orders to: TRB, PO Box 741494, Atlanta, GA 30374-1494, or fax to: 202/334-2519. All reports from No. 295 on (and some selected others) are available as online publications [http://www.trb. org/Publications/PubsNCHRPSynthesisReports.aspx “National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis Reports”]. Index of Topic Subjects Table 5 is an index to published syntheses, unpub- lished studies, and digests and topics in production. Conduct of the Studies Following the Oversight Panel’s selection of topics, studies are initiated in the order of priority assigned by the Panel. A Topic Panel consisting of practitioners and researchers is formed for each topic. At its first meeting, this Topic Panel thor- oughly discusses the topic, refines the scope, sug- gests sources of information, and selects a topic consultant. Following this meeting, the consultant is hired to gather information on the topic, synthesize it, and draft a report. Typically, the agreement covers a pe- riod of 12 months. Information gathering and prepara- tion of the first draft of the synthesis report takes about 6 months. This draft is reviewed by the Topic Panel with the consultant, at the second Topic Panel meeting. A revised draft is then prepared by the consultant. After the staff is substantially satisfied with the report, a second draft is sent to members of the Topic Panel, along with two members of the Oversight Panel, for their final review, and a ballot on whether to publish the report. With this approval, a final draft is prepared and the report is subsequently published as an NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice. agency, or if the validity of some practices appears to be questionable. • The quality and quantity of useful available information should indicate a need to orga- nize and compress that which has already been learned and written on the topic. • The topic should not be one where ongoing research or other activities in progress might be expected to render the synthesis obsolete shortly after completion. Each year many more topics are suggested for the Oversight Panel’s consideration than can be pro- grammed for study in Project 20-05. Nevertheless, the continued success of this project depends on a constant supply of worthy synthesis topics. The interest of those who have recommended topics is sincerely appreciated, and they are urged to con- tinue. Candidate topics are suggested by members of the committee and by a variety of other sources, including state department of transportation per- sonnel; FHWA, AASHTO, and TRB committees; and other practitioners and researchers. Available Publications The Syntheses of Highway Practice that have been completed under this project are listed in Table 4. Nine Research Results Digests on topics studied under the project are also listed. In addition, two unpublished reports are available. The unpublished reports are for information only, as they have not undergone the full review process of a published study. Copies of these Syntheses, Digests, and unpublished reports can be obtained from the publications office, Transporta- tion Research Board, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Wash- ington, D.C. 20001; by calling (202) 334-3213; and through the Internet at https://www.mytrb.org/store. Table 4 Completed Syntheses No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price 1. Traffic Control for Freeway Maintenance (1969) 47 pp., $2.20 2. Bridge Approach Design and Construction Practices (1969) 30 pp. (microfiche)* 3. Traffic-Safe and Hydraulically Efficient Drainage Practice (1969) 38 pp. (microfiche)* 4. Concrete Bridge Deck Durability (1970) 28 pp. (microfiche)* (supplemented by Synthesis 57) 5. Scour at Bridge Waterways (1970) 37 pp. (microfiche)* 6. Principles of Project Scheduling and Monitoring (1970) 43 pp. (microfiche)* 7. Motorist Aid Systems (1971) 28 pp., $2.40 8. Construction of Embankments (1971) 38 pp. (microfiche)* 9. Pavement Rehabilitation—Materials and Techniques (1972) 41 pp. (out of print) 10. Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Mainte- nance and Equipment Personnel (1972) 35 pp. (microfiche)*

511. Development of Management Capability (1972) 50 pp. (out of print) 12. Telecommunications Systems for Highway Administration and Operations (1972) 39 pp., $2.80 (superseded by Synthesis 165) 13. Radio Spectrum Frequency Management (1972) 32 pp., $2.80 14. Skid Resistance (1972) 66 pp. (microfiche)* 15. Statewide Transportation Planning—Needs and Requirements (1973) 41 pp. (microfiche)* (superseded by Synthesis 95) 16. Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (1973) 23 pp., $2.80 17. Pavement Traffic Marking—Materials and Application Affecting Serviceability (1973) 44 pp., $3.60 (superseded by Synthesis 138) 18. Erosion Control on Highway Construction (1973) 52 pp. (microfiche)* 19. Design, Construction, and Maintenance of PCC Pavement Joints (1973) 40 pp. (out of print) 20. Rest Areas (1973) 38 pp., $3.60 21. Highway Location Reference Methods (1974) 30 pp., $3.20 22. Maintenance Management of Traffic Signal Equipment and Systems (1974) 41 pp. (microfiche)* (superseded by Synthesis 114) 23. Getting Research Findings into Practice (1974) 24 pp., $3.20 24. Minimizing Deicing Chemical Use (1974) 58 pp. (microfiche)* 25. Reconditioning High-Volume Freeways in Urban Areas (1974) 56 pp., $4.00 26. Roadway Design in Seasonal Frost Areas (1975) 104 pp. (microfiche)* 27. PCC Pavements for Low-Volume Roads and City Streets (1975) 31 pp. (microfiche)* 28. Partial-Lane Pavement Widening (1975) 30 pp., $3.20 29. Treatment of Soft Foundations for Embank- ments (1975) 25 pp., $3.20 (supplemented by Synthesis 147) 30. Bituminous Emulsions for Highway Pavements (1975) 76 pp. (microfiche)* 31. Highway Tunnel Operations (1975) 29 pp., $3.20 32. Effects of Studded Tires (1975) 46 pp., $4.00 33. Acquisition and Use of Geotechnical Information (1976) 40 pp., $4.00 34. Policies for Accommodation of Utilities on Highway Rights of Way (1976) 22 pp. (microfiche)* 35. Design and Control of Freeway Off-Ramp Terminals (1976) 61 pp., $4.40 36. Instrumentation and Equipment for Testing Highway Materials, Products, and Performance (1976) 70 pp., $4.80 37. Lime-Fly Ash-Stabilized Bases and Subbases (1976) 66 pp. (microfiche)* 38. Statistically Oriented End-Result Specifications (1976) 40 pp., $4.00 39. Transportation Requirements for the Handicapped, Elderly, and Economically Disadvantaged (1976) 54 pp. (out of print) 40. Staffing and Management for Social, Economic, and Environmental Impact Assessments (1977) 43 pp., $4.00 41. Bridge Bearings (1977) 62 pp. (microfiche)* 42. Design of Pile Foundations (1977) 68 pp., $4.80 43. Energy Effects, Efficiencies, and Prospects for Various Modes of Transportation (1977) 57 pp., $4.80 (supplemented by Synthesis 121) 44. Consolidation of Concrete for Pavements, Bridge Decks, and Overlays (1977) 61 pp., $4.80 45. Rapid-Setting Materials for Patching of Concrete (1977) 13 pp. (out of print) 46. Recording and Reporting Methods for Highway Maintenance Expenditures (1977) 35 pp., $3.60 47. Effect of Weather on Highway Construction (1978) 29 pp., $3.20 48. Priority Programming and Project Selection (1978) 31 pp. (out of print) 49. Open-Graded Friction Courses for Highways (1978) 50 pp., $4.00 (supplemented by Synthesis 180) 50. Durability of Drainage Pipe (1978) 37 pp. (microfiche)* 51. Construction Contract Staffing (1978) 62 pp., $6.00 52. Management and Selection Systems for Highway Maintenance Equipment (1978) 17 pp., $4.40 53. Precast Concrete Elements for Transportation Facilities (1978) 48 pp., $5.60 54. Recycling Materials for Highways (1978) 53 pp. (microfiche)* 55. Storage and Retrieval Systems for Highway and Transportation Data (1978) 30 pp., $4.80 56. Joint Related Distress in PCC Pavement— Cause, Prevention, and Rehabilitation (1979) 36 pp., $5.20 57. Durability of Concrete Bridge Decks (1979) 61 pp. (microfiche)* (supplements Synthesis 4) 58. Consequences of Deferred Maintenance (1979) 24 pp., $4.40 59. Relationship of Asphalt Cement Properties to Pavement Durability (1979) 43 pp., $5.60 Table 4 (Continued) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price

660. Failure and Repair of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (1979) 42 pp., $5.60 61. Changeable Message Signs (1979) 37 pp., $5.60 62. Potential State Resources for Financing Trans- portation Programs (1979) 34 pp., $5.20 63. Design and Use of Highway Shoulders (1979) 26 pp., $4.80 64. Bituminous Patching Mixtures (1979) 26 pp., $4.80 65. Quality Assurance (1979) 42 pp., $5.60 66. Glare Screen Guidelines (1979) 17 pp., $4.40 67. Bridge Drainage Systems (1979) 44 pp., $5.60 68. Motor Vehicle Size and Weight Regulation, Enforcement, and Permit Operations (1980) 45 pp., $6.00 69. Bus Route and Schedule Planning Guidelines (1980) 99 pp., $8.00 70. Design of Sedimentation Basins (1980) 53 pp., $6.80 71. Direction Finding from Arterials to Destinations (1980) 50 pp., $6.40 72. Transportation Needs Studies and Financial Constraints (1980) 54 pp., $6.40 73. Alternative Work Schedules: Impacts on Transportation (1980) 54 pp., $6.80 74. State Transit-Management Assistance to Local Communities (1980) 34 pp., $6.00 75. Transit Boards—Composition, Roles, and Procedures (1981) 24 pp., $6.20 76. Collection and Use of Pavement Condition Data (1981) 74 pp., $8.00 77. Evaluation of Pavement Maintenance Strate- gies (1981) 56 pp., $7.40 78. Value Engineering in Preconstruction and Construction (1981) 23 pp., $6.40 79. Contract Time Determination (1981) 45 pp., $7.20 80. Formulating and Justifying Highway Maintenance Budgets (1981) 49 pp., $7.20 81. Experiences in Transportation System Management (1981) 88 pp., $8.40 82. Criteria for Evaluation of Truck Weight Enforcement Programs (1981) 74 pp., $7.20 83. Bus Transit Accessibility for the Handicapped in Urban Areas (1981) 73 pp., $7.60 84. Evaluation Criteria and Priority Setting for State Highway Programs (1981) 32 pp., $6.40 85. Energy Involved in Construction Materials and Procedures (1981) 34 pp., $6.40 86. Effects of Traffic-lnduced Vibrations on Bridge Deck Repairs (1981) 40 pp., $6.80 87. Highway Noise Barriers (1981) 81 pp., $7.20 88. Underwater Inspection and Repair of Bridge Substructures (1981) 77 pp., $7.60 89. Geotechnical Instrumentation for Monitoring Field Performance (1982) 46 pp., $6.80 90. New Product Evaluation Procedures (1982) 34 pp., $6.80 91. Highway Accident Analysis Systems (1982) 69 pp., $7.60 92. Minimizing Reflection Cracking of Pavement Overlays (1982) 38 pp., $6.80 93. Coordination of Transportation System Management and Land Use Management (1982) 38 pp., $6.80 94. Photologging (1982) 38 pp., $6.80 95. Statewide Transportation Planning (1982) 54 pp., $7.20 (supersedes Synthesis 15) 96. Pavement Subsurface Drainage Systems (1982) 38 pp., $6.80 97. Transit Ownership/Operation Options for Small Urban and Rural Areas (1982) 28 pp., $6.40 98. Resealing Joints and Cracks in Rigid and Flexible Pavements (1982) 62 pp., $7.20 99. Resurfacing with Portland Cement Concrete (1982) 90 pp., $8.40 100. Managing State Highway Finance (1982) 23 pp., $6.40 101. Historic Bridges—Criteria for Decision Making (1983) 77 pp., $8.00 102. Material Certification and Material-Certification Effectiveness (1983) 17 pp., $6.00 103. Risk Assessment Processes for Hazardous Materials Transportation (1983) 26 pp., $6.40 104. Criteria for Use of Asphalt Friction Surfaces (1983) 41 pp., $6.80 105. Construction Contract Claims: Causes and Methods of Settlement (1983) 58 pp., $7.20 106. Practical Guidelines for Minimizing Tort Liability (1983) 40 pp., $6.80 107. Shallow Foundations for Highway Structures (1983) 38 pp., $6.80 108. Bridge Weight-Limit Posting Practices (1984) 30 pp., $6.40 109. Highway Uses of Epoxy with Concrete (1984) 68 pp., $8.80 110. Maintenance Management Systems (1984) 49 pp., $8.00 111. Distribution of Wheel Loads on Highway Bridges (1984) 22 pp., $7.20 112. Cost Effectiveness of Hot-Dip Galvanizing for Exposed Steel (1984) 28 pp., $7.20 113. Administration of Research, Development, and Implementation Activities in Highway Agencies (1984) 49 pp., $8.00 Table 4 (Continued) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price

7114. Management of Traffic Signal Maintenance (1984) 134 pp., $10.80 (supersedes Synthesis 22) 115. Reducing Construction Conflicts between Highways and Utilities (1984) 73 pp., $8.80 116. Asphalt Overlay Design Procedures (1984) 66 pp., $8.40 117. Toll Highway Financing (1984) 29 pp., $7.20 118. Detecting Defects and Deterioration in High- way Structures (1985) 52 pp., $8.00 119. Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems (1985) 75 pp., $8.80 120. Professional Resource Management and Forecasting (1985) 15 pp., $6.80 121. Energy Conservation in Transportation (1985) 25 pp., $7.20 (supplements Synthesis 43) 122. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Pavements (1985) 136 pp., $10.80 123. Bridge Designs to Reduce and Facilitate Maintenance and Repair (1985) 65 pp., $8.40 124. Use of Weigh-in-Motion Systems for Data Collection and Enforcement (1986) 34 pp., $7.60 125. Maintenance Activities Accomplished by Contract (1986) 42 pp., $8.00 126. Equipment for Obtaining Pavement Condition and Traffic Loading Data (1986) 118 pp., $11.20 127. Use of Fly Ash in Concrete (1986) 66 pp., $8.40 128. Methods for Identifying Hazardous Highway Elements (1986) 80 pp. (microfiche)* 129. Freezing and Thawing Resistance of High- Strength Concrete (1986) 31 pp., $7.60 130. Traffic Data Collection and Analysis: Methods and Procedures (1986) 58 pp., $8.40 131. Effects of Permit and Illegal Overloads on Pavements (1987) 99 pp., $10.40 132. System-Wide Safety Improvements: An Approach to Safety Consistency (1987) 20 pp., $6.80 133. Integrated Highway Information Systems (1987) 31 pp., $7.60 134. D-Cracking of Concrete Pavements (1987) 34 pp., $7.60 135. Pavement Management Practices (1987) 139 pp., $12.40 136. Protective Coatings for Bridge Steel (1987) 107 pp., $11.00 137. Negotiating and Contracting for Professional Engineering Services (1988) 75 pp., $9.60 138. Pavement Markings: Materials and Application for Extended Service Life (1988) 45 pp., $8.00 (supersedes Synthesis 17) 139. Pedestrians and Traffic Control Measures (1988) 75 pp., $9.00 140. Durability of Prestressed Concrete Highway Structures (1988) 65 pp., $9.00 141. Bridge Deck Joints (1989) 66 pp., $9.00 142. Methods of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Highway Projects (1988) 22 pp., $7.00 143. Uniformity Efforts in Oversize/Overweight Permits (1988) 79 pp., $10.00 144. Breaking/Cracking and Seating Concrete Pave- ments (1989) 39 pp., $8.00 145. Staffing Considerations in Construction Engi- neering Management (1989) 42 pp., $8.00 146. Use of Consultants for Construction Engineer- ing and Inspection (1989) 64 pp., $9.00 147. Treatment of Problem Foundations for High- way Embankments (1989) 72 pp., $9.00 148. Indicators of Quality in Maintenance (1989) 114 pp., $11.00 149. Partnerships for Innovation: Private Sector Contributions to Innovation in the Highway Industry (1989) 45 pp., $8.00 150. Technology Transfer in Selected Highway Agencies (1989) 38 pp., $8.00 151. Process for Recapitalizing Highway Transpor- tation Systems (1989) 43 pp., $8.00 152. Compaction of Asphalt Pavement (1989) 42 pp., $8.00 153. Evolution and Benefits of Preventive Mainte- nance Strategies (1989) 69 pp., $9.00 154. Recycling Portland Cement Concrete Pavements (1989) 46 pp., $8.00 155. Freeway Guide Sign Replacement: Policies and Criteria (1991) 37 pp., $8.00 156. Freeway Incident Management (1990) 23 pp., $7.00 157. Maintenance Management of Street and High- way Signs (1990) 134 pp., $12.00 158. Wet-Pavement Safety Programs (1990) 54 pp., $8.00 159. Design and Construction of Bridge Approaches (1990) 45 pp., $8.00 160. Cold-Recycled Bituminous Concrete Using Bituminous Materials (1990) 105 pp., $11.00 161. Computer-Aided Design and Drafting Systems (1990) 24 pp., $7.00 162. Signing Policies, Procedures, Practices, and Fees for Logo and Tourist-Oriented Directional Signing (1990) 41 pp., $8.00 163. Innovative Strategies for Upgrading Personnel in State Transportation Departments (1990) 35 pp., $7.00 164. Measures to Curtail State Fuel Tax Evasion (1990) 14 pp., $7.00 Table 4 (Continued) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price

8165. Transportation Telecommunications (1990) 92 pp., $10.00 (supersedes Synthesis 12) 166. Traffic Signal Control Equipment: State of the Art (1990) 43 pp., $8.00 167. Measurements, Specifications, and Achieve- ment of Smoothness for Pavement Construction (1990) 34 pp., $8.00 168. Contract Management Systems (1990) 74 pp., $10.00 169. Removing Concrete from Bridges (1991) 42 pp., $8.00 170. Managing Urban Freeway Maintenance (1990) 32 pp., $7.00 171. Fabrics in Asphalt Overlays and Pavement Maintenance (1991) 72 pp., $9.00 172. Signal Timing Improvement Practices (1992) 88 pp., $11.00 173. Short-Term Responsive Maintenance Systems (1991) 43 pp., $9.00 174. Stormwater Management for Transportation Facilities (1993) 81 pp., $9.00 175. Moisture Damage in Asphalt Concrete (1991) 91 pp., $10.00 176. Bridge Paint: Removal, Containment, and Disposal (1992) 60 pp., $9.00 177. Freeway Corridor Management (1992) 64 pp., $9.00 178. Truck Escape Ramps (1992) 56 pp., $9.00 179. Latex-Modified Concretes and Mortars (1992) 58 pp., $9.00 180. Performance Characteristics of Open-Graded Friction Courses (1992) 44 pp., $8.00 (supplements Synthesis 49) 181. In-Service Experience with Traffic Noise Barriers (1992) 61 pp., $9.00 182. Performance and Operational Experience of Truck-Mounted Attenuators (1992) 54 pp., $9.00 183. Knowledge Based Expert Systems in Transpor- tation (1992) 52 pp., $9.00 184. Disposal of Roadside Litter Mixtures (1993) 52 pp., $12.00 185. Preferential Lane Treatments for High- Occupancy Vehicles (1993) 80 pp., $10.00 186. Supplemental Advance Warnings (1993) 83 pp., $19.00 187. Rapid Test Methods for Asphalt Concrete and Portland Cement Concrete (1993) 47 pp., $10.00 188. Management Training and Development Programs (1993) 56 pp., $15.00 189. State Highway Pavement Design Practices (1993) 45 pp., $11.00 190. Criteria for Qualifying Contractors for Bidding Purposes (1994) 40 pp., $11.00 191. Use of Rumble Strips to Enhance Safety (1993) 74 pp., $19.00 192. Accident Data Quality (1993) 53 pp., $12.00 193. Hot In-Place Recycling of Asphalt Concrete (1994) 69 pp., $16.00 194. Electronic Toll and Traffic Management (ETTM) Systems (1993) 64 pp., $15.00 195. Use of Warranties in Road Construction (1994) 60 pp., $15.00 196. Highway Maintenance Procedures Dealing with Hazardous Materials Incidents (1994) 60 pp., $15.00 197. Corridor Preservation (1994) 43 pp., $11.00 198. Uses of Recycled Rubber Tires in Highways (1994) 162 pp., $23.00 199. Recycling and Use of Waste Materials and By-Products in Highway Construction (1994) 84 pp., $20.00 200. Underwater Bridge Maintenance and Repair (1994) 54 pp., $16.00 201. Multimodal Evaluation in Passenger Transpor- tation (1994) 84 pp., $19.00 202. Severity Indices for Roadside Features (1994) 54 pp., $12.00 203. Current Practices in Determining Pavement Condition (1994) 57 pp., $16.00 204. Portland Cement Concrete Resurfacing (1994) 67 pp., $15.00 205. Performance and Operational Experience of Crash Cushions (1994) 87 pp., $20.00 206. Highway Tort Liability Management Programs (1994) 40 pp., $11.00 207. Managing Roadway Snow and Ice Control Operations (1994) 56 pp., $15.00 208. Development and Implementation of Traffic Control Plans for Highway Work Zones (1994) 37 pp., $11.00 209. Sealers for Portland Cement Concrete Highway Facilities (1994) 85 pp., $19.00 210. Road Pricing for Congestion Management: A Survey of International Practice (1994) 77 pp., $19.00 211. Design, Construction, and Maintenance of PCC Pavement Joints (1995) 50 pp., $12.00 212. Performance-Related Specifications for High- way Construction and Rehabilitation (1995) 48 pp., $14.00 213. Effective Use of Park-and-Ride Facilities (1995) 45 pp., $11.00 214. Resolution of Disputes to Avoid Construction Claims (1995) 39 pp., $13.00 Table 4 (Continued) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price

9215. Determination of Contract Time for Highway Construction Projects (1995) 43 pp., $11.00 216. Implementation of Technology From Abroad (1995) 44 pp., $11.00 217. Consideration of the 15 Factors in the Metro- politan Planning Process (1995) 55 pp., $14.00 218. Mitigation of Nighttime Construction Noise, Vibrations, and Other Nuisances (1999) 93 pp., $30.00 219. Photographic Enforcement of Traffic Laws (1995) 67 pp., $18.00 220. Waterproofing Membranes for Concrete Bridge Decks (1995) 76 pp., $21.00 221. Effects of Highway Widening Improvements on Urban and Suburban Areas (1996) 43 pp., $13.00 222. Pavement Management Methodologies to Select Projects and Recommend Preservation Treatments (1995) 96 pp., $22.00 223. Cost-Effective Preventive Maintenance of Pavements (1996) 103 pp., $22.00 224. Longitudinal Occupancy of Controlled Access Right-of-Way by Utilities (1996) 30 pp., $13.00 225. Left-Turn Treatments at Intersections (1996) 87 pp., $22.00 226. Remediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils (1996) 88 pp., $22.00 227. Collecting and Managing Cost Data for Bridge Management Systems (1996) 49 pp., $15.00 228. Reduced Visibility on the Highway (1996) 51 pp., $15.00 229. Applications of 3D and 4D Visualization Tech- nology in Transportation (1996) 73 pp., $19.00 230. Freight Transportation Planning Practices in the Public Sector (1996) 47 pp., $15.00 231. Managing Contract Research Programs (1996) 92 pp., $23.00 232. Variability in Highway Pavement Construction (1996) 38 pp., $14.00 233. Land Development Regulations that Promote Access Management (1996) 45 pp., $14.00 234. Settlement of Bridge Approaches (The Bump at the End of the Bridge) (1997) 75 pp., $24.00 235. Application of Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing (1997) 110 pp., $23.00 236. Methods for Household Travel Surveys (1997) 57 pp., $15.00 237. Changeable Message Signs (1997) 57 pp., $19.00 238. Performance Measurement in State DOTs (1997) 69 pp., $20.00 239. Pavement Subsurface Drainage Systems (1997) 44 pp., $15.00 240. Toll Plaza Design (1997) 117 pp., $25.00 241. Truck Operating Characteristics (1997) 66 pp., $19.00 242. Trenchless Installation of Conduits Beneath Roadways (1997) 77 pp., $23.00 243. Methods for Capital Programming and Project Scheduling (1997) 85 pp., $23.00 244. Guardrail and Median Barrier Crashworthiness (1997) 160 pp., $27.00 245. Traffic Signal Control Systems Maintenance Management Practices (1997) 63 pp., $19.00 246. Outsourcing of State Highway Facilities and Services (1997) 69 pp., $20.00 247. Stabilization of Existing Subgrades During Interstate Pavement Reconstruction to Improve Constructibility (1997) 75 pp., $20.00 248. Evaluating and Measuring the Effectiveness of Training (1997) 28 pp., $15.00 249. Methods of Increasing Live Load Capacity of Bridges (1997) 66 pp., $21.00 250. Highway-Rail Crossing Surfaces (1997) 56 pp., $20.00 251. Lead-Based Paint Removal for Steel Highway Bridges (1997) 115 pp., $26.00 252. Response of Small Urbanized Area MPOs to ISTEA (1997) 35 pp., $15.00 253. Dynamic Effects of Pile Installations on Adjacent Structures (1997) 86 pp., $24.00 254. Service Life of Drainage Pipe (1998) 39 pp., $15.00 255. GPR for Evaluating Subsurface Conditions for Transportation Facilities (1998) 37 pp., $16.00 256. Submittal of Bid Proposals in Electronic Format (1998) 26 pp., $15.00 257. Maintenance Issues and Alternate Corrosion Protection Methods for Exposed Bridge Steel (1998) 90 pp., $25.00 258. Applications of GPS for Surveying and Other Positioning Needs in Departments of Transportation (1998) 46 pp., $17.00 259. Management of Surface Transportation Systems (1998) 26 pp., $15.00 260. Thin-Surfaced Pavements (1998) 112 pp., $26.00 261. Criteria for Highway Routing of Hazardous Materials (1998) 38 pp., $16.00 262. Tolling Practices for Highway Facilities (1998) 54 pp., $23.00 263. State DOT Management Techniques for Con- struction and Materials Acceptance (1998) 51 pp., $23.00 264. Modern Roundabout Practice in the United States (1998) 73 pp., $23.00 (Available on the Internet only) Table 4 (Continued) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price

10 290. Procedures for Assessing Economic Develop- ment Impacts from Transportation Investments (2000) 75 pp., $28.00 291. Evaluation of Pavement Friction Characteris- tics (2000) 66 pp., $28.00 292. Innovative Practices to Reduce Delivery Time for Right-of-Way in Project Development (2000) 73 pp., $28.00 293. Reducing and Mitigating the Impacts of Lane Occupancy During Construction and Maintenance (2000) 60 pp., $27.00 294. Configuration Management in Transportation Management Systems (2001) 44 pp., $23.00 295. Statistical Methods in Highway Safety Analy- sis (2001) 75 pp., $29.00 296. Impact of New Information/Communications Technology on Transportation Agencies (2001) 57 pp., $28.00 297. Building Effective Relationships Between Central Cities and Regional, State, and Federal Agencies (2001) 69 pp., $29.00 298. Truck Trip Generation Data (2001) 81 pp., $32.00 299. Recent Geometric Design Research for Improved Safety and Operations (2001) 134 pp., $40.00 300. Performance Measures for Research, Develop- ment, and Technology Programs (2001) 97 pp., $33.00 301. Collecting, Processing, and Integrating GPS Data into GIS (2002) 65 pp., $15.00 302. Mitigation of Ecological Impacts (2002) 100 pp., $17.00 303. Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Culverts (2002) 74 pp., $15.00 304. Driveway Regulation Practices (2002) 77 pp., $16.00 305. Interaction Between Roadways and Wildlife Ecology (2002) 78 pp., $16.00 306. Long-Term Pavement Marking Practices (2002) 154 pp., $19.00 307. Systems Engineering Processes for Developing Traffic Signal Systems (2003) 87 pp., $17.00 308. Owner Controlled Insurance Programs (2002) 133 pp., $19.00 309. Transportation Planning and Management for Special Events (2003) 71 pp., $16.00 310. Impact of Red Light Camera Enforcement on Crash Experience (2003) 57 pp., $15.00 311. Performance Measures of Operational Effec- tiveness for Highway Segments and Systems (2003) 59 pp., $15.00 312. Facilitating Partnerships in Transportation Research (2003) 76 pp., $16.00 265. Managing Product Liability to Achieve High- way Innovations (1998) 63 pp., $25.00 266. Dynamic Impact Factors for Bridges (1998) 60 pp., $25.00 267. Transportation Development Process (1998) 48 pp., $24.00 268. Relationships Between Pavement Surface Texture and Highway Traffic Noise (1998) 85 pp., $29.00 269. Road User and Mitigation Costs in Highway Pavement Projects (1998) 47 pp., $24.00 270. Transportation Management Center Functions (1998) 69 pp., $27.00 271. Traffic Signal Operations Near Highway-Rail Grade Crossings (1999) 90 pp., $30.00 272. Best Management Practices for Environmental Issues Related to Highway Street Maintenance (1999) 103 pp., $30.00 273. Project Development Methodologies for Reconstruction of Urban Freeway and Expressways (1999) 45 pp., $22.00 274. Methods to Achieve Rut-Resistant Durable Pavements (1999) 61 pp., $26.00 275. Historic Highway Bridge Preservation Practices (1999) 61 pp., $27.00 276. Geotechnical Related Development and Implementation of Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Methods (1999) 69 pp., $27.00 277. Consultants for DOT Preconstruction Engineering Work (1999) 116 pp., $31.00 278. Measuring In Situ Mechanical Properties of Pavement Subgrade Soils (1999) 73 pp., $27.00 279. Roadway Incident Diversion Practices (1999) 84 pp., $29.00 280. Seven Keys to Building a Robust Research Program (1999) 64 pp., $26.00 281. Operational Impacts of Median Width on Larger Vehicles (2000) 68 pp., $28.00 282. Project Management Information Systems (2000) 37 pp., $22.00 283. Fleet Management and Selection Systems for Highway Maintenance Equipment (2000) 33 pp., $22.00 284. Performance Survey on Open-Graded Friction Course Mixes (2000) 38 pp., $22.00 285. Maintenance of Highway Edgedrains (2000) 62 pp., $27.00 286. Multimodal Aspects of Statewide Transporta- tion Planning (2000) 58 pp., $27.00 287. Sleep Deprivation Countermeasures for Motor- ist Safety (2000) 92 pp., $31.00 288. Data Sharing and Data Partnerships for High- ways (2000) 31 pp., $22.00 289. Corridor Management (2000) 58 pp., $27.00 Table 4 (Continued) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price

11 338. Thin and Ultra-Thin Whitetopping (2004) 87 pp., $18.00 339. Centerline Rumble Strips on Rural Roads (2004) 63 pp., $16.00 340. Convertible Roadways and Lanes (2005) 92 pp., $18.00 341. Integrated Roadside Vegetation Management (2005) 82 pp., $17.00 342. Chip Seal Best Practices (2005) 111 pp., $18.00 343. Management of Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Issues in Construction Contracting (2005) 97 pp., $18.00 344. Winter Highway Operations (2005) 66 pp., $17.00 345. Steel Bridge Erection Practices (2005) 78 pp., $17.00 346. State Construction Quality Assurance Programs (2005) 75 pp., $17.00 347. Managing Archaeological Investigations (2005) 56 pp., $17.00 348. Improving the Safety of Older Road Users (2005) 103 pp., $19.00 349. Developing Transportation Agency Leaders (2005) 51 pp., $16.00 350. Crash Records Systems (2005) 35 pp., $16.00 351. Access Rights (2005) 82 pp., $18.00 352. Value Engineering Applications in Transporta- tion (2005) 125 pp., $20.00 353. Inspection and Maintenance of Bridge Stay Cable Systems (2005) 75 pp., $17.00 354. Inspection and Maintenance of Bridges with Fracture-Critical Details (2005) 75 pp., $27.00 355. Transportation and Technology Transfer: Successes, Challenges, and Needs (2005) 85 pp., $28.00 356. Pavement Markings—Design and Typical Layout Details (2006) 138 pp., $33.00 357. Use of Geophysics for Transportation Projects (2006) 108 pp., $36.00 358. Statewide Travel Forecasting Models (2006), 116 pp., $36.00 359. Bridge Rating Practices and Policies for Overweight Vehicles (2006) 108 pp., $36.00 360. Rock-Socketed Shafts for Highway Structure Foundations (2006) 136 pp., $39.00 361. Visualization for Project Development (2006) 82 pp., $34.00 362. Training Programs, Processes, Policies, and Practices (2006) 89 pp., $35.00 363. Control of Invasive Species (2006) 116 pp., $36.00 313. State DOT Outsourcing and Private-Sector Utilization (2003) 42 pp., $14.00 314. Strategies for Managing Increasing Truck Traffic (2003) 83 pp., $16.00 315. Compensation for Contractor’s Home Office Overhead (2003) 47 pp., $15.00 316. Design Exception Practices (2003) 82 pp., $16.00 317. Dealing with Truck Parking Demands (2003) 37 pp., $14.00 318. Safe and Quick Clearance of Traffic Incidents (2003) 143 pp., $19.00 319. Bridge Deck Joint Performance (2003) 46 pp., $15.00 320. Integrating Freight Facilities and Operations with Community Goals (2003) 58 pp., $15.00 321. Roadway Safety Tools for Local Agencies (2003) 134 pp., $20.00 322. Safety Management Systems (2003) 42 pp., $14.00 323. Recruiting and Retaining Individuals in Trans- portation Agencies (2003) 59 pp., $15.00 324. Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems to Limit Traffic Disruption During Construction (2004) 48 pp., $15.00 325. Significant Findings from Full-Scale Acceler- ated Pavement Testing (2004) 201 pp., $23.00 326. Strategic Planning and Decision Making in State Departments of Transportation (2004) 62 pp., $16.00 327. Cost-Effective Practices for Off-System and Local Interest Bridges (2004) 130 pp., $20.00 328. State Product Evaluation Programs (2004) 35 pp., $15.00 329. Integrating Tourism and Recreation Travel with Transportation Planning and Project Delivery (2004) 53 pp., $15.00 330. Public Benefits of Highway System Mainte- nance and Operations (2004) 45 pp., $15.00 331. State Highway Program Letting Management (2004) 47 pp., $15.00 332. Access Management on Crossroads in the Vicinity of Interchanges (2004) 82 pp., $17.00 333. Concrete Bridge Deck Performance (2004) 101 pp., $18.00 334. Automated Pavement Distress Collection Techniques (2004) 84 pp., $17.00 335. Pavement Management Applications Using Geographic Information Systems (2004) 65 pp., $16.00 336. Road Safety Audits (2004) 127 pp., $18.00 337. Cooperative Agreements for Corridor Management (2004) 70 pp., $16.00 Table 4 (Continued) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price

12 388. Pre-Overlay Treatment of Existing Pavements (2009) 143 pp., $57.00 389. Performance-Based Contracting for Mainte- nance (2009) 106 pp., $54.00 390. Performance-Based Construction Contractor Prequalification (2009) 101 pp., $51.00 391. Public Sector Decision Making for Public– Private Partnerships (2009) 130 pp., $54.00 392. Transportation’s Role in Emergency Evacuation and Reentry (2009) 129 pp., $57.00 393. Adjacent Precast Concrete Box Beam Bridges: Connection Details (2009) 75 pp., $46.00 394. Reducing Litter on Roadsides (2009) 68 pp., $46.00 395. Debt Finance Practices for Surface Transportation (2009) 84 pp., $49.00 396. Monitoring Scour Critical Bridges (2009) 159 pp., $60.00 397. Bridge Management Systems for Transporta- tion Agency Decision Making (2009) 126 pp., $57.00 398. Cathodic Protection for Life Extension of Existing Reinforced Concrete Bridge Elements (2009) 48 pp., $41.00 399. Real-Time Traveler Information Systems (2009) 62 pp., $43.00 400. Identifying Needs and New Approaches to Ecological Surveys (2009) 69 pp., $46.00 401. Managing the Quality of Pavement Condition Data Collection (2009) 144 pp., $57.00 402. Construction Manager-at-Risk Project Delivery for Highway Programs (2010) 127 pp., $59.00 403. Adaptive Traffic Control Systems: Domestic and Foreign State of Practice (2010) 104 pp., $53.00 404. State of the Practice in Highway Access Management (2010) 112 pp., $55.00 405. Utility Location and Highway Design (2010) 44 pp., $38.00 406. Advanced Practices in Travel Forecasting (2010) 80 pp., $49.00 407. Effective Public Involvement Using Limited Resources (2010) 97 pp., $53.00 408. Pavement Marking Warranty Specifications (2010) 56 pp., $45.00 409. Traffic Signal Retiming Practices in the United States (2010) 80 pp., $50.00 410. Freight Transportation Surveys (2010) 173 pp., $52.00 411. Microsurfacing (2010) 115 pp., $55.00 412. Speed Reduction Techniques for Rural High- to-Low Speed Transitions (2011) 102 pp., $54.00 364. Estimating Toll Road Demand and Revenue (2006) 105 pp., $35.00 365. Preservation and Use of Institutional Memory (2007) 113 pp., $44.00 366. State of Tribal Transportation Programs (2007) 132 pp., $44.00 367. Technologies for Improving Safety Data (2007) 103 pp., $45.00 368. Cone Penetration Testing (2007) 117 pp., $47.00 369. State DOT Crash Reconstruction Practices (2007) 32 pp., $34.00 370. Animal–Vehicle Collision Data Collection (2007) 107 pp., $47.00 371. Managing Selected Transportation Assets: Signals, Lighting, Signs, Pavement Markings, Culverts, and Sidewalks (2007) 190 pp., $51.00 372. Emerging Technologies for Construction Delivery (2007) 111 pp., $47.00 373. Multi-Disciplinary Teams in Context-Sensitive Solutions (2007) 83 pp., $43.00 374. Preserving Freight and Passenger Rail Corridors and Service (2007) 31 pp., $34.00 375. Bridge Inspection Practices (2007) 199 pp., $53.00 376. Quality Assurance in Design-Build Projects (2008) 130 pp., $54.00 377. Compilation of Public Opinion Data on Tolls and Road Pricing (2008) 57 pp., $42.00 378. State Highway Cost Allocation Studies (2008) 65 pp., $42.00 379. Selection and Evaluation of Alternative Contracting Methods to Accelerate Project Completion (2008) 67 pp., $45.00 380. Applications of Illuminated, Active, In- Pavement Marker Systems (2008) 72 pp., $45.00 381. Falling Weight Deflectometer Usage (2008) 121 pp., $52.00 382. Estimating Stiffness of Subgrade and Unbound Materials for Pavement Design (2008) 129 pp., $54.00 383. Changeable Message Signs During Non- Incident, Non-Roadwork Periods (2008) 68 pp., $45.00 384. Forecasting Metropolitan Commercial and Freight Travel (2008) 130 pp., $54.00 385. Information Technology for Efficient Project Delivery (2008) 74 pp., $45.00 386. High Speed Weigh-in-Motion System Calibra- tion Practices (2008) 55 pp., $40.00 387. LED Traffic Signal Monitoring, Maintenance, and Replacement Issues (2008) 32 pp., $37.00 Table 4 (Continued) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price

13 435. Recycled Materials and Byproducts in High- way Applications (2013) 93 pp., $58.00 436. Local Policies and Practices That Support Safe Pedestrian Environments (2012) 85 pp., $54.00 437. Assessing the Long-Term Performance of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls (2012) 48 pp., $43.00 438. Expedited Procurement Procedures for Emergency Construction Services (2012) 106 pp., $60.00 439. Use of Transportation Asset Management Principles in State Highway Agencies (2013) 86 pp., $59.00 440. Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design (2013) 126 pp., $64.00 441. High Performance Concrete Specifications and Practices for Bridges (2013) 73 pp., $52.00 442. Practices and Performance Measures for Local Public Agency Federally Funded Highway Projects (2013) 121 pp., $61.00 443. Practical Highway Design Solutions (2013) 96 pp., $58.00 444. Pollutant Load Reductions for Total Maxi- mum Daily Loads for Highways (2013) 62 pp., $49.00 445. Practices for Unbound Aggregate Pavement Layers (2013) 180 pp., $73.00 446. Use of Advanced Geospatial Data, Tools, Tech- nologies, and Information in Department of Transportation Projects (2013) 87 pp., $57.00 447. Active Traffic Management for Arterials (2013) 56 pp., $49.00 448. State Department of Transportation Small Business Programs (2013) 84 pp., $55.00 449. Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts of Chloride Roadway Deicers on the Natural Environment (2013) 96 pp., $58.00 450. Forecasting Highway Construction Staffing Requirements (2013) 75 pp., $52.00 451. Emergency Medical Services Response to Motor Vehicle Crashes in Rural Areas (2013) 72 pp., $52.00 452. State Department of Transportation Fleet Replacement Management Practices (2013) 42 pp., $44.00 453. State Bridge Load Posting Processes and Practices (2014) 136 pp., $68.00 454. Response to Extreme Weather Impacts on Transportation Systems (2014) 96 pp., $58.00 455. Alternative Technical Concepts for Contract Delivery Methods (2014) 107 pp., $61.00 413. Techniques for Effective Highway Construction Projects in Congested Urban Areas (2011) 77 pp., $52.00 414. Effective Delivery of Small-Scale Federal-Aid Projects (2011) 82 pp., $50.00 415. Design Fires in Road Tunnels (2011) 150 pp., $63.00 416. Implementing Race-Neutral Measures in State Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Programs (2011) 87 pp., $54.00 417. Geometric Design Practices for Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (2011) 101 pp., $54.00 418. Developing Production Pile Driving Criteria from Test Pile Data (2011) 66 pp., $49.00 419. Transportation Improvement Program Revision Process (2011) 70 pp., $49.00 420. Operational and Institutional Agreements That Facilitate Regional Traffic Signal Operations (2011) 103 pp., $54.00 421. Recycling and Reclamation of Asphalt Pavements Using In-Place Measures (2011) 70 pp., $49.00 422. Trade-Off Considerations in Highway Geomet- ric Design (2011) 163 pp., $63.00 423. Long-Term Performance of Polymer Concrete for Bridge Decks (2012) 63 pp., $46.00 424. Engineering Economic Analysis Practices for Highway Investment (2012) 118 pp., $60.00 425. Waterproofing Membranes for Concrete Bridge Decks (2012) 55 pp., $46.00 426. Performance-Based Highway Maintenance and Operations Management (2012) 87 pp., $57.00 427. Extent of Highway Capacity Manual Use in Planning (2012) 49 pp., $46.00 428. Practices and Procedures for Site-Specific Evaluations for Earthquake Ground Motions (2012) 78 pp., $54.00 429. Geotechnical Information Practices in Design- Build Projects (2012) 112 pp., $60.00 430. Cost-Effective and Sustainable Road Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control (2012) 70 pp., $51.00 431. Practices to Manage Traffic Sign Retro- reflectivity (2012) 44 pp., $43.00 432. Recent Roadway Geometric Design Research for Improved Safety and Operations (2012) 81 pp., $54.00 433. Significant Findings from Full-Scale Accelerated Pavement Testing (2012) 248 pp., $67.00 434. Use of the U.S. Census Bureau’s Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) by State Depart- ments of Transportation and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (2012) 73 pp., $51.00 Table 4 (Continued) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price

14 477. Methods and Practices on Reduction and Elim- ination of Asphalt Mix Segregation (2015) 105 pp., $64.00 478. Design and Load Testing of Large Diameter Open-Ended Driven Piles (2015) 128 pp., $64.00 479. Forecasting Transportation Revenue Sources: Survey of State Practices (2015) 41 pp., $46.00 480. Economic and Development Implications of Transportation Investment (2015) 59 pp., $51.00 481. Current Practices to Set and Monitor DBE Goals on Design-Build Projects and Other Alternative Project Delivery Methods (2015) 128 pp., $67.00 482. Work Zone Speed Management (2015) 137 pp., $67.00 Research Results Digests (RRD) 100. Safe Conduct of Traffic Through Highway Construction and Maintenance Zones (1978) 5 pp., $1.00 106. Use of Waste Materials in Highway Construc- tion and Maintenance (1979) 2 pp., $1.00 210. Effects of Highway Bypasses on Rural Communities and Small Urban Areas (1996) 22 pp., $13.00 274. Quality Assurance of Structural Materials (2003) 21 pp., $10.00 327. Transportation Implications of Emerging Economic Development Trends (2008) 33 pp., $26.00 337. Design Flexibility Considerations for Built Urban Environments (2009) 29 pp., $24.00 339. Improving the Safety of Mobile Lane Closures (2009) 46 pp., $30.00 365. Sustainable Pavement Maintenance Practices (2012) 26 pp., $26.00 392. Continuing Project to Synthesize Information on Highway Problems (2015) 18 pp. Unpublished Reports (UR) Topic 24-07 Pavement Markings (1997) Topic 24-10 Asphalt Surface Treatments and Thin Overlays (1997) *These syntheses are available from TRB in microfiche form only at a cost of $10.00 each. 456. Non-Nuclear Methods for Compaction Control of Unbound Materials (2014) 157 pp., $68.00 457. Implementation of the AASHTO Mechanistic- Empirical Pavement Design Guide and Software (2014) 71 pp., $55.00 458. Roadway Safety Data Interoperability Between Local and State Agencies (2014) 79 pp., $58.00 459. Using the Economic Value Created by Trans- portation to Fund Transportation (2014) 111 pp., $61.00 460. Sharing Operations Data Among Agencies (2014) 191 pp., $73.00 461. Accelerating Implementation of Transportation Research Results (2014) 63 pp., $49.00 462. Managing Longitudinal Utility Installations on Controlled Access Highway Right-of-Way (2014) 59 pp., $49.00 463. Pavement Patching Practices (2014) 86 pp., $58.00 464. Thin Asphalt Concrete Overlays (2014) 50 pp., $46.00 465. Permanent Signs Mounted on Median Barriers (2014) 36 pp., $44.00 466. Alliance Contracting—Evolving Alternative Project Delivery (2015) 72 pp., $55.00 467. Visualization of Technical Data for Hazard Mitigation and Disaster Response (2015) 80 pp., $55.00 468. Interactive Training for All-Hazards Emergency Planning, Preparation, and Response for Maintenance and Operations Field Personnel (2015) 170 pp., $71.00 469. Impacts of Energy Developments on U.S. Roads and Bridges (2015) 207 pp., $55.00 470. Maintenance Quality Assurance Field Inspec- tion Practices (2015) 166 pp., $46.00 471. Practices for Developing Transparent Best Value Selection Procedures (2015) 67 pp., $51.00 472. FEMA and FHWA Emergency Relief Funds Reimbursements to State Departments of Transportation (2015) 108 pp., $61.00 473. Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity Con- tracting Practices (2015) 131 pp., $67.00 474. Service Life of Culverts (2015) 133 pp., $67.00 475. Fiber Additives in Asphalt Mixtures (2015) 55 pp., $48.00 476. Practices for Permitting Superheavy Load Movements on Highway Pavements (2015) 41 pp., $46.00 Table 4 (Continued) No. Title, Pages, Price No. Title, Pages, Price

15 511 phone systems 399 Accelerated pavement testing 235, 325, 433 Access management 233, 304, 332, 337, 351, 404 Accident (crash) data 91, 192, 367, 369, 370, 451 Accident location 21, 91, 128, 202, 399, 451 Active traffic management 447 Adaptive Traffic Control Systems 403 Adopt-A-Highway 394 Advance warnings 186, 399 Aggregate 445 Aid to motorists 7 Alliance contracting 466 Alternative delivery methods 481 American Community Survey 434 Archaeological investigations 347 Arterials 447 Artificial intelligence 183 Asphalt - cement 59 - chip seal 342 - compaction 152 - concrete overlays 464 - emulsions 30, UR24-10 - friction courses 49, 104, 180, 284 - hot mix 388, 433, 435, 463, 477 - mixtures 475 - moisture damage 175 - overlays 116, UR24-10 - patching 64, 463 - pavements 30, 49, 59, 104, 152, 171, 175, 180, 260, 338, 417, 421 - pre-overlay repair 388 - reclamation 421 - recycling 54, 160, 193, 421 - rut resistant 274 - surface treatments 223 Asphalt concrete pavements 435 Asphalt mix segregation 477 Asset management 439 Attenuators 182 Automated speed enforcement 482 Automatic vehicle identification (AVI) 194 Axle load limits 476 Axial loading 360 Bases 37 Barriers 465 Bearings for bridges 41 Best management practices 444 Best value selection 471 Bidding - best value 471 - electronic 256 - procurement 438 - qualifications 190 Bituminous - emulsions 30 - patching 64 - pavements (see Asphalt) Bridges - approaches 2, 159, 234 - bearings 41 - below-water inspection 88 - below-water maintenance 200 - below-water repair 88, 200 - box beam 393 - cathodic protection 398 - concrete decks 4, 57, 86, 209, 220, 333, 423, 425 - construction 44, 53, 324, 345 - corrosion protection 257, 398 - deck joints 141, 319 - deck removal 169 - decks 441 - deck sealers 209, 423 - design for maintenance 123 - drainage 67 - durability 4, 57, 86, 118, 140 - dynamic impact factors 266 - expansion devices 141, 319 - failure 396 - fatigue 354 - foundations 42, 107, 253, 418, 478 - galvanizing 112, 257 - high performance concrete specifications 441 - historic 101, 275, 327 - increasing live loads, existing 249 - inspection 88, 118, 353, 354, 375, 393, 398 - inspection standards 397 - load posting 453 - local interest 327 - maintenance 227, 257, 327, 353, 354, 393, 423 - management systems 227, 397 - membranes 220 - off-system 327 - overweight vehicles 359, 476 - paint removal 176, 251 - painting 136 - patching 45 - pile driving 418, 478 - polymer overlays 423 - posting practices 108 - precast concrete 53, 119, 324, 393 - prefabricated 53, 119 - prestressed, durability 140 - rating practices 359 - rehabilitation 327, 333 - repair 398 - scour 5, 200 - scour critical 396 - seismic design 428, 440 - steel 345 - structural components RRD 274 - substructure repair 88, 200 - waterproofing 425 - wheel load distribution 111 - visualization 361 Bus transit planning 69 Bypasses, impacts of RRD 210 Byproducts 435 Cable-stayed bridges 353 Capital programming 243 CAPS (Conservation Assessment and Prioritization System) 400 Cathodic protection 399 Census Transportation Planning Products 434 Changeable message signs 61, 237, 383 Chip seals 342 Climate change 454 Coal combustion byproducts 435 Collisions, animal–vehicle 400 Commercial vehicle 386, 476 Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) 386 Communications 7, 12, 13, 71, 165, 296 Compaction control 456 Compensation, 315 Computer-aided design 161, 372, 446 Computer-aided dispatch 460 Computers 55, 372 Table 5 Index to Syntheses and Studies (2015)

16 Table 5 (Continued) Concrete - admixtures 127, 129 - bridge decks 4, 57, 86, 169, 333, 393, 425 - cast-in-place 441 - consolidation 44 - dry-cast 129 - durability 4, 57, 129, 140 - epoxies 109 - fly ash in 127, 199 - foundations 360 - freezing and thawing 129 - high performance 441 - latex-modified 179 - overlays 99, 204, 338, 464 - patching 45, 463 - pavement recycling 54, 154 - pavements 16, 19, 27, 45, 56, 60, 98, 99, 134, 144, 204, 211 - precast 53 - pre-overlay repair 388 - rapid test methods 187 - repair preparation 169 - resurfacing 204 - sealers 209 - temperature tracking 372 - water reducers 129 Conduits - trenchless installation 242 Consolidation of concrete 44 Construction - acceptance 263 - bases and subbases 37 - bidding qualifications 190 - bituminous pavements 30 - bridge approaches 2, 159, 234 - bridge decks 4, 44, 57, 86 - concrete pavements 16, 19, 27, 44, 144, 204, 211, 441 - consultants 146 - contract claims 105, 214 - contracting 468, 471, 473, 481 - contract time 79, 215, 379 - delivery 372 - embankments 8 - emergency 438 - energy factors 85 - engineering 145, 146 - erosion control 18 - insurance 308 - lane occupancy 293 - management 51, 145, 413, 438 - Manager-at-Risk 402 - material certification 102, 263 - pavements 16, 19, 27, 30, 44, 144, 152, 167, 204, 211 - prequalifications 390 - quality assurance 38, 65, 212, 232, 263, 346 - recycling 54, 154, 193 - specifications 38, 212, 263 - staffing 51, 145, 450 - subgrades 247 - testing 36, 65, 187 - traffic control 208, RRD 100 - trenchless, conduits 242 - urban area 413 - utilities 115, 224 - value engineering 78, 352 - variability 232 - warranties 195 - weather 47 Construction manager/general con- tractor 455 Consultants - construction engineering 146 - DOT design 277 - negotiating for services 137 Contaminated soils 226 Context-sensitive solutions 373, 400, 422, 436 Continuously reinforced pavements 16, 60, 204, 211 Contracting - alliance 466 - alternative methods 379 - alternative technical concepts 455 - best value selection 471 - bidding qualifications 190 - claims 105, 214 - Disadvantaged Business Enterprise 341, 416, 481 - indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity 473 - maintenance 125, 246, 389 - management 168 - microsurfacing 411 - overhead 315 - prequalifications 389, 390 - research 231 - time determination 79, 215 Control of invasive species 363 Convertible roadways 340 Corridor management plans 289, 337, 363 Corridor preservation 197 Corrosion, bridges 398, 478 Corrosion 474 Cost-effectiveness analysis 142, 223, 396, 407, 430 Costs - cost recovery 472 - life-cycle 122, 222, 269 - roadside litter collection 394 - user and mitigation, 269 Cost-plus-time bidding 379 Crash cushions 182, 205 Crash reconstructions 369 Crash records systems 350, 367 Crashes, rural 451 Cross sections 299, 432 Culverts - assessment and rehabilitation 303 - durability 50, 254 - inlets 3 - performance and service life 371 - service life 474 - weight restrictions 453 Data - bridge inspection 375 - collection 124, 126, 130, 334, 335, 350, 370, 381, 401, 406, 410 - partnerships 288 - quality 401, 470 - safety 458 - sharing 288, 312, 458, 460 - storage 335 - systems 55 DBE 343, 481 D-cracking 134 Decision-making process 427 Debt financing 395 Deferred maintenance 58, 223 Deicing chemical use 24, 207, 344, 449 Demand modification 448 Design - barriers 465 - bituminous pavements 30, 116, 260 - bridge approaches 2, 159, 234 - bridge bearings 41 - computer-aided 161 - concrete pavements 16, 19, 27, 189, 211 - crossroads 332 - design controls and criteria 432

17 Table 5 (Continued) - exceptions 316 - for bridge maintenance 123 - frost 26 - geometric design 417, 422, 432 - geometric research 299, 432 - highway 443 - pavement markings 356, 380 - pavement overlays 99, 116, 204 - pavements 16, 19, 26, 27, 30, 189, 211, 260, 291, 457 - pile foundations 42, 253 - practical 440 - roadways 26, 247, 435 - seismic bridge 440 - shoulders 63 - solutions 443 - speed reduction 412 - toll plaza 240 - tunnels 415 - use of consultants 277 - utilities 405, 462 - value engineering 78, 352 - visualization 361 Design-Bid-Build 376, 391, 402, 455 Design-Build 376, 379, 390, 391, 402, 429, 455, 481 Direction finding 71 Disadvantaged Business Enterprise 343, 416, 481 Disadvantaged, transportation for 39 Disaster planning 467 Disaster relief 472 Disinvestment 480 Drainage - bridge 67 - culverts 303, 371, 474 - pavement 96, 174, 239, 449 - pipe durability 50, 254 - sedimentation basins 70 - structures 3, 174 - drilled shafts 360 Driver licensing 348 Driveway regulations 304, 404 Driven piles 478 Dynamic Message Signs 399 Earthquakes 428, 440 Earth walls 437 Ecology 302, 400 Economic forecasting 480 Economics 290, RRD 327, 424 Ecosystems 400 Edgedrains, maintenance 285 Elderly, transportation for 39, 83 Electronic bids 256 Electronic toll and traffic manage- ment systems 194 Embankments 8, 234 Emergency management 454 Emergency management agencies 392 Emergency medical services 451 Emergency operations 468 Emergency training 468 Employees (see Personnel) Emulsions 30 End result specifications 38, 212 Energy - bituminous emulsions 30 - construction 85 - transportation use 43, 121 Energy development, effects on roads/bridges 468 Enforcement, speed 482 Engineering demand parameters 440 Enterprise resource planning 385 Environmental issues 272, 305, 341, 347, 363, 366, 394, 400, 411, 430, 433, RRD 365, 449 Epoxies 109, 333, 423 Equipment - accident removal 318, 451 - cone penetration testing 366 - crash reconstruction 369 - for pavement data 126 - for testing 36 - for traffic control 166, 270, 399 - management of 52, 245, 283, 452 - procurement of 52 - selection of 52, 283 Erosion, control 430 Evacuation 392 “Every Day Counts” 429, 466 Expansion devices for bridges 141, 319 Expert systems 183 Fabrics for pavements 171 Falling weight deflectometers (FWDs) 381, 382 Federal-aid projects 414, 416, 442 Federal disaster reimbursement 472 Field inspection practices 470 Field testing equipment 36, 126 Fiber additives 475 Finance/budgets 62, 72, 80, 100, 117, 151, 243, 364, 366, 395, 452, 479, 480 Fires 415 Fleet management 452 Fly ash 37, 127, 333 Fog 228 Foundation engineering 418 Foundations - embankments 8, 29, 147, 234 - evaluation 357 - pile 42, 253 - shallow 107 - soft strata 29, 147 - structure 360 Fracture-critical members 354 Freeways - corridor management 177, 351 - incident management 156, 318 - maintenance 1, 25, 170 - off-ramps 35 - project development 273 - reconstruction 273 - repair 25 Freight 230, 320, 374, 384, 406, 410 Friction courses 49, 104, 180, 284 Frost susceptibility 26 Fuel taxes 62, 164, 479 Full-scale accelerated pavement testing 433 Funding - bridge management 397 - construction staffing 450 - small-scale projects 414 - funding 459 Galvanizing 112, 257 Geographic information systems 301, 335, 446 Geology 357, 360 Geometric design 417, 422, 432, 436 Geophysics 357 Geospatial technologies 446 Geotechnical - cone penetration testing 368 - data 33 - exploration 33 - information practices 429 - in situ strength measurement 278 - instrumentation 89, 253 - load and resistance factor design 276

18 Table 5 (Continued) - mechanically stabilized earth walls 437 - pile driving 418 - pile foundation vibrations 253 - resilient modulus 382 - rock-socketed shafts 360 - site conditions 429 Geotechnical data visualization 467 Glare screen 66 Global freight villages 384 Grade crossings 250, 271 GPS - satellite positioning 258, 301 - technology 371, 385, 446 Ground motions 428 Ground penetrating radar 255, 372, 446 Guaranteed maximum price 402 Guaranty of construction 195 Guardrails 244 Handicapped, transportation for 39, 83 Hazard mitigation 467 Hazardous materials transportation - impacts on maintenance 196 - risk assessment 103 - routing criteria 261 Heavy loads 469, 476 High-occupancy vehicles (HOV) 185 High-speed weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems 386 Highway Capacity Manual 427 Highway cost allocation 378 Highway–railroad grade crossings 250, 271 Historic bridges 101, 275 Historic preservation 347 Hydraulic fracturing 469 Hydrology 444 Ice control operations 207, 344 Impact fees 459 Impacts, economic - development 290 - lane occupancy 293 Incident clearance 318 Incident management 156, 270, 318, 454, 468 Indefinite delivery/indefinite quan- tity contracting practices 473 Indian reservation transportation 366 Information for motorists 7, 71, 162, 237, 309, 344, 348 Information systems 133, 296, 350, 399 Information technology 385 Infrastructure 439, 469 Infrastructure improvements, invest- ment 395 Innovation by private industry 149, 265 In-pavement marker (IPM) system 380 Inspection by consultants 146, 263 Inspections - earth walls 437 - pipes 474 - road slope 430 Inspection of bridges 88, 353, 393, 396, 398, 425 Institutional memory 365 Instrumentation 36, 235, Instrumentation, geotechnical 89, 253 Instrumentation, scour critical bridges 396 Insurance 308 Integrated corridor management 460 Intelligent compaction 445 Intelligent transportation systems 460 Interchanges 299, 332, 432 Intermodal Facilities w/Freight 320, 384, RRD 327 Interoperability 458 Intersections 299, 310, 432 Invasives 363 ISTEA - 15 factors 217 - small MPOs 252 Joint development 459 Joints, bridge deck 141, 319 Joints, concrete pavement 19, 56, 98, 134, 211 Joints and cracks, sealing 98 Just-in-time logistics RRD 327 Knowledge management 365, 454 Laboratory testing equipment 36 Land development 233, 404 Land use 93, 233, 320, 337, 406 Latex-modified concrete 179 Leadership 349 Left-turn treatments 225, 404 Legal liability 106, 206, 318, 369 Letting program 331 Levels of service 426, 470 Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) 446 Light-emitting diodes 380, 387 Lighting - roadway 371 Life-cycle costs 122, 269, 352 Lime-fly ash 37 Litter disposal 184, 394 Load and resistance factor design (geotechnical) 276, 418, 478 Load posting 453 Load rating 359 Local public agencies 442 Location reference methods 21, 91 Long Term Pavement Performance 386, 423, 433, 457, 463 Low-volume pavements 27, 260 Maintenance - 3R 417 - bituminous pavements 30, 64, 98, 388 - bridges 88, 123, 200, 227, 257, 319, 353, 375, 398, 423, 425, 469 - budgets 80 - concrete pavements 19, 45, 56, 60, 98, 204, 211, 388 - contract 125 - contracting, performance-based 389, 426 - costs 58, 98, 223 - culverts 303, 474 - deferred 58, 223 - edgedrains 285 - emergency 438, 454 - equipment 52, 283 - freeways 1, 25, 170 - funding 470 - hazardous materials impacts 196 - invasive species 363 - litter disposal 184, 394 - management 10, 22, 46, 52, 58, 80, 110, 157, 173, 283, 426 - management systems 110, 173, 470 - pavement costs 77, 98

19 Table 5 (Continued) - pavement joints 19, 56, 98, 134, 211 - pavements 9, 19, 25, 30, 45, 56, 60, 64, 98, 134, 388, RRD 365, 469 - personnel 10, 344 - preventive, value of 153, 223, 342, RRD 365 - public benefits 343 - quality assurance 148, 426, 470 - records 46 - recycling 54, 193, 421 - reporting 46 - rest areas 20, 246 - road slope 430 - scheduling 170 - signs 155, 157 - snow and ice 24, 207, 344, 449 - sustainable RRD 365 - traffic control 1, 25, RRD 100, 208 - traffic signals 22, 114, 245 - traffic signs 431 - training 10, 468 - tunnels 31, 415 - vegetation management 340 - winter 24, 207, 344, 449 - work zone 482 Main tension elements 353 Management - access 351 - bridges 397 - construction 51, 145 - contract 168 - corridor plans 289, 337 - data 55, 350, 401, 458 - federal-aid projects 414 - freeway corridor 177 - freeway incidents 156 - investment 424 - letting program 331 - knowledge 365 - maintenance 10, 22, 46, 52, 58, 80, 110, 170, 173, 245 - maintenance, environmental issues 272 - maintenance, equipment 283 - major events 309, 392 - pavement marking 408 - performance-based 426 - personnel 11, 120, 349 - project, systems 282 - research 113, 231 - risk, R-O-W 292 - roadway information 133, 399 - safety systems 322 - S.E.E. assessments 40 - snow and ice control operations 207, 344 - traffic signals 403, 409, 420 - traffic sign retroreflectivity 431 - training 11, 188, 349 - vehicle 452 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 356, 380, 383, 412, 431, 432 Manufacturing and construction by- products 435 Materials - acceptance 263 - assurances, structural RRD 274 - certification 102, 263 - microsurfacing 411 - pavement marking 306 - reclaimed asphalt pavement 421 - testing equipment 36, 263 Mechanically stabilized earth walls 437 Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide 457 Median - barriers 244, 465 - glare screen 66 - openings 404 - widths 281 Metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) 217, 252, 384, 419, 420, 434 Microsurfacing 411 Mileposts 21 Mineral and quarry byproducts 435 Mitigation - ecology 302, 400, 449 - lane occupancy 293 Modeling - 3D and 4D 229 - activity-based 406 - capability 358 - dynamic network 406 - freight and commercial move- ment 406 - land use 406 - statewide 406 - travel demand forecasting 364, 406 Monitoring of projects 6, 263, 282 Motorist aid systems 7 Motorist information 71, 162, 237, 329, 399 Multi-disciplinary teams 373 Multimodal transportation 201, 286 National Bridge Inspection Stan- dards (NBIS) 397, 453 National Incident Management System 472 National Research Implementation Network 461 Native American transportation 366 Needs studies 72, 151 NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act) 400 New-product evaluation 90, 150, 265 Noise barriers 87, 181 Noise characteristics of pavements 268 Non-coal combustion byproducts 435 Nondestructive testing/evaluation 354, 382 Non-nuclear methods/devices 456 NPDES 444 Nuclear density gauge 456 Off-ramps 35 Older drivers 348 Open-graded surfaces 49, 104, 180, 284 Outsourcing 246, 313 Overhead 315 Overlays 9, 49, 92, 99, 104, 116, 144, 204, 338, 464 Overload effects 131 Overweight vehicles 359, 476 Owner Controlled Insurance Programs 308 Painting steel bridges 136 Paint removal 176, 251 Park-and-ride facilities 213 Parking demands, truck 317 Partnerships - data collection 350 - public–private 391 - public and private 313, 362 - research 312, 461 Patching 9, 45, 64, 463

20 Table 5 (Continued) Pavements - aggregate 445 - asphalt 30, 49, 59, 116, 152, 160, 171, 175, 180, 260, 284, 457, 475 - bases 37 - concrete 16, 19, 27, 44, 56, 60, 99, 144, 204, 211, 457 - condition data 76, 126, 203, 330, 334 - construction 16, 19, 27, 30, 44, 211 - CRCP 16, 60 - data collection 401 - design 189, 260, 291, 382, 457 - distress 9, 334 - drainage 96, 239 - durability 59, 160, 274 - effects of overloads 131 - evaluation 76, 126, 203 - fabrics 171 - friction 14, 158, 291 - friction courses 49, 104, 180, 284 - frost design 26 - joints 19, 56, 98, 134, 211 - life-cycle costs 122, 269 - light duty 260 - low-volume 27, 260 - maintenance 9, 19, 25, 30, 45, 56, 60, 64, 98, 134, 211, 223, 342, 388, 411, 463, 464 - maintenance costs 77, 98, 223 - management 135, 222, 335, 401 - management systems 433 - markings 17, 138, UR24-07, 306, 356, 371, 380, 408, 412 - moisture damage 175 - noise characteristics 268 - overlays 9, 92, 99, 116, 144, 204, 388 - patching 9, 45, 64, 463 - performance 457 - pre-overlay treatments 388 - recycling 54, 154, 160, 193, 421 - rehabilitation 9, 25, 92, 134, 222, 335, 338, 342, 388, 417 - reclamation 421 - rut resistant (asphalt) 274 - sealers 209 - skid resistance 14, 158 - smoothness 167 - striping 17, 138, 218 - studded tires 32 - subgrade stabilization 247 - superheavy loads 476 - surface texture 268 - testing 235, 291, 433 - thin overlays 464 - unbound pavement materials 382 - widening 28, 221 Pavers 477 Pedestrian environments 436 Pedestrian traffic control 139, 380 Performance-based highway maintenance 426 Performance-based seismic design 440 Performance evaluation 306, 390 Performance, fiber mixtures 475 Performance measures 238, 300, 311, 326, 352, 364, 389, 397, 408, 423, 426, 433, 439, 442 Performance monitoring 427, RRD 365 Performance-related specifications 212 Permit operations 68, 143 - driveway regulation 304 - effects on pavements 131 - overweight vehicles 359, 476 - superheavy loads 476 Personnel - bridge inspection 141 - construction engineering 51, 145 - maintenance 10 - planning for 120 - recruiting and maintaining 323, 349 - S.E.E. assessment 40 - training 10, 11, 163, 188, 248, 313, 346 Photographic traffic law enforce- ment 219, 310 Photologging 94 Pile driving 418 Pile foundations 42, 253, 478 Pipe durability 50, 254, 303 Pipes 474 Planning - access management 404 - emergency 454 - evacuation and reentry 392 - forecasting models 358, 364 - freight 230, 314, 320 - Highway Capacity Manual 427 - invasive species 363 - major events 309 - MPOs 217, 252 - multimodal evaluation 201 - personnel 120 - pre-project 347 - public involvement 407 - real-time traveler information 399 - statewide transportation 15, 95, 286 - strategic 326 - toll road 364 - traffic signal operations 420 - transit 69, 73 - transportation 73, 201, 332, 434 - value engineering 352 - visualization 361 Polymers 423 Poor, transportation for 39 Portable changeable message signs 482 Portland cement concrete 435 Posting of bridges 108 Pothole repair 45, 64, 463 Pozzolans 37, 127, 199 Practical design 443 Precast concrete 53, 119, 324, 327, 441 Prefabricated structural systems 119, 327, 345 Preferential lane treatments 185 Preservation - historic bridges 275 - rail corridors 374 Prestressed concrete durability 140, 441 Prevention - roadside maintenance 363 Preventive maintenance 153, 223, 330, 411 Priority programming 48, 84, 222 Private sector involvement 149, 246, 265, 313, 355 Process management 300 Procurement, emergency 438 Procurement policies 466 Procurement, transparency 471 Professional engineering services - construction 146 - design 277 - negotiating 137

21 Table 5 (Continued) Programming 48, 72, 84, 151, 243, 414, 419 Program quality 300 Project delivery 385, 402, 427, 450, 455, 466, 473, 481 Project development 273, 292, 331, 361, 405 Project scheduling 6, 215, 243, 282 Public involvement 407 Public opinion data 377 Public–private partnerships 391 Public Use Microdata Sample 434 Quality assurance 38, 65, 148, 212, 232, 263, RRD 274, 346, 375, 376 Quality control RRD 274, 346, 386, 411 Quality management 401 Radio communications 12, 13, 165 Radio frequency 13 Railroad grade crossings 252, 271 Rail service 374 Rails to Trails 374 Rapid test methods 187 Reclaimed construction materials 445 Reconstruction 247, 273 Recreation travel 329 Recycling highway materials 54, 154, 160, 193, 198, 199, 421, 435, RRD 365, 445 Reduced visibility 228 Reference methods 21 Reference posts 21, 91 Reflection cracking 9, 92 Regional Integrated Transportation Information System 460 Regional traffic signal operations programs 420 Regulations - driveway 304, 351 - utility location 405, 462 - weight 476 Rehabilitation - bridges 327, 353 - culverts 303, 474 - freeways 25 - pavements 9, 56, 92, 99, 134, 204, 222 - subgrades, stabilization 247 Relationships 297 Research - contract 231 - implementation 23, 150, 355, 461 - management 113 - partnerships 312 - performance measures 300 - robust programs 280 Resilience 467, 468, 472, 473 Resilient modulus (MR) 382 Resins 423 Rest areas 20, 287, 317 Resurfacing portland cement concrete 204 Retroreflectivity 304, 380, 431 Revenue forecasting 364, 479 Right-of-way - clearance 292 - highway 462 - utilities 34, 224, 405, 462 Risk assessment, hazardous materials 103 Road pricing 210, 269, 377 Roadside hazard severity 202 Roadway - convertible 340 - incident diversion practices 279, 399 - information systems 133, 399 - safety tools, localities 321 Road Weather Information Systems 449 Rock-socketed shafts 360 Routing, hazardous materials 261 Rubber tire uses 198, 199 Rumble strips 191, 339 Safety 1, 3, 7, 14, 32, 49, 66, 91, RRD 100, 128, 132, 156, 158, 182, 186, 191, 192, 202, 205, 244, 286, 295, 299, 306, 308, 310, 318, 321, 336, 339, 340, 348, 350, 356, 359, 370, 380, 383, 397, 403, 404, 408, 412, 415, 417, 420, 422, 431, 432, 436, 451, 453, 458, 482 Safety analysis 295, 336 Safety management systems 322 Scheduling of projects 6, 222, 243, 292 Scour 5, 200, 396 Scrap tire byproducts 435 Sealers for PCC highway facilities 209 Security 392, 468 Segregation 477 Sedimentation basins 18, 70 Service life, culverts 474 Severity indices 202 Sidewalks - maintenance 371 Signal control 448 Signs - advance warning 186 - changeable message 61, 237, 383 - dynamic message 399 - maintenance 155, 157, 371 - median 465 - motorist information 71, 162, 392 - permanent 465 - retroreflective 431 Site-Specific Evaluations 428 Size regulation and enforcement 68, 143 Skid resistance 14, 158, 291 Slags 435 Sleep deprivation 286 Slurry 411 Small business programs 448 Smart jobsites 385 Smoothness, pavements 167 Snow and ice control 24, 207, 344, 449 Soft foundations 29, 147 Soils - erosion 18, 430 - measuring, in-situ 278, 368, 382 - remediation of contaminated 226 Specifications 38, 65, 212, 306, 441 Spectrum management 13 Speed management - work zones 482 Speed reduction 412 Stabilization - bases 37 - earth walls 437 - road slope 430 - subbases 247 Staffing - construction 51, 145, 263, 450 - forecasting 450 - maintenance 10 - planning for 120 - public involvement 407 - S.E.E. assessments 40

22 Table 5 (Continued) Standards, travel survey 236 - historic bridges 275 Statewide transportation planning 15, 95, 267, 286 Statistical methods 295 Statistical specifications 38, 65, 212, 232 Statistics, crash 451 Steel pipe piles 478 Stormwater management 174, 444 Stream scour 5, 200 Strategic planning 326, 363 Striping 17, 138, 218 Structures (see bridges) Studded tires 32 Subbases 37 Subgrades, stabilization 247, 382 Subsurface information 33, 255, 405 Subsurface Utility Engineering (SUE) 405 Succession 349, 362 Superplasticizers for concrete 129 Surface courses 49, 104, 180, UR24-07 Surveying, GPS satellite 258, 301 Surveys 410 Sustainable pavement maintenance RRD 365 Systems, long-range planning 400 Systems, maintenance 283 Systems, traffic control 307 Taxes, fuel 62, 164, 479 Technology transfer 23, 150, 216, 231, 280, 355, 461 Telecommunications 12, 165 Telephones 12, 165 Testing - cone penetration 366 - construction 36, 65, 263 - high performance concrete 441 - pile driving 418 - rapid 187 - soils (in-situ) 278 - equipment 36, 187 - pavements 235, 291, 325, 433, 435, 477 Test pile data 418 Thin polymer overlays 423 Toll - collection 194 - financing 117 - modeling 364 - plaza design 240 - practices 262 - pricing 377 - revenue collection 364 Tort liability 106, 206, 265 Total maximum daily loads 444 Tourism 329 Toward Zero Deaths 482 Trade-off considerations 422 Traffic - calming 436 - commercial vehicle and freight 384 - congestion 314 - data collection 130, 350, 406, 458, 460 - incident clearance, quick 318 - law enforcement 219, 310 - management 383, 403, 447 - markings 17, 138, 218, 408 - paint 17, 138, 218 - signs 431 - safety 1, 3, 32, 35, 66, RRD 100, 202, 205, 244, 350, 367 Traffic control - calming 412 - circles 264 - configuration management 294 - construction RRD 100, 208 - convertible lanes 340 - crossroads 332 - devices 61, 166, 186, 237, 387 - equipment 166 - left-turn treatments 225 - maintenance 1, RRD 100, 208, 245 - management centers 270 - management plans 294 - pedestrian 139 - plans 208 - priority lanes 185 - ramps 35 - red light cameras 31 - signal systems 245, 387, 403, 409, 420 - speed reduction 412 - systems development 307, 387, 403 - work zones 1, RRD 100, 208 Traffic operation 460 Traffic signals - equipment 166 - left turns 225 - maintenance 22, 114, 245, 371, 387, 403 - operations 367, 403, 420 - preemption (rail) 271 - retiming 409 - timing 172, 403 Training of personnel 10, 11, 163, 188, 248, 346, 349, 354, 355, 362, 375, 416, 468 Transit - boards 75 - development process 267 - economic benefits 290 - elderly/handicapped 39, 83 - investment 290 - management assistance 74 - management centers 270 - ownership 97 - planning 15, 69, 72, 73, 95, 151, 201, 230, 252, 331 - system management 81, 93, 259 Transportation asset management 439 Transportation enhancement 414 Transportation improvement program 419 Travel Demand Forecasting 364, 384, 406, 480 Travel Information Systems 399 Travel surveys 236, 434 Tribal Transportation 366 Truck - escape ramps 178 - increasing traffic 314 - operating characteristics 241 - parking demands 317 - trip generation 298 - truck weights and sizes 68, 82, 124, 143, 386, 476 Tunnels, maintenance and operation 31, 415 Unbound aggregate 444 Unbound materials 456 Underwater bridge inspection 88 Underwater bridge repair 88, 200 Urban freeways 25, 273 Utilities 34, 115, 242, 405, 462 Value capture 459 Value engineering 78, 352, 361, 422

23 Table 5 (Continued) Variable message signs 61, 237, 383 Vegetation management 363, 449 Vehicle attenuators 182 Vehicles, larger 281 Vibration from piles 253 Vibration of concrete 44 Video monitoring - web-based 372 Video traffic law enforcement 219 Visibility 228, 348, 431 Visualization 229, 361, 467 Warranties - construction 195 - microsurfacing 411 - pavement markings 408 Waste materials RRD 106, 199 Waterproofing membranes for bridge decks 220, 425 Weather 47, 344, 454 Weigh-in-motion 124, 386 Weight regulation and enforcement 68, 82, 124, 143, 453, 476 Wetland mitigation 302 Whitetopping 338 Widening of pavements 28, 221 Wildlife 305, 370, 400 Winter maintenance 24, 207, 344, 449 Work schedules 73 Work zone traffic 1, RRD 100, 208, 482 Zone of intrusion 465

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