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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22076.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22076.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22076.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22076.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22076.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22076.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22076.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22076.
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A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 148 TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2015 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance John Burns Chuck Dennie Shady Elshetwy Burns EnginEEring, inc. Philadelphia, PA Doron Lean Joe Vigilante LEan EnginEEring, inc. Irvine, CA

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and interna- tional commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal responsibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agen- cies and not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. ACRP is modeled after the successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). ACRP undertakes research and other technical activi- ties in various airport subject areas, including design, construction, legal, maintenance, operations, safety, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100— Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Associa- tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academy of Sciences formally initiating the program. ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research organi- zations. Each of these participants has different interests and responsibili- ties, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel appointed by TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport professionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing coop- erative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended users of the research: airport operating agencies, service pro- viders, and academic institutions. ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties; industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, webinars, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 148 Project A09-09 ISSN 1935-9187 ISBN 978-0-309-37494-1 Library of Congress Control Number 2015957208 © 2015 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to http://www.national-academies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 148 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Joseph D. Navarrete, Senior Program Officer Terri Baker, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Hilary Freer, Senior Editor ACRP PROJECT 09-09 PANEL Field of Maintenance Vivek Khanna, KSA Engineers, Inc., McKinney, TX (Chair) Frank Barczak, PMA Consultants, Orlando, FL Somnath Mukherjee, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Eng. Department, New York, NY Ed Runyon, ADB Airfield Solutions, Columbus, OH Tracy J. Saunders, Delta Airport Consultants, Inc., Charlotte, NC Stephen Jon Schmitz, Lakeland Airport, Woodruff, WI Thomas Mai, FAA Liaison Richard Marchi, Airports Council International - North America Liaison James W. Bryant, Jr., TRB Liaison

ACRP Report 148: LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance provides guidance for operating and maintaining light-emitting diode (LED) airfield ground light- ing systems, including taxi guidance signs, elevated light fixtures, and in-pavement light fixtures. The guidebook will be of particular interest to airport operations and maintenance (O&M) practitioners seeking to maximize the potential O&M benefits that LED lighting offers as they integrate and/or replace older airfield lighting with this new technology. Airports require reliable airfield lighting to ensure safety and service continuity at night or other periods with low visibility, so a significant component of an airport’s operating budget is dedicated to operating and maintaining airfield lighting systems. Since LED airfield light- ing offers potential for substantially reduced maintenance and utility costs, the industry is accelerating the replacement of traditional lighting technologies with this new, more efficient technology. Although LED lighting offers improved efficiencies and reliability, operation and maintenance presents challenges (e.g., potential for obstruction by snow and ice, unique maintenance training and orientation requirements, and system performance monitoring issues). Additionally, O&M factors should be considered during the design and implemen- tation of airfield lighting systems. Research was needed to develop guidance for airports to optimize the operation and maintenance of LED airfield lighting systems. The research, led by Burns Engineering, began with a literature review. Next, an extensive survey of nearly 50 airports produced information on the extent to which LED lighting was used on airfields and on unique O&M practices for LED systems. More detail was obtained through case studies of 12 of the surveyed airports; the case studies focused on field and shop maintenance, unique training for staff regarding LED airfield maintenance, and general lessons learned. Based on the research, the team prepared its guidance. The guidebook begins with an overview of regulatory requirements as they relate to LED airfield lighting and a summary of the survey and case studies. ACRP Report 148 then pro- vides guidance on maintenance, including acceptance testing and warranty, fixture obsoles- cence and spare part recommendations, preventive maintenance and refurbishment/repair, maintenance practices during pavement repair, and environmental factors (e.g., vibration and moisture). The guidebook also covers operational considerations, including circuit configuration, heaters, monitoring, photometric and chromaticity analysis, and return-on- investment. The guidebook is supplemented by a list of references, bibliography, glossary, and sample system requirements and maintenance schedules. F O R E W O R D By Joseph D. Navarrete Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Burns Engineering research team, including Lean Engineering, would like to thank the airports who participated in this research and contributed valuable information to support the development of this guidebook. O’Hare International Airport, Chicago, IL (ORD) John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York, NY (JFK) La Guardia Airport, New York, NY (LGA) Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Dallas/Fort Worth, TX (DFW) Orlando International Airport, Orlando, FL (MCO) Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport, Baltimore, MD (BWI) Washington Dulles International Airport, Dulles, VA (IAD) Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, Arlington, VA (DCA) Philadelphia International Airport, Philadelphia, PA (PHL) San Francisco International Airport, San Francisco, CA (SFO) Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles, CA (LAX) Denver International Airport, Denver, CO (DEN) Las Vegas International Airport, Las Vegas, NV (LAS) Salt Lake City International Airport, Salt Lake City, UT (SLC) Seattle Tacoma, Seattle, WA (SEA) Phoenix International Airport, Phoenix, AZ (PHX) Houston-Intercontinental Airport, Houston, TX (IAH) Minneapolis International Airport, Minneapolis (MSP) Kansas City International Airport, Kansas City, MO (MCI) Memphis International Airport, Memphis, TN (MEM) Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, Anchorage, AK (ANC) Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Raleigh/ Durham, NC (RDU) Pittsburgh International Airport, Pittsburgh, PA (PIT) Sacramento International Airport, Sacramento, CA (SMF) John Wayne-Orange County Airport, Santa Ana, CA (SNA) Portland International Airport, Portland, Oregon (PDX) San Jose International Airport, San Jose, CA (SJC) Louisville International-Standiford Field, Louisville, KY (SDF) Piedmont Triad International Airport, Greensboro, NC (GSO) Portland International Jetport, Portland, ME (PWM) Fresno International Airport, Fresno, CA (FAT) Great Falls International Airport, Great Falls, MT (GTF) Boise Air Terminal, Boise, Idaho (BOI) Spokane International Airport, Spokane, WA (GEG) Missoula International Airport, Missoula, MT (MSO) St. George Municipal, St. George, UT (SGU) King County International Airport/Boeing Field, Seattle, WA (BFI) Aspen Airport, Aspen, CO (ASE) Telluride Regional Airport, Telluride, CO (TEX) Metropolitan Oakland International Airport, Oakland, CA (OAK) Long Beach Airport, Long Beach, CA (LGB) Capital City Airport, Harrisburg, PA (CXY) South Jersey Regional Airport, Mount Holly, NJ (VAY) Santa Monica Airport, Madison, SD (SMX) Naples Municipal Airport, Naples, FL (APF) Franklin County Regional Airport, Chambersburg, PA (N68) McGuire Field, Wrightstown, NJ (WRI) Joint Base Andrews, Camp Springs, MD (ADW) Camp Pendleton, Camp Pendleton, CA (NAS) Fallon Naval Air Station, Fallon, NV (NFL)

C O N T E N T S 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Background 2 Purpose and Objectives 3 Guidebook Layout 4 Chapter 2 Guidelines and Research 4 Regulatory Requirements 4 Surveys and Case Studies 7 Chapter 3 Maintenance Considerations 7 Acceptance Testing and Warranty 7 Acceptance Testing 16 Warranty 18 Fixture Obsolescence and Spare Parts Recommendations 18 Fixture Obsolescence 20 Spare Parts Recommendations 22 Determining Availability 22 Available Spare Parts 23 Quantity of Spare Parts Method 24 Preventive Maintenance and Refurbishment/Repair 28 Elevated Fixtures 29 In-pavement Fixtures 31 Maintenance Practices During Pavement Repair 31 Pre/During Paving 32 Post Paving 34 Environmental Factors 35 Vibration 37 Moisture 40 Additional Factors 42 Chapter 4 Operation Considerations 42 Circuit Configuration 42 Circuit Load Calculation 43 Circuit Optimization 46 Mixed Circuits with Lights and Signs 46 Mixed Circuits with Incandescent and LED Fixtures 46 3-Step vs. 5-Step CCRs for LED Circuits 47 LED Circuit Inrush 48 Heaters in Elevated and In-pavement Fixtures 52 Monitoring

53 Photometrics and Chromaticity 53 Photometrics 56 Chromaticity 58 Return on Investment Discussion 62 References and Bibliography 63 Abbreviations and Acronyms 65 Glossary of Terms 66 Appendix A System Requirements 72 Appendix B Maintenance Schedules

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TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 148: LED Airfield Lighting System Operation and Maintenance provides guidance for operating and maintaining light-emitting diode (LED) airfield ground lighting systems, including taxi guidance signs, elevated light fixtures, and in-pavement light fixtures.

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