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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22084.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22084.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22084.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22084.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22084.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22084.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22084.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22084.
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A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 149 TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2015 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation • Environment • Vehicles and Equipment Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling KB Environmental Sciences, Inc. Saint Petersburg, FL

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and interna- tional commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal responsibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agen- cies and not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. ACRP is modeled after the successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). ACRP undertakes research and other technical activi- ties in various airport subject areas, including design, construction, legal, maintenance, operations, safety, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100— Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Associa- tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academy of Sciences formally initiating the program. ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research organi- zations. Each of these participants has different interests and responsibili- ties, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel appointed by TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport professionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing coop- erative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended users of the research: airport operating agencies, service pro- viders, and academic institutions. ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties; industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, webinars, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 149 Project 02-46 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN 978-0-309-37493-4 Library of Congress Control Number 2015957200 © 2015 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Cover photo: Airbus A-380 and Tow Tug; photo by M. Kenney, KBE 2014. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to http://www.national-academies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 149 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Theresia H. Schatz, Senior Program Officer Terri Baker, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Margaret B. Hagood, Editor ACRP PROJECT 02-46 PANEL Field of Environment Susan Fizzell, Oakland International Airport, Oakland, CA (Chair) Lillian A. Kerberg, UPS, Louisville, KY Leihong Li, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Randy J. McGill, Greater Toronto Airports Authority, Georgetown, ON (retired) Waguih Ouess, WFO Consulting, North Bellmore, NY Adam Walters, Southwest Airlines Co., Dallas, TX C. Flint Webb, Leidos, Reston, VA Aimee Fisher, FAA Liaison (retired) Peggy Wade, FAA Liaison (retired) Marianne Csaky, formerly Airlines for America, Liaison Katherine B. Preston, Airports Council International–North America Liaison

ACRP Report 149: Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling is a guidance document that provides a potential update to the current set of default ground support equipment (GSE) fleet and activity data used for passenger and cargo aircraft and a protocol to improve the accuracy and consistency of data collection for airport GSE activity compatible with Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS), and the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT). This guidance document can be used by airport operations, environmental and planning personnel, and other stakeholders for the purpose of understanding and improving local air quality. The updated set of default GSE fleet and activity values address the number and type of vehicles by aircraft code (e.g., A, B, C, D, etc.); difference between type of operations (i.e., dedicated cargo vs. passenger operations); time in operational mode (including idling); and gate deicing vehicles. The airport-specific data-gathering protocol includes the parame ters (i.e., time in operational mode, climatic conditions) to be collected; recommendation of statistically valid sample sizes; operational considerations for start-up and mobilization of equipment (i.e., when is the equipment actually in use for the aircraft or in transit); coor- dination with airlines; and safety considerations. The guidance is tailored to airports of different sizes (small, medium, large/international); airports of different climates; limi- tations of the current default GSE fleet; various fueling methods (e.g., hydrant system vs. fuel trucks); availability and utilization of aircraft parking position utilities (avail- ability of ground power and pre-conditioned air); and is applicable to newer aircraft (i.e., A380, B787). Estimating an airport’s contribution to a region’s overall air quality is often required for State Implementation Plans (SIPs), Health Risk Assessments (HRAs), National Envi- ronmental Policy Act (NEPA) analyses, other emission inventory programs, and for grant applications, such as FAA’s Voluntary Airport Low Emissions (VALE) program. Although airport GSE can provide significant contributions to an airport’s overall emissions, little guidance is available to help airports accurately capture actual GSE activity at their facilities in a manner suitable for the FAA’s approved emissions models, EDMS and the AEDT. This can result in inaccurate predictions of air quality impacts because staff may use insufficient or inconsistent data collection, analysis, and reporting methods (e.g., when GSE are consid- ered to be within an aircraft’s activity zone). Conversely, airports often choose not to collect specific GSE activity data and instead use default values established in EDMS and AEDT, often due to resource constraints and the lack of guidance on how to gather GSE activity data. However, these default values are widely acknowledged to be conservative and may overestimate an airport’s air quality impacts. F O R E W O R D By Theresia H. Schatz Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

Under ACRP Project 2-46, research was conducted by KB Environmental Sciences, Inc. in association with CDM Smith, Mosaic, ATAC, and Jim Gebhardt. A total of 65 airlines, ground handling companies, and equipment manufacturers were contacted to gain insight on their fleet, operations, environmental initiatives, and willingness/ability to share infor- mation and participation in the project.

1 Summary 3 Chapter 1 Introduction and Background 3 1.1 What Is the Purpose of this Guidebook? 4 1.2 Who Should Use this Guidebook? 4 1.3 Benefits of Using this Guidebook 5 1.4 Contents of this Guidebook 6 1.5 ACRP Report 78 7 Chapter 2 GSE Types, Functions, and Emissions 7 2.1 GSE Emissions Characteristics 7 2.1.1 Types of Emissions 12 2.1.2 Emissions Standards 13 2.1.3 Emissions Standards for Nonroad Vehicles and Equipment 14 2.1.4 Emissions Standards for On-Road Vehicles 15 2.1.5 Emissions Standards in the State of California 15 2.1.6 FAA’s Voluntary Airport Low Emission (VALE) Program 16 2.1.7 Alternatively Fueled GSE 17 Chapter 3 GSE Emissions Inventories 17 3.1 What Is a GSE Emissions Inventory? 17 3.2 How Is an Airport GSE Emissions Inventory Computed? 18 3.2.1 FAA’s Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) 19 3.2.2 GSE Emissions Inventory Applications 21 3.3 Considerations and Approaches to Preparing a GSE Emissions Inventory 21 3.3.1 Basic Approach 21 3.3.2 Intermediate Approach 21 3.3.3 Advanced Approach 22 3.3.4 Factors to Consider When Choosing an Approach 24 3.3.5 GSE Emissions Inventory by Fuel Consumption 24 3.4 Selecting an Approach 24 3.4.1 Benefits versus Costs 25 3.4.2 Making a Selection 26 Chapter 4 GSE Data Collection Protocol 26 4.1 Data Requirements 26 4.2 Health, Safety, and Security 26 4.3 Data Collection Methods 27 4.3.1 Apron Survey 35 4.3.2 GSE Inventory/Property Lists 36 4.3.3 Remote Sensing 36 4.3.4 Data Collection Time C O N T E N T S

36 4.4 Quality Assurance 36 4.4.1 Data Cleaning 38 4.4.2 Missing Data 38 4.4.3 Outliers and Data Distribution 40 4.5 Sampling Error and Bias 42 Chapter 5 Modifying and Using Default GSE Emissions Model Data 42 5.1 Background Information 43 5.2 Redefining Default Data 43 5.2.1 GSE Fleet Mix and Operational Times 51 5.2.2 GSE Population-Based Fleet Size and Mix 52 5.2.3 Non-Gate GSE Operating Times 53 5.2.4 Deicing GSE Operating Times 54 5.2.5 GSE Engine Load Factors 55 5.2.6 GSE Fuel Types 56 Chapter 6 Coordination Best Practices 56 6.1 Stakeholders 56 6.2 Coordination Opportunities 56 6.2.1 Planning Phase 58 6.2.2 Preparation Phase 58 6.2.3 Application Phase 59 References 60 Commonly Asked Questions and Answers 62 Glossary 66 Acronyms and Abbreviations A-1 Appendix A Example Health, Safety, and Security Plan B-1 Appendix B Data Collection Forms and Resources C-1 Appendix C Aircraft Size Classifications D-1 Appendix D Technical Support for the Derivation of Revised AEDT Defaults E-1 Appendix E Proposed New Default TIM for Passenger Aircraft GSE Fleet Mix for Small-Sized Airports

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TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 149: Improving Ground Support Equipment Operational Data for Airport Emissions Modeling provides a potential update to the current data set of default ground support equipment (GSE) fleet and activity used for passenger and cargo aircraft. The report includes a protocol to improve the accuracy and consistency of data collection for airport GSE activity compatible with the Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) and the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT).

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