Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management (2015)

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C-1 A p p e n d i x C The WHaMRAT User Guide Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this Appendix have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version (posted on the web at www.trb.org) and the User Guide included on CRP-CD 173 both retain the color versions.

C-2 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Appendix C: Contents 1.0 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT ................................................................................................ C-4 1.1 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Wildlife Data Worksheet—Overview ................................... C-8 1.2 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Wildlife Data Worksheet—User Data Entry ...................... C-12 1.3 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Operations Data Worksheet—Overview ........................... C-13 1.4 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Operations Data Worksheet—User Data Entry ................ C-14 1.5 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—Overview .................. C-15 1.6 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Habitat Presence or Absence ................................................................................................. C-17 1.7 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Current Habitat Mitigation ....................................................................................................... C-17 1.8 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Future Habitat Mitigation ........................................................................................................ C-18 1.9 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Current Wildlife Mitigation by Guild ........................................................................................ C-19 1.10 EZ-Version Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet User Data Entry for Future Wildlife Mitigation by Guild .................................................................................................................. C-20 1.11 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Results Worksheet ......................................................... C-21 1.12 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Future-Projected Results Worksheet ............................. C-26 1.13 Summary ..................................................................................................................... C-27 2.0 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT .................................................................................. C-28 2.1 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Wildlife Data Worksheet—Severity Overview ........ C-29 2.2 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Wildlife Data Worksheet—Likelihood of Strike Overview ................................................................................................................................ C-35 2.3 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Wildlife Data Worksheet—User Data Entry for Severity and Likelihood of Strike .......................................................................................................... C-36 2.4 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Operations Data Worksheet—Overview ................ C-37 2.5 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Operations Data Worksheet—User Data Entry for Aircraft Type and Tempo ........................................................................................................ C-37 2.6 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—Overview ....... C-38 2.7 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet–User Data Entry for Habitat Presence or Absence ................................................................................................. C-39 2.8 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Current Habitat Mitigation ....................................................................................................... C-39 2.9 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Future Habitat Mitigation ................................................................................................... C-39

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-3 2.10 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Current Wildlife Mitigation by Guild ................................................................................... C-41 2.11 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Future Wildlife Mitigation by Guild ..................................................................................... C-41 2.12 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Results Worksheet .............................................. C-42 2.13 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Future-Projected Results Worksheet .................. C-43 2.14 Utility of the WHaMRAT ............................................................................................... C-43 3.0 The EZ-Version and Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Case Study Examples .................... C-45 ACRP Case Study #1—Seasonal Flocking Behavior ............................................................. C-46 ACRP Case Study #2—Changes in Guilds Present .............................................................. C-47 ACRP Case Study #3—Change in Airport Operations Tempo .............................................. C-48 ACRP Case Study #4—Change in Incompatible Habitat On- or Off-Airport .......................... C-49 ACRP Case Study #5—Change in Habitat Mitigation on Airport Property ............................. C-50 ACRP Case Study #6—Change in Wildlife Mitigation Targeted at a Specific Guild............... C-51 ACRP Case Study #7—Change in Wildlife Mitigation on Airport Infrastructure ..................... C-52 ACRP Case Study #8—User Input of Wildlife Identified at the Species Level ....................... C-53 Attachment 1: Avian and Non-Avian Guilds Used in the WHaMRAT ....................................... C-54 Attachment 2: The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Avian Guild and Severity Scores ......................... C-56 Attachment 3: The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Mammalian and Reptilian Guild and Severity Scores ....................................................................................................................................... C-57 Attachment 4: Advanced-Version Avian Guild and Severity Scores ......................................... C-58 Attachment 5: The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Mammalian Guild and Severity Scores ..... C-60 Attachment 6: The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Avian Species List by Guild and Severity Score ... C-61 Attachment 7: The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Mammalian Species List by Guild and Severity Score ....................................................................................................................................... C-95 Attachment 8: The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Avian Species List by Guild and Severity Score ..................................................................................................................................... C-106 Attachment 9: The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Mammalian Species List by Guild and Severity Score ..................................................................................................................................... C-141 Attachment 10: Technical Aspects of the WHaMRAT ........................................................... C-153 Attachment 11: The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Quick Start Guide ............................................. C-164 Attachment 12: The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Quick Start Guide ................................. C-166

C-4 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management 1.0 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT The Wildlife Hazard Management Risk Assessment Tool (WHaMRAT) is designed to assist wildlife and airport managers in assessing the wildlife risk to aircraft operations. The WHaMRAT contains three user-input worksheets and two results worksheets in a spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel) format incorporates various formulas and calculations working together to determine an Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. The tool requires user inputs that account for measures of wildlife presence and abundance, monthly average aircraft movements by aircraft type, classes and locations of habitat considered incompatible with safe aircraft operations, and current and future wildlife mitigation actions. These data entries produce a numerical result and graphical representation of current wildlife risk depicted as low, moderate, or high using a 1-to-5 scale (1 is low and 5 is high). The user also can enter optional future wildlife mitigation efforts and can view the potential impacts in the Future-Projected Results Worksheet. The WHaMRAT is built on a Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) framework, taking wildlife presence and the potential likelihood of wildlife strikes to determine an Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score for the airport (Belton 1986, Xu 2015). User inputs for aircraft class and monthly airport operations tempo contribute to an Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score for the airport, as do adjustment factors built into the WHaMRAT that reflect the presence of habitats incompatible with aircraft operations and the effects of current and future habitat and wildlife management and control mitigation efforts (Figure 1). The adjusted information is then presented visually through two risk matrices that show (1) an EZ-Version Wildlife Severity versus Likelihood of Strike Matrix (Figure 2); and (2) an EZ-Version Wildlife Risk vs. Operations Adjustment Risk Matrix (Figure 3). The research team developed two versions of the WHaMRAT—the EZ-Version WHaMRAT and the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT. The EZ-Version WHaMRAT allows universal application to all airport or wildlife staff, regardless of airport size and airport operation experience. It is best practice for all airport or wildlife staff to use the EZ-Version WHaMRAT initially. The primary difference between the two versions is the ability to further discriminate wildlife species within guilds, species presence, and associated targeted wildlife mitigation efforts in the Advanced- Version WHaMRAT. Two-page Quick-Start Guides are provided for each version of the WHaMRAT in Attachments 11 and 12. The information in the balance of this section provides a general overview of airport operator input into the EZ-Version WHaMRAT.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-5 Figure 1: WHaMRAT Detailed Model Overview Source: BASH Inc. Wildlife Data Worksheet Operations Data Worksheet Input Presence/absence of incompatible habitats by distance from airport categories Output Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score Input Wildlife Data Presence Groups/Guilds Likelihood of Strike Input Number of monthly average operations by aircraft class Calculation Wildlife Severity x Likelihood of Strike Calculation Aircraft Operations Tempo and Class Output Wildlife Risk Score Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet Results Worksheet Calculation Habitats by Distance from Airport Input Level of mitigation of incompatible habitats by distance from airport categories Calculation Mitigation by Distance from Airport (both current and future) Input Level of wildlife mitigation of specific guilds Calculation Mitigation by Guild (both current and future) Output Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score Corrective Factors Output Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score Future-Projected Results Worksheet

C-6 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Figure 2: EZ-Version Wildlife Severity vs. Likelihood of Strike Matrix Source: WHaMRAT (BASH Inc.)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-7 Figure 3: EZ-Version Wildlife Risk vs. Operations Adjustment Matrix Source: WHaMRAT (BASH Inc.)

C-8 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management 1.1 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Wildlife Data Worksheet—Overview The Wildlife Data Worksheet is the foundation of the entire WHaMRAT (Figure 4). Within this worksheet, the user will identify those avian, mammalian, and reptilian guilds present on and surrounding the airport property and enter a Likelihood of Strike Score for each of these guilds. The worksheet is illustrated in Figure 4. Figure 4: The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Wildlife Data Worksheet Assumptions: • Severity x Likelihood of Strike for 1 Guild = Wildlife Risk. The cumulative Wildlife Risk scores of all guilds is the Aggregate Wildlife Risk. • Measurements of wildlife severity are based solely on the average body mass of each species within a specific guild. A guild will contain varied species (detailed in Guild Designations, Attachment 1). If identification of wildlife is reported at the species level, then the species must be placed in the appropriate guild by referencing Attachments 6 and 7. Wildlife Data Worksheet Explanation—Severity Within the WHaMRAT, wildlife severity is an objective score ranging from 1 to 5 (whole numbers only) based solely on body mass (in grams) at the guild level for user-identified guilds present in the airport environment. Guilds are defined as groups of species that exhibit common behavior, habitat use, and natural histories, but are not necessarily taxonomically related. There is no current consensus for guild designations in the avian, mammalian, or reptilian literature, and species were placed in the designations for the purposes of this application based on behavioral associations most often observed on or near airports. The guild designations and associated wildlife types within the EZ-Version WHaMRAT are detailed in Attachments 2, 3, 6, and 7. In the EZ-Version WHaMRAT, any species contained within a specific guild will have an identical EZ Version Wildlife Data Worksheet Wildlife Data User Input

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-9 Severity Score that represents the average body mass of all species contained within that guild (Attachments 2 and 3). Additional potential variations in the general guild Severity Score result when (1) species within a guild demonstrate flocking behavior or (2) certain species within a guild are significantly larger in mass than most individual species within a guild. To account for flocking, the WHaMRAT allows for variation in the guild Severity Score for Waders, Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Gulls/Terns, Doves/Pigeons, Corvids, and Blackbirds/Starlings guilds based on different flock sizes, with severity increasing as flock sizes increase. To account for the larger mass of Wild Turkeys, in the Upland Game Birds guild an increase in guild Severity Score occurs only if Wild Turkeys are present. Severity is set in the WHaMRAT and not modifiable by the user. Avian Wildlife Severity Scores that include flocking adjustment to Severity Scores at the guild level are detailed in Table 1: Table 1: EZ-Version WHaMRAT Avian Guilds and Severity Score Weights expressed in grams (g) Guilds Severity Waterbirds 2 Seabirds 2 Pelicans/Cormorants 4 Waders 2 If flocks ≥ 5 5 Waterfowl 3 If flocks < 5 4 If flocks ≥ 5 5 Raptors/Vultures/Owls 2 Upland Game Birds 2 If Turkeys 5 Cranes 5 Shorebirds 1 If flocks < 15 4 If flocks ≥ 15 5 Gulls/Terns 2 If flocks < 10 4 If flocks ≥ 10 5 Pigeons/Doves 1 If flocks < 20 4 If flocks ≥ 20 5 Parrots 1 Aerial Foragers 1 Woodland Birds 1 Corvids 2 If flocks < 10 4 (continued on next page)

C-10 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Guilds Severity If flocks ≥ 10 5 Grassland Birds 1 Blackbirds/Starlings 1 If flocks < 100 4 If flocks ≥ 100 5 Miscellaneous 1 Criteria for Score Severity Less than 300g 1 300-999g 2 1000-1999g 3 2000-3999g 4 Greater than 4000g 5 Source: BASH Inc. When determining severity for mammals and reptiles, the process is identical to the avian description detailed above. However, threshold levels for severity by body mass differ for terrestrial mammals when compared with birds. Mammalian and reptilian Wildlife Severity Scores at the guild level are detailed in Table 2: Table 2: EZ-Version WHaMRAT Mammalian and Reptilian Guilds and Severity Score Weights expressed in grams (g) Guilds Severity Rodents 2 Lagomorphs 4 Bats 1 Mesomammals 4 Canids 5 Felids 5 Hooved 5 Bears 5 Turtles 2 Iguanas 2 Lizards/Snakes 2 Crocodiles/Alligators 5 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-11 Criteria for Score Severity 0-99g 1 100-599g 2 600-1999g 3 2000-9999g 4 Greater than 10000g 5 Source: BASH Inc. Wildlife Data Worksheet Explanation—Likelihood of Strike Assumptions: • Severity x Likelihood of Strike for 1 Guild = Wildlife Risk. The cumulative Wildlife Risk scores of all guilds make up the Aggregate Wildlife Risk. • Wildlife Likelihood of Strike is based solely on estimates of abundance determined by objective wildlife observations contained within Wildlife Hazard Assessments (WHAs), Wildlife Hazard Site Visits (WHSVs), or reference documents. Likelihood of wildlife strike is a user-determined score based solely on an objective estimate of abundance of a particular wildlife species relative to airport operating surfaces. No consideration for the size of the wildlife present should be given when determining likelihood, as body mass is already accounted for in the severity index. Airport or wildlife staff can determine the likelihood value for each guild previously identified in the severity tables based on estimated abundance data by species and/or guild reported within a WHA or WHSV, or obtained from other local data sources. If such data do not exist, then the severity and likelihood value should be determined using abundance data from wildlife identification field guides or handbooks or via Internet sources such as the USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center (accessed at http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/). Most wildlife identification handbooks include information on range and seasonal presence of species, including observation rankings from “rare” to “abundant.” The USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center also provides species lists and observation rankings for numerous wildlife refuges, wildlife areas, and so forth, that may be in close proximity to a given airport. Airport operators could extrapolate such data sources to make an educated estimate of species/guild presence and estimated abundance for their particular location and by season. The following Likelihood Scores are recommended when using referenced sources that provide abundance information: • Species not present at all: Likelihood Score = 0 (or cell left blank). • Rare: Likelihood Score = 1. • Uncommon: Likelihood Score = 2. • Fairly Common: Likelihood Score = 3. • Common: Likelihood Score = 4. • Abundant: Likelihood Score = 5.

C-12 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management It cannot be overstated that the effectiveness of the WHaMRAT is predicated by appropriate assignments of Wildlife Severity and Likelihood of Strike scores. The cumulative effect of the aggregate Wildlife Severity of guilds present and the associated Likelihood of Strike scores for each guild present determines an initial (current-state) Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score (ranging from 1 to 5) for a particular airport. 1.2 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Wildlife Data Worksheet—User Data Entry Within this worksheet, users will: • Determine the presence of wildlife guilds using wildlife observation data provided by a WHA, WHSV, or pertinent literature. To identify appropriate guilds, reference the Guild Designation categories contained in Attachments 2 and 3. If information is available at the species level, then species-level information by guild is contained in Attachments 6 and 7. • For each guild identified in the user determination of species presence, input a Likelihood of Strike Score ranging from 1 to 5 (whole numbers only) using solely estimates of abundance. If a guild is not identified, then leave the Likelihood of Strike Score blank for that specific guild.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-13 1.3 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Operations Data Worksheet—Overview The Operations Data Worksheet is a critical component in determining the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score that is based on the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score (determined in the Wildlife Data Worksheet) as well as the number of monthly aircraft operations and susceptibility to damage by aircraft class, referred to as the Operations Adjustment. The worksheet is illustrated in Figure 5. Figure 5: The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Operations Data Worksheet Assumptions: • An adjustment factor to the initial Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score is applied based on the number of average monthly aircraft movements as compared to the average monthly aircraft movements in airports across the United States1. This adjustment becomes a component of the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. • The operations adjustment factor applied to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score accounts for monthly aircraft operations and aircraft class susceptibility to damage. Operations Data Worksheet Explanation—Aircraft Operations and Aircraft Class The Operations Data Worksheet calculates the risk associated with airport operations given the amount of monthly aircraft operations and the class of aircraft operating at an airport. In FAA’s Air 1 Average number of aircraft operations at airports across the United States is taken from the FAA Air Traffic Activity Data System (ATADS) containing the official NAS air traffic operations data. EZ Version Operations Data Worksheet Operations Data User Input

C-14 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Traffic Activity Data System (ATADS), airports report four classes of aircraft and their total number of movements to FAA: Commercial, Air Taxi, General Aviation, and Military. In the WHaMRAT, another class—Rotary Wing—is included, resulting in five classes requiring user inputs in this worksheet. The EZ-Version WHaMRAT accepts input of the number of monthly aircraft movements broken down as follows: • Commercial – An aircraft with a seating capacity of more than 60 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 18,000 pounds carrying passengers or cargo for hire or compensation (itinerant and local). • Air Taxi – An aircraft originally designed to have no more than 60 passenger seats or a cargo payload of 18,000 pounds and carries cargo or mail on either a scheduled or charter basis, and/or carries passengers on an on-demand basis or limited-schedule basis (i.e., on four or fewer round trips a week on at least one route according to published flight schedules) only. • General Aviation – All civil aircraft, except those classified as air carriers/commercial or air taxis. • Military – All military aircraft, turboprop and jet (itinerant and local). • Rotary – An aircraft that uses lift generated by wings/rotors that rotate around a vertical axis or mast. Each aircraft class is weighed differently in the calculation based on the aircraft class susceptibility to damage. Within the WHaMRAT, an adjustment factor by susceptibility of damage2 by aircraft class is automatically applied to each class of aircraft. The susceptibility weighting factor was determined by examining the FAA Wildlife Strike Database to determine damage levels recorded by various aircraft categories when exposed to strikes with similar wildlife species. In addition to user input into the current monthly airport operations by aircraft class, an additional user input into future monthly airport operations is available to determine the effect of planned increases or decreases in monthly air operations. Having input predicted future monthly airport operations, the user can project the effects of changes in monthly airport operations relative to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. 1.4 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Operations Data Worksheet—User Data Entry Within this worksheet, users will: • Determine the number of monthly airport operations by aircraft class. • For each aircraft class, input the number of current monthly airport operations by aircraft class. If changes are expected in the number of monthly operations by aircraft class, input this information into the future table of the worksheet. If no changes are expected, input the same numbers in both the future operations and current operations tables. 2 Susceptibility to damage is calculated by using the ratio of damaging strikes against total strikes for each class of aircraft as reported in the FAA National Wildlife Strike Database.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-15 1.5 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—Overview The Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet initially accounts for the presence or absence of habitats deemed incompatible with aircraft operations by FAA. These habitats, as well as the habitat distance from the airport property, influence the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score by applying a Habitat Adjustment factor. The level of habitat mitigation, both current and future, also is included in this worksheet to account for the influence of habitat mitigation on wildlife risk via a Habitat Mitigation Adjustment factor. Lastly, wildlife mitigation by specific guild, both current and future, also is included within this worksheet to account for wildlife mitigation on the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score, via a Wildlife Mitigation Adjustment factor. The worksheet is illustrated in Figure 6. Figure 6: The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet Assumptions: • A Habitat Adjustment factor is applied to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score based on the cumulative presence or absence of habitats that are incompatible with aircraft operations. This adjustment, combined with the Operations Adjustment, results in the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. • The effect on wildlife risk decreases as the distance from the airport property increases. • Mitigation efforts are effective and reduce the impact of incompatible habitat. Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet Explanation—Habitat Presence or Absence The Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet is designed to identify those habitats that are considered incompatible with airport operations, and the WHaMRAT accounts for those habitats identified in FAA AC 150/5200-33B. The user identifies the current presence or absence of such habitats by placing an “x” in the appropriate habitat row specific to a column indicating its location relative to the airport property. In addition to the habitats listed, the worksheet allows users to add up to EZ Version Habitat andMitigationWorksheet Habitat andMitigation User Input

C-16 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management three additional, “user-defined” habitats unique to their situation that may attract wildlife and therefore should be taken into account. These additional habitats are identified as “User-defined.” Specific incompatible habitats in the WHaMRAT include: • Solid waste open landfill. • Enclosed trash transfer. • Composting operations. • Underwater waste discharge. • Stormwater collection. • Wastewater treatment facility. • Artificial marsh. • Natural wetlands. • Agricultural crops. • Livestock production. • Aquaculture. • Golf courses. • Woodlands/forests. • Landscaping. • Synergistic effects of authorized uses. • User-defined #1. • User-defined #2. • User-defined #3. The user input also allows for the identification of habitat presence and/or absence at varying distances from the airport property. These distances account for (1) FAA separation criteria of 5,000 feet (airports serving piston-driven aircraft), 10,000 feet (airports serving turbofan-driven aircraft), and 5 miles, as identified in FAA AC 150/5200-33B. Each habitat distance location from the airport is weighted differently in a decreasing decay function as the habitat is located farther from the airport property. Thus, incompatible habitats at greater distances from the airport property have less effect on the adjustment factor applied to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. Specific distance categories included in the WHaMRAT are: • On airport property, within the perimeter fence. • Outside the perimeter fence but within 10,000-foot or 5,000-foot separation distances. • At distances greater than 10,000-foot or 5,000-foot separation but within 5 miles, and in the traffic pattern. • At distances greater than 10,000-foot or 5,000-foot separation but within 5 miles, and not in the traffic pattern.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-17 • Greater than 5 miles but there is wildlife movement potential across airport. 1.6 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Habitat Presence or Absence Within this worksheet, users will: • Incorporate information from the airport master plan, land use maps, and habitat information for the surrounding area up to 5 miles from the airport property to determine the presence of habitats that are considered incompatible with aircraft operations. • Input the presence of incompatible habitats by placing an “x” in the appropriate column that indicates the distance from the airport property. If an incompatible habitat is not present, the user can leave this column cell blank. Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet Explanation—Current Habitat Mitigation Assumptions: • An adjustment factor to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score is applied in the WHaMRAT based on the cumulative level of current habitat mitigation practices specific to habitats that are incompatible with aircraft operations. This adjustment, combined with the Operations Adjustment, results in the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. • The habitat’s effect on wildlife risk decreases as a decay function when the distance from the airport property increases. • Increases in habitat mitigation will decrease wildlife risk, whereas decreases in habitat mitigation will increase wildlife risk. Note: If a habitat has been completely mitigated, such as a natural wetland that has been completely filled in, then that habitat no longer exists and an “x” should NOT be placed in that habitat row/column. Once the user has identified all incompatible habitats, inputs are added about the habitat mitigation efforts associated with these habitats. If an airport is performing some form of mitigation associated with a specific habitat, the user inputs low (1), moderate (2), or high (3) for the level of habitat mitigation currently in place. These data inputs should include all habitats identified for all locations relative to the airport if mitigation is currently taking place. Habitat mitigation outside of airport properties often is difficult and non-jurisdictional. Thus, the inputs for current habitat mitigation at increasing distances from the airport may be none (“0”) or left blank in the user input. 1.7 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Current Habitat Mitigation Within this worksheet, users will: • Determine the level of habitat mitigation currently in place for habitats identified by location. Input values will range from 1 (low), to 2 (moderate), to 3 (high) (whole numbers only).

C-18 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Input the level of current habitat mitigation for each incompatible habitat by placing either a 1 (low), 2 (moderate), or 3 (high) in the appropriate cell (habitat row and distance-from-airport column). If no habitat mitigation is currently ongoing, leave the appropriate cell blank. In addition, if an incompatible habitat is not/no longer present, leave the column and row cell blank. Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet Explanation—Future Habitat Mitigation Assumptions: • • An adjustment factor to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score is applied in the WHaMRAT based on the cumulative level of input (future planned) habitat mitigation practices specific to habitats that are incompatible with aircraft operations. This adjustment, combined with the Operations Adjustment, results in the future-projected Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. • The effect of habitat mitigation on wildlife risk decreases as a decay function when the distance from the airport property increases. • Increases in habitat mitigation will decrease wildlife risk, whereas decreases in habitat mitigation will increase wildlife risk. The WHaMRAT offers users the option to input and evaluate future habitat mitigation efforts. The data input process is identical to that used for current habitat mitigation. However, users can account for increased or decreased habitat mitigation efforts associated with a particular habitat (row) and location from the airport (column) and evaluate their effects by using this feature. If no future habitat mitigation is planned, leave the rows and columns blank. 1.8 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Future Habitat Mitigation Within this worksheet, users will: • Determine the potential change in the level of future habitat mitigation for habitats identified by location. Input values will range from 1 (low), to 2 (moderate), to 3 (high) (whole numbers only). • Input the level of future habitat mitigation for each incompatible habitat by placing a 1 (low), 2 (moderate), or 3 (high) in the appropriate cell (habitat row and distance-from-airport column). If no habitat mitigation change is planned, input the same number as was input for the current habitat mitigation. If a habitat mitigation change is planned, then put the appropriate value (ranging from 1 to 3) into the cell for that habitat. If an incompatible habitat is not (or no longer) present, leave the cell blank for that habitat. In summary, the user input into habitats and associated habitat mitigation efforts allows users to evaluate both current and future habitat mitigation efforts and their effect on wildlife risk, based on habitat attraction and relative distance from the airport. Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet Explanation—Current and Future Wildlife Mitigation by Guild Assumptions:

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-19 • An adjustment factor to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score is applied based on the cumulative level of current and future wildlife mitigation practices specific to wildlife guilds that are present and identified in the Wildlife Data Worksheet. This adjustment, combined with the Operations Adjustment, results in the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. • One specific technique or method of wildlife mitigation may affect more than one guild. A combination of wildlife mitigation techniques or methods results in higher levels of wildlife mitigation for a specific guild. • Increases in wildlife mitigation will decrease wildlife risk, whereas decreases in wildlife mitigation will increase wildlife risk. • Current wildlife abundance is measured with current guild mitigation efforts in place. Therefore, current mitigations of certain guilds will not change the current wildlife score. However, input of current mitigation levels against those guilds is required to correctly assess the impact of future mitigation efforts. • Future mitigation efforts should be at least at the same levels as current mitigation efforts. Failure to maintain current mitigation levels and failure to input the level of mitigation into the future guild mitigation column will increase the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. Users can input wildlife mitigation efforts targeted at specific wildlife guilds. As with the habitat mitigation input, users can input both current and future wildlife mitigation effort levels ranging from 1 (low), to 2 (moderate), to 3 (high), specific to a targeted guild. Airport staff or wildlife staff have numerous wildlife management and control options available. Many of these options are specific to a target species or guild; however, many other options are less specific to a particular species or guild and may affect several guilds simultaneously. One example of such a mitigation is maintaining turf at recommended heights of 6-12 inches. The managed turf height is an effective wildlife mitigation on many guilds. Turf management, combined with additional measures—such as non-lethal harassment and deterrence, as well as lethal measures—can have a synergistic effect on wildlife control mitigation and substantiate user-input values of 2 (moderate) and/or 3 (high) when all wildlife control and mitigation measures are taken into account. By allowing users to input levels for both current and future (planned) wildlife mitigation efforts by guild, the WHaMRAT allows users to evaluate potential future wildlife mitigation efforts and prioritize wildlife mitigation targeted at problem species/guilds. 1.9 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Current Wildlife Mitigation by Guild Within this worksheet, users will: • Determine the level(s) of wildlife mitigation currently in place for specific guilds present in the airport environment identified previously in the Wildlife Data Worksheet. Input values will range from 1 (low), to 2 (moderate), to 3 (high) (whole numbers only). • Input the level of current wildlife mitigation for each guild by placing a number (1, 2, or 3) in the appropriate guild row under the current wildlife mitigation column. If no wildlife mitigation for a specific guild is currently ongoing, leave the appropriate cell blank.

C-20 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management 1.10 EZ-Version Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet User Data Entry for Future Wildlife Mitigation by Guild Within this worksheet, users will: 1) Determine potential changes in the level(s) of future wildlife mitigation for specific guilds present in the airport environment identified previously in the Wildlife Data Worksheet. Input values will range from 1 (low), to 2 (moderate), to 3 (high) (whole numbers only). 2) Input the level of future planned wildlife mitigation for each guild by placing a number (1, 2, or 3) in the appropriate guild row under the future wildlife mitigation column. If the level of planned wildlife mitigation remains the same as the current level, a value should be input that is identical to the value that was placed in the current wildlife mitigation column. If the level of planned wildlife mitigation is different than the current condition (increased or decreased), then place the appropriate value in the future mitigation column. If no future wildlife mitigation for a specific guild is planned, leave the appropriate cell blank.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-21 1.11 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Results Worksheet The Results Worksheet provides the final overview of the current state of affairs relative to wildlife risk at the airport based on the user input to all previous worksheets relative to the current condition (Figure 7). It provides both graphical and numeric summaries of wildlife risk, and reflects the effects of operations tempo and aircraft class, as well as habitat and wildlife mitigations, on wildlife risk. Figure 7: The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Results Worksheet The left part of the Results Worksheet gives the numerical results (Figure 7). On the right are the graphical summaries. The first numerical result is a breakdown of the Wildlife Risk Score by wildlife type—Avian, Mammal, and Reptile—on a scale of 0 to 5 (Figure 8). Figure 8: Wildlife Risk Scores These three wildlife scores form the foundation of the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. The higher the score for each wildlife type, the higher the risk. Figure 8 includes sample scores that show the highest risk coming from avian wildlife. EZ Version Results Worksheet Results 1.28 0.73 0.11 Avian Risk Score Mammal Risk Score Reptile Risk Score Risk Scores [0 5 Scale]

C-22 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Under the individual wildlife scores (see Figure 7) is a Yes/No indication of any override in the calculation of the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score (Figure 9). A Risk Score Override occurs when the user inputs high Likelihood of Strike Scores for a guild/species with a high severity. Many of these wildlife are “zero-tolerance” wildlife species, and when such species are abundant, this situation will force the overall score to fall into the high risk category. These guilds/species that result in an override are those that become highlighted red on the Wildlife Data Worksheet when high Likelihood of Strike Scores are entered. Overrides also can occur with a combination of a number of mid-level Likelihood of Strike ratings for high severity wildlife, which will be highlighted in yellow text. A Risk Score Override will force the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score to be a minimum value based on the type of override. Figure 9: Risk Score Override The Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score is the sum of the individual wildlife risk scores (Figure 10). This score is assessed and given a rating of Low Risk, Moderate Risk, or High Risk based on the first graph to the right of the numerical scores column (see Figure 7). Figure 10: Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score The graph accounts for the two Aggregate Wildlife Risk components (Likelihood of Strike and Wildlife Severity) and plots them against each other. The sample plot shown in Figure 11 (blue dot) lands in the yellow area of the graph, which denotes Moderate Risk. The associated risk shown graphically in Figure 11 also is noted as the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Rating (Figure 12), which appears on the left side of the Results Worksheet. The example depicted in Figure 11 and Figure 12 shows the current state as “Moderate Risk.” To move from the current state to a lower risk condition would require either removing some of the higher severity wildlife species (which causes the Wildlife Severity component to be reduced) or decreasing wildlife abundance on the airport (resulting in less Likelihood of Strike) or a combination of both. Risk Score Override No 2.12Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-23 Figure 11: Wildlife Severity vs. Likelihood of Strike Risk Matrix Source: WHaMRAT (BASH Inc.) Figure 12: Aggregate Wildlife Risk Rating The next numerical result displayed is the Habitat Adjustment – Mitigated (Figure 13). This number reflects the increase or decrease in risk resulting from the incompatible habitats on and around the airport, and also accounts for the current mitigation efforts for such habitat. Figure 13: Habitat Adjustment-Mitigated Score This adjustment value is multiplied by the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score to obtain the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score Adjusted for Habitat (Figure 14). Habitat Adjustment – Mitigated scores less than 1 reduce the risk and Habitat Adjustment – Mitigated scores greater than 1 increase the risk due to the increased attraction for wildlife. 1.1793Habitat Adjustment Mitigated

C-24 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Figure 14: Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score Adjusted for Habitat The final adjustment to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score is the Operations Adjustment (Figure 15). This value is based on the average number of monthly operations for the airport as compared to the average of 515 U.S. airports in FAA’s Air Traffic Activity Data System (ATADS) database. Monthly operations greater than the average will have an Operations Adjustment greater than 1, and monthly average operations less than the average will have an Operations Adjustment less than 1. This Operations Adjustment is multiplied by the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score Adjusted for Habitat to obtain the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. Figure 15: Operations Adjustment Score The second graph on the Results Worksheet graphically presents the relationship between wildlife risk and operations tempo. The example shown in Figure 16 shows the relationship between the two as a blue dot in the middle of the yellow (Moderate Risk) category. To move it to a lower risk rating would require a reduction in monthly airport operations, a reduction in the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score, or a change in the Habitat Adjustment - Mitigated to decrease the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score Adjusted for Habitat. Figure 16: Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk vs. Operational Risk Matrix Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score Adjusted for Habitat 2.5034 1.3054Operations Adjustment

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-25 The final result is the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score (Figure 17). The score is obtained by multiplying the Operations Adjustment by the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score Adjusted for Habitat and assessed to determine a Low Risk, Moderate Risk, or High Risk situation for the airport. The score is graphically presented below the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score block. Below the graphical presentation is an information box that will post a message if the Habitat Adjustment has reached the minimum value that the WHaMRAT allows, indicating that additional habitat mitigation will not decrease risk. Figure 17: Overall Aggregate, Final Rating, and Overall Risk Scores

C-26 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management 1.12 The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Future-Projected Results Worksheet The Future-Projected Results worksheet provides the final overview of the future or projected wildlife risk condition at the airport based on the user input to all previous worksheets for both the current and future conditions (Figure 18). The results presented in this worksheet are consistent with those in the Results Worksheet except the calculations for the numerical columns are based on user input for future habitat and wildlife mitigation and future monthly aircraft operations. This information is valuable if potential changes in seasonal wildlife abundance, aircraft operations and/or aircraft class, habitat presence and/or absence, habitat mitigation, and wildlife mitigation are anticipated or planned. For the user, this worksheet is optional; it is not required to use the WHaMRAT. It provides both graphical and numeric summaries of wildlife risk, as well as the effects of operations tempo and aircraft class, and habitat and wildlife mitigations on wildlife risk. An additional table that compares the current state versus the future condition is provided. This comparative information can be invaluable in determining the overall change in wildlife risk associated with projected actions, and it removes the necessity for users to go between the Results Worksheet and Future-Projected Worksheet to assess how projected changes impact the overall risk. Figure 18: The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Future-Projected Results Worksheet EZ Version Future Projected Worksheet Future Projected Results

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-27 1.13 Summary The goal in the development of the EZ-Version WHaMRAT was to allow universal application to all airport or wildlife staff, regardless of airport size and airport operations experience. It is best practice for all airport or wildlife staff to use the EZ-Version WHaMRAT initially. If a more experienced user with comprehensive wildlife data desires more detailed user input and potential evaluation capabilities, the Advanced-Version of the WHaMRAT is available for such users. Nevertheless, the EZ-Version WHaMRAT provides valuable information and utility to all airports and provides a quantitative wildlife risk-based assessment of current and future scenarios for all users.

C-28 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management 2.0 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT The primary difference between the two versions of the WHaMRAT is the greater ability in the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT to further discriminate species presence within wildlife guilds (severity and likelihood of strike) and associated wildlife mitigation efforts at the guild and species level. Specifically, in the EZ-Version WHaMRAT, a guild includes all species in a particular guild with the average body mass in that guild used to determine severity and the associated Wildlife Severity Score. The user then inputs current and future wildlife mitigation values based on these more generalized guilds. In the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT, each guild is further divided into categories that encompass body mass ranges in the guild, a design that results in greater discrimination within each guild. As a result, the user can input current and future wildlife mitigation efforts that may be targeted at species that fall within a specific body mass range category in each guild. A two-page Quick Start Guide for the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT is included as Attachment 12. The information in the next section provides a general overview of airport operator input into the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-29 2.1 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Wildlife Data Worksheet—Severity Overview Assumptions: • • Severity x Likelihood of Strike for 1 Guild = Wildlife Risk. The cumulative Wildlife Risk scores of all guilds is the Aggregate Wildlife Risk. Wildlife severity is based solely on average body mass of each species within a specific guild. Guilds contain varied species that are detailed in Guild Designations (Attachment 1). Within each guild, there are five potential categories that are based on ranges of body mass in species within each guild (Attachments 4 and 5). • Users identify species that are present, and those species are then placed into a specific body mass range category within each guild. Wildlife Data Worksheet Explanation—Severity Within the WHaMRAT, the user input for wildlife severity is an objective score ranging from 1 to 5 (whole numbers only) based solely on body mass (measured in grams) at the guild level for user- identified guilds present in the airport environment (Figure 19). Figure 19: Advanced-Version Wildlife Data Worksheet Guilds are defined as groups of species that exhibit common behavior, habitat use, and natural histories, but that are not necessarily taxonomically related. There is no current consensus for guild designations in the avian, mammalian, or reptilian literature and species were placed in the designations for the purposes of this application based on behavioral associations most often observed on or near airports. The guild designation and associated wildlife types within the WHaMRAT are detailed in Attachment 1. In the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT, any species that is contained within a specific guild will be further placed into a specific category based on body Advanced Version Wildlife Data Worksheet Wildlife Data User Input

C-30 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management mass within each guild (see Attachments 4, 5, 8, and 9). Because each body mass category represents a varying severity level ranging from 1 (low) to 5 (high), species-level input is provided by input of the species into a body mass category of each guild. The WHaMRAT assigns a Severity Score to each species based on the appropriate five body mass categories within a specific guild detailed below. The Severity Score is not modifiable by the user. For example, if Green-winged Teal, Blue-winged Teal, and Wood Ducks (all in the Waterfowl Guild) are on the airport, each of these species has a Severity Score of 2 based on body mass and would be accounted for by the Waterfowl Guild 300-999g category. If the same airport also has Canada Geese (Severity Score of 4) under Waterfowl Guild 2000-3999g, and Tundra Swans (Severity Score of 5) under Waterfowl Guild > 4000g, the user would also input these species into their respective guild category to accurately account for all waterfowl species on the airport. When species within a guild demonstrate flocking behavior or certain species within a guild are significantly larger in mass than most individual species within a guild, the WHaMRAT accounts for additional potential variation in the guild Severity Score. To account for flocking behavior, the Waders, Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Gulls/Terns, Doves/Pigeons, Corvids, and Blackbirds/Starlings Guilds can change Severity Score based on different flock sizes, with severity increasing as flock sizes increase. In the Upland Game Birds Guild, an increase in guild Severity Score occurs only if Wild Turkeys are present. Wildlife Data Worksheet Explanation—Avian Guilds and Severity In the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT, user input allows additional discrimination within avian guilds that are categorized by body mass. Avian Wildlife Severity Scores in the body mass category for each guild, including flocking adjustments to Severity Scores, are detailed in Table 3: Table 3: Advanced-Version WHaMRAT, Avian Guilds and Severity Scores Weights expressed in grams (g) Guild Severity Waterbirds Waterbirds < 300g 1 Waterbirds 300-999g 2 Waterbirds 1000-1999g 3 Waterbirds 2000-3999g 4 Waterbirds > 4000g 5 Seabirds Seabirds < 300g 1 Seabirds 300-999g 2 Seabirds 1000-1999g 3 Seabirds 2000-3999g 4 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-31 Guild Severity Pelicans/Cormorants Pelicans 1000-1999g 3 Pelicans 2000-3999g 4 Pelicans > 4000g 5 Waders If flocks ≥ 5 5 Waders < 300g 1 Waders 300-999g 2 Waders 1000-1999g 3 Waders 2000-3999g 4 Waterfowl If flocks < 5 4 If flocks ≥ 5 5 Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Waterfowl > 4000g 5 Raptors/Vultures/Owls Raptors < 300g 1 Raptors 300-999g 2 Raptors 1000-1999g 3 Raptors 2000-3999g 4 Raptors > 4000g 5 Upland Game Birds Upland Game Birds < 300g 1 Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Upland Game Birds 1000-1999g 3 Upland Game Birds 2000-3999g 4 Upland Game Birds > 4000g 5 Cranes 5 Shorebirds If flocks < 20 4 If flocks ≥ 20 5 Shorebirds < 300g 1 Shorebirds 300-999g 2 (continued on next page)

C-32 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Guild Severity Gulls/Terns If flocks < 10 4 If flocks ≥ 10 5 Gulls/Terns < 300g 1 Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 Gulls/Terns 1000-1999g 3 Pigeons/Doves If flocks < 20 4 If flocks ≥ 20 5 Pigeons/Doves < 300g 1 Pigeons/Doves 300-999g 2 Parrots Parrots < 300g 1 Parrots 300-1000g 2 Aerial Foragers 1 Woodland Birds 1 Corvids If flocks < 15 4 If flocks ≥ 15 5 Corvids < 300g 1 Corvids 300-999g 2 Corvids 1000-1999g 3 Grassland Birds 1 Blackbirds/Starlings 1 If flocks < 100 4 If flocks ≥ 100 5 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous < 300g 1 Miscellaneous 300-999g 2 Criteria for Score Severity Less than 300g 1 300-999g 2 1000-1999g 3 2000-3999g 4 Greater than 4000g 5 Source: BASH Inc.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-33 Wildlife Data Worksheet Explanation—Mammals and Reptiles In the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT, user input allows additional discrimination by body mass within each mammalian and reptilian guild. However, threshold levels for severity by body mass for mammals and reptiles vary significantly from those for avian guilds, as aircraft will only encounter these animals (with the exception of bats) on the ground, and aircraft components that can be struck are less vulnerable to damage. Mammalian and reptilian Wildlife Severity Scores in the body mass category for each guild are detailed in Table 4: Table 4: Advanced-Version WHaMRAT, Mammalian and Reptilian Guilds and Severity Scores Weights expressed in grams (g) Guild Severity Rodents Rodents < 100g 1 Rodents 100-599g 2 Rodents 600-1999g 3 Rodents 2000-9999g 4 Rodents > 10000g 5 Lagomorphs Lagomorphs 100-599g 2 Lagomorphs 2000-9999g 4 Bats Bats < 100g 1 Bats 100-599g 2 Mesomammals Mesomammals 100-599g 2 Mesomammals 600-1999g 3 Mesomammals 2000-9999g 4 Mesomammals > 10000g 5 Canids Canids 2000-9999g 4 Canids > 10000g 5 Felids Felids 600-1999g 3 Felids > 10000g 5 Hooved Hooved > 10000g 5 Bears Bears > 10000g 5 (continued on next page)

C-34 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Guild Severity Turtles 2 Iguanas 2 Lizards/Snakes 2 Crocodiles/Alligators 5 Criteria for Score Severity 0-99g 1 100-599g 2 600-1999g 3 2000-9999g 4 Greater than 10000g 5 Source: BASH Inc.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-35 2.2 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Wildlife Data Worksheet—Likelihood of Strike Overview Assumptions: • Severity x Likelihood of Strike for 1 Guild = Wildlife Risk. The cumulative Wildlife Risk scores of all guilds is the Aggregate Wildlife Risk. • Wildlife Likelihood of Strike is based on estimates of abundance derived from objective wildlife observations contained in WHAs, WHSVs, or reference documents. Wildlife Data Worksheet Explanation—Likelihood of Strike Likelihood of Strike is a user-determined score based solely on the objective estimate of abundance of a particular wildlife species relative to airport operating surfaces. Airport or wildlife staff can determine the likelihood value for each guild and/or species previously identified for the severity user input based on estimated abundance data by guild and/or species reported in a WHA, WHSV, or in published literature. If such data do not exist, then the severity and likelihood value should be determined using abundance data from wildlife identification field guides or handbooks, or via Internet sources such as the USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center (accessed at http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/). Most wildlife identification handbooks include information on range and seasonal presence of species, including observation rankings from “rare” to “abundant.” The USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center also provides species lists and observation rankings for numerous wildlife refuges, wildlife areas, and so forth that may be in close proximity to a particular airport. Airport operators could extrapolate such data sources to make an educated estimate of species/guild presence and estimated abundance for their particular location and season. The following likelihood scores are recommended when using referenced sources that provide abundance information: • Species not present at all: Likelihood Score = 0 (or cell left blank). • Rare: Likelihood Score = 1. • Uncommon: Likelihood Score = 2. • Fairly Common: Likelihood Score = 3. • Common: Likelihood Score = 4. • Abundant: Likelihood Score = 5. It cannot be overstated that the effectiveness of the WHaMRAT is predicated on appropriate assignments of Wildlife Severity and Likelihood of Strike scores. The cumulative effect of the aggregate Wildlife Severity and Likelihood of Strike scores determines an initial or current-state Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score (ranging from 1 to 5) for a particular airport. The remaining user inputs into subsequent worksheets in the WHaMRAT merely result in multiplicative adjustment or Advanced Version Wildlife Data Worksheet Wildlife Data User Input

C-36 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management correction factors and effects on this initial Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score that may result in an increase, decrease, or no effect on this Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. 2.3 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Wildlife Data Worksheet—User Data Entry for Severity and Likelihood of Strike Within this worksheet, users will: • Determine the presence of body mass categories of wildlife guilds using wildlife observation data provided by a WHA, WHSV, or pertinent literature. To determine appropriate body mass guild designation, users reference the guild designation information contained in Attachments 4 and 5. If information is available at the species level, species-level designations within guild body mass categories are contained in Attachments 8 and 9. • For each body mass category of guilds identified, input a likelihood of strike score ranging from 1 to 5 (whole numbers only) based solely on estimates of abundance. If a body mass category of guilds is not identified, users leave the Likelihood of Strike Score blank for that specific body mass guild category. For example, if there are no waterfowl with a mass between 1000 and 1999 grams, the user would leave that waterfowl body mass category blank.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-37 2.4 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Operations Data Worksheet—Overview By necessity, the process of user input to the Operations Data Worksheet in the Advanced- Version WHaMRAT is identical to that in the EZ-Version WHaMRAT (Figure 20). Figure 20: The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Operations Data Worksheet Assumptions: • An adjustment factor to the initial Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score is applied based on the average monthly number of aircraft movements as compared to the average monthly aircraft movements in airports across the United States.3 • The Operations Adjustment factor applied to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score accounts for monthly aircraft operations and aircraft class susceptibility to damage. This adjustment, combined with the Habitat and Mitigation adjustments, results in the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. 2.5 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Operations Data Worksheet—User Data Entry for Aircraft Type and Tempo Within this worksheet, users will: • Determine the number of monthly airport operations by aircraft class. • For each aircraft class, input the number of current monthly airport operations. If changes are expected in the number of operations by aircraft class, the user inputs this information into the future column of the worksheet. If no changes are expected, the user inputs the identical values that were input in the current monthly airport operations. 3 Average number of aircraft operations at airports across the United States is taken from the FAA Air Traffic Activity Data System (ATADS) database containing the official NAS air traffic operations data. Advanced Version Operations Data Worksheet Operations Data User Input

C-38 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management 2.6 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet— Overview The Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet in the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT is identical to that in the EZ-Version WhaMRAT (Figure 21). As with the Operations Data Worksheet, an identical approach to input habitat data is necessary. In addition, the input worksheet for current and future habitat mitigation associated with incompatible habitats also is identical in both versions of the WHaMRAT. However, the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT differs from the EZ-Version WHaMRAT in user input for current and future wildlife mitigation efforts targeted at specific guilds. Figure 21: The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet Assumptions: • An adjustment factor to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score is applied in the WHaMRAT based on the cumulative level of current habitat presence or absence specific to habitats that are incompatible with aircraft operations. This adjustment, combined with the Operations Adjustment, results in the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. • The habitat’s effect on wildlife risk decreases as the distance from the airport property increases. • Mitigation efforts are effective and reduce the impact of incompatible habitat(s). • Increases in habitat mitigation will decrease wildlife risk, while decreases in habitat mitigation will increase wildlife risk. • If a habitat has been completely mitigated, such as filling in a natural wetland, then that habitat no longer exists and an ‘x’ should NOT be placed in that habitat row/column. Advanced Version Habitat andMitigationWorksheet Habitat andMitigation User Input

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-39 Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet Explanation—Habitat Presence or Absence and Mitigation (Current and Future) The worksheet used to input incompatible habitat presence or absence in the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT is identical to that in the EZ-Version WHaMRAT. The worksheet used to input current and future habitat mitigation efforts associated with incompatible habitats is also identical in both versions of the WHaMRAT. 2.7 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet–User Data Entry for Habitat Presence or Absence Within this worksheet, users will: • Input data about the presence or absence of habitats that are considered incompatible with aircraft operations, as determined by consulting the airport master plan, combined with land use maps and habitat information of the surrounding area up to 5 miles from the airport property. • Input the presence of incompatible habitats by placing an “x” in the cell for the appropriate habitat row specific to a column that indicates the distance from the airport property. If an incompatible habitat is not present, the user leaves this row and column cell blank. 2.8 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Current Habitat Mitigation Assumptions: • If a habitat has been completely mitigated, such as filling in a natural wetland, then that habitat no longer exists and an ‘x’ should NOT be placed in that habitat row/column. Within this worksheet, users will: • Determine the level of habitat mitigation currently in place for habitats identified by location from the airport property above. Input values will range from 1 (low), to 2 (moderate), to 3 (high) (whole numbers only). • Input the level of current habitat mitigation for each incompatible habitat by placing a 1, 2, or 3 in the appropriate cell (habitat row and distance column). If no habitat mitigation is currently ongoing, the user leaves the appropriate cell blank. Similarly, if an incompatible habitat is not present, the user leaves this row and column cell blank. 2.9 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Future Habitat Mitigation Within this worksheet, users will: • Determine the potential change in the level of future habitat mitigation for habitats identified by location from the airport property. Input values will range from 1 (low), 2 (moderate), and 3 (high) (whole numbers only).

C-40 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management • Input the level of future habitat mitigation for each incompatible habitat by placing a “1”, “2”, or “3” in the appropriate habitat row and distance column that indicates the distance from the airport property. If no future habitat mitigation change is planned, put an identical number into the appropriate habitat row and distance column as input during the current habitat mitigation. If a habitat mitigation change is planned, then put the appropriate value (ranging from 1 to 3) into the habitat row and distance column for that habitat. In addition, if an incompatible habitat is not present, leave this row and column cell blank. Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet Explanation—Wildlife Mitigation by Guild (Current and Future) The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT differs from the EZ-Version WHaMRAT in user input for current and future wildlife mitigation targeted at specific guilds. Because the guild categories are further differentiated by species in different body mass categories, the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT allows users to input wildlife mitigation levels that account for specific body mass categories within specific guilds. Assumptions: • An adjustment factor is applied to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score based on the cumulative level of current and future (planned) wildlife mitigation specific to guilds that are present and identified in the Wildlife Data Worksheet. This adjustment, combined with the Operations Adjustment, results in the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. • Current wildlife abundance is measured with current guild mitigation efforts in place. Therefore, current mitigations of certain guilds will not change the current Wildlife Risk Score. However, input of current mitigation levels against those guilds is required to correctly assess the impact of future mitigation efforts. • One specific technique or method of wildlife mitigation may affect more than one guild. A combination of wildlife mitigation techniques or methods results in higher levels of wildlife mitigation for a specific guild. • Increases in wildlife mitigation will decrease wildlife risk, whereas decreases in mitigation will increase wildlife risk. • Wildlife mitigation techniques targeted at a particular species will be reflected in the user input with the associated guild category based on a specific body mass range. • Future mitigation efforts should be at least the same level as current mitigation levels. Failure to maintain current mitigation levels and failure to input that level of mitigation into the future guild/species mitigation column will increase the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-41 2.10 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Current Wildlife Mitigation by Guild Within this worksheet, users will: • Determine the level of wildlife mitigation currently in place for species within body mass guild categories present in the airport environment identified previously in Wildlife Data Worksheet. Input values will range from 1 (low), to 2 (moderate), to 3 (high) (whole numbers only). • Input the level of current wildlife mitigation for each species within guild categories by placing a 1, 2, or 3 in the appropriate cell (the guild body mass category row under the current wildlife mitigation column). If no wildlife mitigation for a specific guild category is currently ongoing, the user leaves the appropriate cell blank. 2.11 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet—User Data Entry for Future Wildlife Mitigation by Guild Within this worksheet, users will: • Determine the potential change in the level of future wildlife mitigation for species within body mass guild categories present in the airport environment (identified previously in the Wildlife Data Worksheet). Input values will range from 1 (low), to 2 (moderate), to 3 (high) (whole numbers only). • Input the level of future wildlife mitigation for each species within guild categories by placing a 1, 2, or 3 in the appropriate cell (the body mass guild row under the future wildlife mitigation column). If the level of future/planned wildlife mitigation will remain the same as the current level, the user places a value that is identical to the value placed in the current wildlife mitigation column. If the level of future wildlife mitigation will be different than the current conditions (increasing or decreasing), the user places the appropriate value in the future mitigation column. If no future wildlife mitigation is planned for a specific guild category, the user leaves the appropriate cell blank.

C-42 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management 2.12 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Results Worksheet The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Results Worksheet provides the final overview of the current state of affairs relative to wildlife risk at the airport based on the user input to all previous worksheets relative to the current condition (Figure 22). It provides both graphical and numeric summaries of wildlife risk, and reflects the effects of monthly aircraft operations tempo and aircraft class, as well as habitat and wildlife mitigations, on wildlife risk. Figure 22: The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Results Worksheet Advanced Version Results Worksheet Results

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-43 2.13 The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Future-Projected Results Worksheet The Future-Projected Results Worksheet provides the final overview of the future (projected) state of affairs relative to wildlife risk at the airport based on the user input to all previous worksheets for both the current and future conditions (Figure 23). For the user, this worksheet is optional; it is not required to use the WHaMRAT. This information is valuable if potential changes in seasonal wildlife abundance, monthly aircraft operations and/or aircraft class, habitat presence and/or absence, habitat mitigation, and wildlife mitigation are anticipated or planned. The Future- Projected Results Worksheet provides graphical and numeric summaries of wildlife risk, as well as the effects of operations tempo and aircraft type, and habitat and wildlife mitigations on wildlife risk. It compares the current state versus the future condition, and it can be invaluable in determining the overall change in wildlife risk associated with projected actions. Figure 23: The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Future-Projected Results Worksheet 2.14 Utility of the WHaMRAT The Results and Future-Projected Results output worksheets of both versions of the WHaMRAT provide airport or wildlife staff with a comprehensive and accurate representation of wildlife risk based on wildlife severity and abundance, monthly aircraft operations tempo and aircraft class, potential habitat attraction at varying distances for the airport, and current and future wildlife management and control mitigation associated with habitat and wildlife. Prioritization and Advanced Version Future Projected Results Worksheet Future Projected Results

C-44 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management application of future wildlife control and management mitigation should account for the current state of affairs while pursuing the goal of continuous reduction in wildlife risk. If mitigation is effective, then the net result should be a decrease in wildlife species/guilds present, combined with an associated reduction in the likelihood of wildlife strikes. A depiction of changes in Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk can be derived from the model output, and data from periodic entries into the WHaMRAT should be used at the individual airport level for trend analysis over time. Regardless of any single Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score obtained from the WHaMRAT—whether it be low (green), moderate (yellow), or high (red)—the ultimate goal of all airport or wildlife staff is to continuously “drive the dot down and to the left” by reducing the airport’s Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. This continuous process associated with the WHaMRAT is the essence of a Safety Management System (SMS).

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-45 3.0 The EZ-Version and Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Case Study Examples The eight case studies provided in this section are intended to assist the user by profiling common situations that may exist on an airport relative to wildlife. Each case study provides a scenario, as well as the expected result within the WHaMRAT. Case Studies #1 through #7 apply to both the EZ-Version WHaMRAT and the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT. Case Study #8 is specific only to the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT. Each case study also has applications to an airport’s Safety Management System (SMS). In Case Study #1, the SMS applications are detailed. For brevity, the SMS information is not repeated in Case Studies #2 through #8; nevertheless, users should consider the SMS applications relative to wildlife risk to include: • Cause • Hazard • Effect/Consequence • Existing Controls • Mitigations • Trending

C-46 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management ACRP Case Study #1—Seasonal Flocking Behavior Model Behavior: Change in Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score associated with a change in severity and possible likelihood of strike when species demonstrate seasonal flocking behavior. Scenario: Airport A has members of the Blackbird/Starling Guild year round. In the summer, members of this guild demonstrate solitary/individual or possibly pair-bonded behavior. However, in the winter, this guild demonstrates significant flocking behavior. The result of this flocking behavior is an increase in associated severity (greater number of individuals and higher overall biomass), as well as a probable increase in likelihood of strike (greater abundance). The net result may be an increase in overall severity and likelihood of a strike. Model Result: The model will increase risk due to this scenario if the user inputs seasonal variance in likelihood scores. Because flocking increases overall biomass (severity) and abundance (likelihood of strike), the airport will have higher wildlife risk in the winter than in the summer relative to the Blackbirds/Starlings Guild. Cause: Winter changes in Blackbird/Starling Guild behavior. Hazard: Blackbird/starling flocking. Effect/Consequence: Increased probability and severity of bird strikes. Existing Controls: Hazing, habitat management, other. Mitigations: What additional mitigations would a wildlife or airport manager use to manage the increased risk? Trending: Have prior year mitigations (list or describe) managed the potential risk? Is this the first occurrence of the behavior? Key concepts: Hazard: Any real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death to people; damage to or loss of a system, equipment, or property; or damage to the environment. Cause: Events that lead to or result in a hazard or hazardous condition. Effect or Consequence: Outcome or harm of a hazard for a given system state.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-47 ACRP Case Study #2—Changes in Guilds Present Model Behavior: Change in Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score associated with a reduction of a higher severity guild/species with an associated population increase in lower severity guild species, even though there may be an overall increase in total species abundance (likelihood of strike). Scenario: Airport A has members of two guilds: one considered higher severity such as Canada Geese (Waterfowl); and another considered lower severity such as Western Meadowlarks (Grassland Birds). Airport wildlife control and management efforts manipulate the habitat (filled an on-airport pond and replaced with grassland turf) that eliminates the Canada Geese presence on the airport. However, the habitat manipulation increases suitable habitat for Western Meadowlarks and that ecological niche is filled by an increase in the Western Meadowlark population on the airport property. Model Result: The model will not necessarily result in an increase in the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score due to this scenario. Although abundance (likelihood of strike) may increase as higher numbers of Western Meadowlarks are present on the airport property, the associated wildlife risk may actually decrease because the Western Meadowlarks have a lower overall Severity Score than Canada Geese. However, if Western Meadowlarks reach high enough abundance in the absence of Canada Geese, the overall biomass may be greater than the Canada Geese biomass and the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score could increase.

C-48 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management ACRP Case Study #3—Change in Airport Operations Tempo Model Behavior: Change in Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score associated with a change in operations tempo. Scenario: Airport A increases its number of take-offs/landings. This could be the result of adding or modifying a runway, or increasing the number of aircraft movements due to adding a new carrier, or additional operations each day. The increased movements will increase the associated Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk due to an increase in likelihood of strikes associated with the increased operations tempo. Model Result: The model will depict an increase in the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score due to this scenario. However, the increase in the probability of likelihood of strike will not increase linearly as demonstrated in Figure 24. As movements continue to increase, there will be a level of activity where the potential risk plateaus or the rate of change in likelihood of strike is reduced. Figure 24: Operations Likelihood of Strike Function

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-49 ACRP Case Study #4—Change in Incompatible Habitat On- or Off-Airport Model Behavior: Change in Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score associated with a change in habitat on or off-airport that influences the wildlife use of a particular habitat/location. Scenario: Through wildlife control and management activities, certain habitats are modified or changed to a different habitat. One example may be that an off-airport landfill is closed and replaced with a new land use consistent with other habitat in that area. Another example may be that an on-airport retention pond is modified with bird balls or a non-jurisdictional wetland is removed. In such cases, the removal or modification of preferred habitat results in an overall decrease in wildlife attraction. In turn, severity and likelihood of strike decreases; thus reducing the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. Model Result: The model will depict a decrease in the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score due to this scenario. Wildlife control and management actions associated with habitat that reduce overall wildlife attraction will result in a reduction of severity, as well as a reduction in likelihood of strike (decreased abundance). However, if the habitat is replaced/modified with a new/different habitat that is actually more attractive to wildlife, then the result may be more wildlife biomass (severity) and abundance (likelihood of strike) that result in an increase in the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. An example of such may be that a golf course is built that replaces native habitat in the area.

C-50 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management ACRP Case Study #5—Change in Habitat Mitigation on Airport Property Model Behavior: Change in Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score associated with a change in incompatible habitat on the airport property. Scenario: An airport currently conducts agriculture on its airport property. The airport decides to discontinue agriculture and return such land to managed turf conditions. Any habitat considered incompatible with aircraft operations (agriculture) on the airport will result in an increased Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk due to that habitat’s presence. The WHaMRAT model multiplies the current Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score by an adjustment factor associated with such habitat’s presence and/or absence. The magnitude of the adjustment factor is influenced by the distance of the habitat from the airport property. Because the agriculture was occurring on the airport property, this adjustment factor is significant. Model Result: The model will depict a decrease in the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score due to this scenario. Because agriculture is no longer present on the airport, the user input will remove agriculture from such habitats. The resulting adjustment factor will also decrease. Over time, one would also expect a potential decrease in species/guild presence on the airport, as well and a reduction in number of individuals and estimated abundance. These reductions in abundance will most likely also result in a reduction of potential likelihood of wildlife strikes from the affected species. If such a reduction in species and abundance is confirmed by the airport after the removal of agriculture, during the next iteration of user input into the Wildlife Data Worksheet (likelihood), the user should reduce the likelihood score for a particular guild or even potentially remove it as a species and/or guild of concern.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-51 ACRP Case Study #6—Change in Wildlife Mitigation Targeted at a Specific Guild Model Behavior: Change in Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score associated with a change in mitigation targeted at a specific guild on the airport property. Scenario: An airport currently does not have a security perimeter fence. The airport installs a security perimeter fence that complies with recommendations per FAA Advisory Circular 150/5200-33B and CertAlert 14-16. Any airport that does not have a security perimeter fence surrounding its property will have a potential for greater number of species and/or guilds on their airport. In addition, wildlife will occur in higher abundance and create a higher potential for wildlife strikes. This is especially true for mammalian and reptilian guilds, and in particular with larger mammals such as White-tailed Deer, Mule Deer, Elk, Moose, Coyotes, and Mesomammals. The WHaMRAT model multiplies the current Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score by an adjustment factor associated with wildlife mitigation. The magnitude of the adjustment factor is influenced by the mitigation effort for a particular habitat and or a particular species/guild. Because no mitigation (security perimeter fence) is currently in place, the mitigation for such guilds would be less than if a fence was in place, and the adjustment factor will be greater. Model Result: Once the security perimeter fence is installed, the model will depict a decrease in the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score due to this scenario. Because a security perimeter fence is now in place, the user input will increase its mitigation estimate for those guilds affected by such an exclosure. Because a security perimeter fence is very effective in precluding such guilds from entering the airport property, this mitigation effort combined with potential harassment and lethal removal (if necessary), and the resulting user input will increase mitigation for such guilds. The resulting adjustment factor will also decrease and reduce the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. One would also expect a reduction in such guilds on the airport property and a decrease in estimated abundance over time. These reductions in abundance will most likely also result in a reduction of potential likelihood of a wildlife strike from the affected species. If such a reduction in species and abundance is confirmed by the airport after the addition of a security perimeter fence, during the next iteration of user input into the Wildlife Data Worksheet (likelihood), the user should reduce the likelihood score for the affected guilds or even potentially remove them as species and/or guilds of concern.

C-52 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management ACRP Case Study #7—Change in Wildlife Mitigation on Airport Infrastructure Model Behavior: Change in Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score associated with a change in wildlife mitigation associated with infrastructure on the airport property. Scenario: An airport notices increasing perching behavior, particularly with Red-tailed Hawks, American Kestrels, and Eastern Meadowlarks on runway edge lighting, runway approach lights, and varied antennas and structures on or in close proximity to the operating surfaces. Currently, there is no infrastructure deterrent mitigation in place on the airport. In response to this increasing potential for wildlife strikes, the airport increases its deterrent methods to include installing anti- perching devices on numerous perching locations. Based on wildlife observations, this increased mitigation activity is primarily targeting members of the Raptors/Vultures/Owls and Grassland Birds Guilds. The user would input an increased score into the wildlife mitigation cells for at least the Raptors/Vultures/Owls and Grassland Birds Guilds, and possibly other guilds if members of the guild were observed behaving in a similar manner. The WHaMRAT model multiplies the current Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score by an adjustment factor associated with the increased wildlife mitigation. The magnitude of the adjustment factor is influenced by score input by the user, ranging from 1 to 3. Model Result: The model will depict a decrease in the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score due to this scenario. After the installation of the anti-perching devices, if wildlife activities are decreased, then the mitigation is effective. Over time, one may also observe a potential decrease in species/guild presence on the airport due to the lack of perching locations, as well and a reduction in number of individuals and estimated abundance. These reductions in abundance will most likely result in a reduction of potential likelihood of wildlife strikes from the affected species. If such a reduction in species and abundance is confirmed by the airport, during the next iteration of user input into Wildlife Data Worksheet (likelihood), the user should reduce the likelihood score for a particular guild or even potentially remove it as a species and/or guild of concern.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-53 ACRP Case Study #8—User Input of Wildlife Identified at the Species Level (Case Study Example Pertinent to the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT) Model Behavior: Input of wildlife at the species level and the associated user input of likelihood in the Advanced-Version of WHaMRAT providing more resolute discrimination of risk within guilds. Scenario: Within the Waterfowl Guild, an airport identifies the following species of waterfowl: 1) Blue-winged Teal; 2) Green-winged Teal; 3) Wood Duck; 4) Common Merganser; 5) Redhead; 6) Mallard; 7) Canada Goose; and 8) Tundra Swan. The Advanced-Version of WHaMRAT allows airport or wildlife staff to input species-level information into the Wildlife Data Worksheet for severity and likelihood. Based on the above species mix, the user will have to identify each species in their specific guild category that is based on a body mass range as identified in Attachment 8. In the above species example: Blue- winged Teal, Green-winged Teal, and Wood Duck would be input into the Waterfowl 300-999g guild category with an associated Severity Score of 2. Common Merganser, Redhead, and Mallard would be input into the Waterfowl 1000-1999g category with a Severity Score of 3. Canada Goose would be input into the Waterfowl 2000-3999g category with a Severity Score of 4. Lastly, Tundra Swan would be input into the Waterfowl >4000g category with a Severity Score of 5. These severity values for each category within a guild are contained within WHaMRAT. For each guild category, a user input for likelihood of strike is also necessary. Using estimated abundance to determine likelihood of strike, the user will have to assign a likelihood of strike relative to those species within the specific guild. A likelihood of strike score ranging from 1 to 5 is required for each category within a guild and in this case includes Waterfowl 300-999g, Waterfowl 1000-1999g, Waterfowl 2000-3999g, and Waterfowl >4000g. In guilds where there is only one representative species observed, the likelihood of strike score is based on that particular species. In a guild that contains multiple species, such as this scenario, the user must enter a likelihood of strike score that represents all species within this guild and will require inputs into more than one mass category within the guild. Model Result: Similar to the EZ-Version WHaMRAT, the Advance-Version of WHaMRAT will determine an Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score based on the guild categories present and their associated likelihood of strikes. The Advanced-Version allows the user a higher degree of discrimination associated with specific species within their airport environment. However, the WHaMRAT is limited in its ability to discriminate all species and requires the user to compile species within a particular body mass category for each specific guild.

C-54 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Attachment 1: Avian and Non-Avian Guilds Used in the WHaMRAT Avian Guilds 1) Waterbirds – Loons, Grebes, Coots, Limpkins, Rails, Moorhens, Gallinules, Crakes 2) Seabirds – Albatrosses, Petrels, Shearwaters, Fulmars, Kittiwakes, Alcids, Storm-petrels, Frigatebirds, Tropicbirds, Boobies, Noddies 3) Pelicans/Cormorants – Pelicans, Cormorants, Anhingas 4) Waders – Herons, Egrets, Ibises, Flamingos, Storks, Bitterns, Spoonbills 5) Waterfowl – Ducks, Geese, Swans 6) Raptors/Vultures/Owls – Vultures, Condors, Eagles, Ospreys, Kites, Hawks, Caracaras, Falcons, Owls 7) Upland Game Birds – Chachalacas, Turkeys, Quail, Grouse, Ptarmigans, Prairie Chickens, Pheasants, Chukars, Partridges 8) Cranes – Sandhill and Whooping Cranes 9) Shorebirds – Plovers, Oystercatchers, Avocets, Stilts, Sandpipers, Snipes, Phalaropes 10) Gulls/Terns – Gulls, Terns, Skuas, Skimmers 11) Pigeons/Doves – Pigeons, Doves, Ground Doves 12) Parrots – Parrots, Amazons, Parakeets, Trogons 13) Aerial Foragers – Nighthawks, Poor-wills, Swifts, Swallows, Martins 14) Woodland Birds – Hummingbirds, Cuckoos, Woodpeckers, Most Flycatchers, Shrikes, Vireos, Chickadees, Nuthatches, Wrens, Warblers, Thrushes, Mockingbirds, Thrashers, Catbirds, Waxwings, Tanagers, Towhees, Most Buntings, Most Sparrows, Juncos, Grosbeaks, Cardinals, Orioles, Finches, Crossbills 15) Corvids – Jays, Nutcrackers, Magpies, Crows, Ravens 16) Grassland Birds – Horned Larks, Most Pipits, Meadowlarks, Some Sparrows (Grasshopper, Vesper, Savannah, Clay-colored, Henslow’s, etc.) Longspurs, Snow Buntings, Bobolinks, Lark Buntings 17) Blackbirds/Starlings – European Starlings, Blackbirds, Grackles, Cowbirds, Anis 18) Miscellaneous – Roadrunners, Kingfishers, Dippers, Others.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-55 Non-Avian Guilds Mammals 1) Rodents – Beavers, Squirrels, Rats, Mice, Ground Squirrels, Shrews, Prairie Dogs, Marmots, Chipmunks, Pocket Gophers, Voles, Lemmings 2) Lagomorphs – Rabbits, Hares, Pikas 3) Bats – Bats 4) Mesomammals – Opossums, Armadillos, Weasels, Minks, Martins, Wolverines, Badgers, Otters, Skunks, Raccoons 5) Canids – Coyotes, Wolves, Foxes, Domestic Dogs 6) Felids – Bobcats, Lynxes, Mountain Lions, Feral Cats 7) Hooved – Horses, Hogs/Pigs, Deer, Elk, Moose, Caribou, Antelope, Sheep 8) Bears – Bears Reptiles/Amphibians 1) Alligators/Crocodiles – Alligators, Crocodiles 2) Turtles – Turtles, Tortoises 3) Iguanas – Iguanas 4) Lizards/Snakes – Smaller Lizards and Most Snakes

C-56 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Attachment 2: The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Avian Guild and Severity Scores Weights expressed in grams (g) Guilds Severity Waterbirds 2 Seabirds 2 Pelicans/Cormorants 4 Waders 2 If flocks ≥ 5 5 Waterfowl 3 If flocks < 5 4 If flocks ≥ 5 5 Raptors/Vultures/Owls 2 Upland Game Birds 2 If Turkeys 5 Cranes 5 Shorebirds 1 If flocks < 15 4 If flocks ≥ 15 5 Gulls/Terns 2 If flocks < 10 4 If flocks ≥ 10 5 Pigeons/Doves 1 If flocks < 20 4 If flocks ≥ 20 5 Parrots 1 Aerial Foragers 1 Woodland Birds 1 Corvids 2 If flocks < 10 4 If flocks ≥ 10 5 Grassland Birds 1 Blackbirds/Starlings 1 If flocks < 100 4 If flocks ≥ 100 5 Miscellaneous 1 Criteria for Score Severity Less than 300g 1 300-999g 2 1000-1999g 3 2000-3999g 4 Greater than 4000g 5 Source: BASH Inc.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-57 Attachment 3: The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Mammalian and Reptilian Guild and Severity Scores Weights expressed in grams (g) Guilds Severity Rodents 2 Lagomorphs 4 Bats 1 Mesomammals 4 Canids 5 Felids 5 Hooved 5 Bears 5 Turtles 2 Iguanas 2 Lizards/Snakes 2 Crocodiles/Alligators 5 Criteria for Score Severity 0-99g 1 100-599g 2 600-1999g 3 2000-9999g 4 Greater than 10000g 5 Source: BASH Inc.

C-58 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Attachment 4 : Advanced-Version Avian Guild and Severity Scores Weights expressed in grams (g) Guild Severity Waterbirds Waterbirds < 300g 1 Waterbirds 300-999g 2 Waterbirds 1000-1999g 3 Waterbirds 2000-3999g 4 Waterbirds > 4000g 5 Seabirds Seabirds < 300g 1 Seabirds 300-999g 2 Seabirds 1000-1999g 3 Seabirds 2000-3999g 4 Pelicans/Cormorants Pelicans 1000-1999g 3 Pelicans 2000-3999g 4 Pelicans > 4000g 5 Waders If flocks ≥ 5 5 Waders 300-999g 2 Waders 1000-1999g 3 Waders 2000-3999g 4 Waders > 4000g 5 Waterfowl If flocks < 5 4 If flocks ≥ 5 5 Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Waterfowl > 4000g 5 Raptors/Vultures/Owls Raptors < 300g 1 Raptors 300-999g 2 Raptors 1000-1999g 3 Raptors 2000-3999g 4 Raptors > 4000g 5 Upland Game Birds Upland Game Birds < 300g 1 Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Upland Game Birds 1000-1999g 3 Upland Game Birds 2000-3999g 4 Upland Game Birds > 4000g 5 Cranes 5 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-59 Guild Severity Shorebirds If flocks < 20 4 If flocks ≥ 20 5 Shorebirds < 300g 1 Shorebirds 300-999g 2 Gulls/Terns If flocks < 10 4 If flocks ≥ 10 5 Gulls/Terns < 300g 1 Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 Gulls/Terns 1000-1999g 3 Pigeons/Doves If flocks < 20 4 If flocks ≥ 20 5 Pigeons/Doves < 300g 1 Pigeons/Doves 300-999g 2 Parrots Parrots < 300g 1 Parrots 300-999g 2 Parrots 1000-3999g 3 Aerial Foragers 1 Woodland Birds 1 Corvids If flocks < 15 4 If flocks ≥ 15 5 Corvids < 300g 1 Corvids 300-999g 2 Corvids 1000-1999g 3 Grassland Birds 1 Blackbirds/Starlings 1 If flocks < 100 4 If flocks ≥ 100 5 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous < 300g 1 Miscellaneous 300-999g 2 Criteria for Score Severity Less than 300g 1 300-999g 2 1000-1999g 3 2000-3999g 4 Greater than 4000g 5 Source: BASH Inc.

C-60 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Attachment 5: The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Mammalian Guild and Severity Scores Weights expressed in grams (g) Guild Severity Rodents Rodents < 100g 1 Rodents 100-599g 2 Rodents 600-1999g 3 Rodents 2000-9999g 4 Rodents > 10000g 5 Lagomorphs Lagomorphs 100-599g 2 Lagomorphs 2000-9999g 4 Bats Bats < 100g 1 Bats 100-600g 2 Mesomammals Mesomammals 100-599g 2 Mesomammals 600-1999g 3 Mesomammals 2000-9999g 4 Mesomammals > 10000g 5 Canids Canids 2000-9999g 4 Canids > 10000g 5 Felids Felids 600-1999g 3 Felids > 10000g 5 Hooved Hooved > 10000g 5 Bears Bears > 10000g 5 Criteria for Score Severity 0-99g 1 100-599g 2 600-1999g 3 2000-9999g 4 Greater than 10000g 5 Source: BASH Inc.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-61 Attachment 6: The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Avian Species List by Guild and Severity Score Waterbirds Severity Individual 3 Common Name Scientific Name Red-throated Loon Gavia stellata Arctic Loon Gavia arctica Pacific Loon Gavia pacifica Common Loon Gavia immer Yellow-billed Loon Gavia adamsii Least Grebe Tachybaptus dominicus Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps Horned Grebe Podiceps auritus Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena Eared Grebe Podiceps nigricollis Western Grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis Clark's Grebe Aechmophorus clarkii Yellow Rail Coturnicops noveboracensis Black Rail Laterallus jamaicensis Corn Crake Crex crex Ridgway's Rail Rallus obsoletus Clapper Rail Rallus crepitans King Rail Rallus elegans Virginia Rail Rallus limicola Rufous-necked Wood-Rail Aramides axillaris Gray-necked Wood-Rail Aramides cajaneus Sora Porzana carolina Paint-billed Crake Neocrex erythrops Spotted Rail Pardirallus maculatus Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Gallinule Porphyrio martinicus Azure Gallinule Porphyrio flavirostris Common Gallinule Gallinula galeata Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Eurasian Coot Fulica atra Hawaiian Coot Fulica alai American Coot Fulica americana Sungrebe Heliornis fulica (continued on next page)

C-62 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Seabirds Severity Individual 2 Common Name Scientific Name Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche chlororhynchos White-capped Albatross Thalassarche cauta Salvin's Albatross Thalassarche salvini Chatham Albatross Thalassarche eremita Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans Light-mantled Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata Laysan Albatross Phoebastria immutabilis Black-footed Albatross Phoebastria nigripes Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus Southern Giant-Petrel Macronectes giganteus Northern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera Providence Petrel Pterodroma solandri Zino's Petrel Pterodroma madeira Kermadec Petrel Pterodroma neglecta Trindade Petrel Pterodroma arminjoniana Murphy's Petrel Pterodroma ultima Mottled Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata Bermuda Petrel Pterodroma cahow Black-capped Petrel Pterodroma hasitata Juan Fernandez Petrel Pterodroma externa Hawaiian Petrel Pterodroma sandwichensis White-necked Petrel Pterodroma cervicalis Bonin Petrel Pterodroma hypoleuca Black-winged Petrel Pterodroma nigripennis Fea's Petrel Pterodroma feae Cook's Petrel Pterodroma cookii Stejneger's Petrel Pterodroma longirostris Phoenix Petrel Pterodroma alba Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii Jouanin's Petrel Bulweria fallax Parkinson's Petrel Procellaria parkinsoni Streaked Shearwater Calonectris leucomelas Cory's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea Cape Verde Shearwater Calonectris edwardsii Pink-footed Shearwater Puffinus creatopus (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-63 Seabirds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 2 Common Name Scientific Name Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes Great Shearwater Puffinus gravis Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus pacificus Buller's Shearwater Puffinus bulleri Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus Short-tailed Shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris Christmas Shearwater Puffinus nativitatis Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus Townsend's Shearwater Puffinus auricularis Bryan's Shearwater Puffinus bryani Black-vented Shearwater Puffinus opisthomelas Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus lherminieri Barolo Shearwater Puffinus baroli Wilson's Storm-Petrel Oceanites oceanicus White-faced Storm-Petrel Pelagodroma marina European Storm-Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma furcata Ringed Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma hornbyi Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma monorhis Leach's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa Ashy Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma homochroa Band-rumped Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma castro Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma tethys Black Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma melania Tristram's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma tristrami Least Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma microsoma White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens Great Frigatebird Fregata minor Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel Masked Booby Sula dactylatra Nazca Booby Sula granti Blue-footed Booby Sula nebouxii Brown Booby Sula leucogaster Red-footed Booby Sula sula (continued on next page)

C-64 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Seabirds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 2 Common Name Scientific Name Northern Gannet Morus bassanus Great Skua Stercorarius skua South Polar Skua Stercorarius maccormicki Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus Parasitic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus Dovekie Alle alle Common Murre Uria aalge Thick-billed Murre Uria lomvia Razorbill Alca torda Great Auk Pinguinus impennis Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba Long-billed Murrelet Brachyramphus perdix Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus Kittlitz's Murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris Scripps's Murrelet Synthliboramphus scrippsi Guadalupe Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus Craveri's Murrelet Synthliboramphus craveri Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus Cassin's Auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus Parakeet Auklet Aethia psittacula Least Auklet Aethia pusilla Whiskered Auklet Aethia pygmaea Crested Auklet Aethia cristatella Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata Atlantic Puffin Fratercula arctica Horned Puffin Fratercula corniculata Tufted Puffin Fratercula cirrhata Pelicans/Cormorants Severity Individual 4 Common Name Scientific Name Brandt's Cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Red-faced Cormorant Phalacrocorax urile (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-65 Pelicans/Cormorants (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 4 Common Name Scientific Name Pelagic Cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus Anhinga Anhinga anhinga American White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis Waders Severity Individual 2 If Flocks ≥ 5 5 Common Name Scientific Name American Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber Chilean Flamingo Phoenicopterus chilensis Jabiru Jabiru mycteria Wood Stork Mycteria Americana American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus Great Bittern Botaurus stellaris Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis Bare-throated Tiger-Heron Tigrisoma mexicanum Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias Gray Heron Ardea cinerea Great Egret Ardea alba Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia Chinese Egret Egretta eulophotes Little Egret Egretta garzetta Western Reef-Heron Egretta gularis Snowy Egret Egretta thula Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea Tricolored Heron Egretta tricolor Reddish Egret Egretta rufescens Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Chinese Pond-Heron Ardeola bacchus Green Heron Butorides virescens Striated Heron Butorides striata Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Yellow-crowned Night-Heron Nyctanassa violacea White Ibis Eudocimus albus Scarlet Ibis Eudocimus ruber Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus (continued on next page)

C-66 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Waders (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 2 If Flocks ≥ 5 5 Common Name Scientific Name White-faced Ibis Plegadis chihi Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus Roseate Spoonbill Platalea ajaja Limpkin Aramus guarauna Waterfowl Severity Individual 3 If Flocks < 5 4 If Flocks ≥ 5 5 Common Name Scientific Name Black-bellied Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna autumnalis West Indian Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna arborea Fulvous Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna bicolor Taiga Bean-Goose Anser fabalis Tundra Bean-Goose Anser serrirostris Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus Graylag Goose Anser anser Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus Emperor Goose Chen canagica Snow Goose Chen caerulescens Ross's Goose Chen rossii Brant Branta bernicla Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis Cackling Goose Branta hutchinsii Canada Goose Branta canadensis Hawaiian Goose Branta sandvicensis Mute Swan Cygnus olor Trumpeter Swan Cygnus buccinator Tundra Swan Cygnus columbianus Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus Orinoco Goose Neochen jubata Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata Wood Duck Aix sponsa Gadwall Anas strepera Falcated Duck Anas falcata (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-67 Waterfowl (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 3 If Flocks < 5 4 If Flocks ≥ 5 5 Common Name Scientific Name Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope American Wigeon Anas americana American Black Duck Anas rubripes Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Mottled Duck Anas fulvigula Hawaiian Duck Anas wyvilliana Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis Eastern Spot-billed Duck Anas zonorhyncha Blue-winged Teal Anas discors Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata White-cheeked Pintail Anas bahamensis Northern Pintail Anas acuta Garganey Anas querquedula Baikal Teal Anas formosa Green-winged Teal Anas crecca Canvasback Aythya valisineria Redhead Aythya americana Common Pochard Aythya ferina Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula Greater Scaup Aythya marila Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis Steller's Eider Polysticta stelleri Spectacled Eider Somateria fischeri King Eider Somateria spectabilis Common Eider Somateria mollissima Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus Labrador Duck Camptorhynchus labradorius Surf Scoter Melanitta perspicillata White-winged Scoter Melanitta fusca Common Scoter Melanitta nigra Black Scoter Melanitta americana Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis Bufflehead Bucephala albeola (continued on next page)

C-68 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Waterfowl (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 3 If Flocks < 5 4 If Flocks ≥ 5 5 Common Name Scientific Name Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula Barrow's Goldeneye Bucephala islandica Smew Mergellus albellus Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus Common Merganser Mergus merganser Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator Masked Duck Nomonyx dominicus Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis Raptors/Vultures/Owls Severity Individual 2 Common Name Scientific Name Black Vulture Coragyps atratus Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura California Condor Gymnogyps californianus Osprey Pandion haliaetus Hook-billed Kite Chondrohierax uncinatus Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forficatus White-tailed Kite Elanus leucurus Snail Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis Double-toothed Kite Harpagus bidentatus Mississippi Kite Ictinia mississippiensis Black Kite Milvus migrans Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Steller's Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus Chinese Sparrowhawk Accipiter soloensis Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis Crane Hawk Geranospiza caerulescens Common Black Hawk Buteogallus anthracinus Great Black Hawk Buteogallus urubitinga Harris's Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus White-tailed Hawk Geranoaetus albicaudatus (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-69 Raptors/Vultures/Owls (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 2 Common Name Scientific Name Roadside Hawk Buteo magnirostris Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus Gray Hawk Buteo plagiatus Gray-lined Hawk Buteo nitidus Short-tailed Hawk Buteo brachyurus Swainson's Hawk Buteo swainsoni Zone-tailed Hawk Buteo albonotatus Hawaiian Hawk Buteo solitarius Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis Common Buzzard Buteo buteo Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis Rough-legged Hawk Buteo lagopus Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Barn Owl Tyto alba Oriental Scops-Owl Otus sunia Flammulated Owl Psiloscops flammeolus Western Screech-Owl Megascops kennicottii Eastern Screech-Owl Megascops asio Whiskered Screech-Owl Megascops trichopsis Spectacled Owl Pulsatrix perspicillata Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus Snowy Owl Bubo scandiacus Northern Hawk Owl Surnia ulula Northern Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium gnoma Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium brasilianum Elf Owl Micrathene whitneyi Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia Mottled Owl Ciccaba virgata Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis Barred Owl Strix varia Great Gray Owl Strix nebulosa Long-eared Owl Asio otus Stygian Owl Asio stygius Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus Northern Saw-whet Owl Aegolius acadicus (continued on next page)

C-70 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Raptors/Vultures/Owls (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 2 Common Name Scientific Name Northern Boobook Ninox japonica Collared Forest-Falcon Micrastur semitorquatus Crested Caracara Caracara cheriway Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus American Kestrel Falco sparverius Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus Merlin Falco columbarius Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo Aplomado Falcon Falco femoralis Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Prairie Falcon Falco mexicanus Upland Game Birds Severity Score Individual 2 Turkeys 5 Common Name Scientific Name Plain Chachalaca Ortalis vetula Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris Mountain Quail Oreortyx pictus Scaled Quail Callipepla squamata California Quail Callipepla californica Gambel's Quail Callipepla gambelii Northern Bobwhite Colinus virginianus Montezuma Quail Cyrtonyx montezumae Himalayan Snowcock Tetraogallus himalayensis Chukar Alectoris chukar Gray Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus Erckel's Francolin Francolinus erckelii Gray Partridge Perdix perdix Chinese Bamboo-Partridge Bambusicola thoracicus Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelanos Silver Pheasant Lophura nycthemera Elliot's Pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti Ring-necked Pheasant Phasianus colchicus Lady Amherst's Pheasant Chrysolophus amherstiae (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-71 Upland Game Birds (Continued) Severity Score (Continued) Individual 2 Turkeys 5 Common Name Scientific Name Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus Gunnison Sage-Grouse Centrocercus minimus Spruce Grouse Falcipennis canadensis Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus Rock Ptarmigan Lagopus muta White-tailed Ptarmigan Lagopus leucura Dusky Grouse Dendragapus obscurus Sooty Grouse Dendragapus fuliginosus Sharp-tailed Grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus Greater Prairie-Chicken Tympanuchus cupido Lesser Prairie-Chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo Cranes Severity Individual 5 Common Name Scientific Name Gray Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis Sarus Crane Grus antigone Common Crane Grus grus Hooded Crane Grus monacha Whooping Crane Grus americana Shorebirds Severity Individual 1 If Flocks < 20 4 If Flocks ≥ 20 5 Common Name Scientific Name Double-striped Thick-knee Burhinus bistriatus Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus American Avocet Recurvirostra americana Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus Black Oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus (continued on next page)

C-72 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Shorebirds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 If Flocks < 20 4 If Flocks ≥ 20 5 Common Name Scientific Name Sociable Lapwing Vanellus gregarious Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis squatarola European Golden-Plover Pluvialis apricaria American Golden-Plover Pluvialis dominica Pacific Golden-Plover Pluvialis fulva Lesser Sand-Plover Charadrius mongolus Greater Sand-Plover Charadrius leschenaultia Collared Plover Charadrius collaris Snowy Plover Charadrius nivosus Wilson's Plover Charadrius wilsonia Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus Piping Plover Charadrius melodus Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius Killdeer Charadrius vociferous Mountain Plover Charadrius montanus Eurasian Dotterel Charadrius morinellus Northern Jacana Jacana spinose Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria Gray-tailed Tattler Tringa brevipes Wandering Tattler Tringa incana Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia Willet Tringa semipalmata Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Common Redshank Tringa tetanus Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda Little Curlew Numenius minutus (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-73 Shorebirds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 If Flocks < 20 4 If Flocks ≥ 20 5 Common Name Scientific Name Eskimo Curlew Numenius borealis Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis Far Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis Slender-billed Curlew Numenius tenuirostris Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata Long-billed Curlew Numenius americanus Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica Marbled Godwit Limosa fedoa Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres Black Turnstone Arenaria melanocephala Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris Red Knot Calidris canutus Surfbird Calidris virgate Ruff Calidris pugnax Broad-billed Sandpiper Calidris falcinellus Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminate Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta Spoon-billed Sandpiper Calidris pygmea Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis Sanderling Calidris alba Dunlin Calidris alpine Rock Sandpiper Calidris ptilocnemis Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima Baird's Sandpiper Calidris bairdii Little Stint Calidris minuta Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis Buff-breasted Sandpiper Calidris subruficollis Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos (continued on next page)

C-74 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Shorebirds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 If Flocks < 20 4 If Flocks ≥ 20 5 Common Name Scientific Name Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus griseus Long-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus Wilson's Snipe Gallinago delicate Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago Pin-tailed Snipe Gallinago stenura Solitary Snipe Gallinago solitaria Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola American Woodcock Scolopax minor Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus Red Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum Gulls/Terns Severity Individual 2 If Flocks < 10 4 If Flocks ≥ 10 5 Common Name Scientific Name Swallow-tailed Gull Creagrus furcatus Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla Red-legged Kittiwake Rissa brevirostris Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnea Sabine's Gull Xema sabini Bonaparte's Gull Chroicocephalus philadelphia Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus Little Gull Hydrocoloeus minutus Ross's Gull Rhodostethia rosea Laughing Gull Leucophaeus atricilla Franklin's Gull Leucophaeus pipixcan Belcher's Gull Larus belcheri Black-tailed Gull Larus crassirostris Heermann's Gull Larus heermanni Mew Gull Larus canus (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-75 Gulls/Terns (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 2 If Flocks < 10 4 If Flocks ≥ 10 5 Common Name Scientific Name Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis Western Gull Larus occidentalis Yellow-footed Gull Larus livens California Gull Larus californicus Herring Gull Larus argentatus Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis Thayer's Gull Larus thayeri Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus Slaty-backed Gull Larus schistisagus Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus Brown Noddy Anous stolidus Black Noddy Anous minutus Blue-gray Noddy Procelsterna cerulea White Tern Gygis alba Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus Gray-backed Tern Onychoprion lunatus Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus Aleutian Tern Onychoprion aleuticus Little Tern Sternula albifrons Least Tern Sternula antillarum Large-billed Tern Phaetusa simplex Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia Black Tern Chlidonias niger White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii Common Tern Sterna hirundo Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea Forster's Tern Sterna forsteri Royal Tern Thalasseus maximus (continued on next page)

C-76 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Gulls/Terns (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 2 If Flocks < 10 4 If Flocks ≥ 10 5 Common Name Scientific Name Great Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis Elegant Tern Thalasseus elegans Black Skimmer Rynchops niger Pigeons/Doves Severity Individual 1 If Flocks < 20 4 If Flocks ≥ 20 5 Common Name Scientific Name Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse Pterocles exustus Rock Pigeon Columba livia Scaly-naped Pigeon Patagioenas squamosa White-crowned Pigeon Patagioenas leucocephala Red-billed Pigeon Patagioenas flavirostris Band-tailed Pigeon Patagioenas fasciata Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia orientalis African Collared-Dove Streptopelia roseogrisea European Turtle-Dove Streptopelia turtur Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis Zebra Dove Geopelia striata Inca Dove Columbina inca Common Ground-Dove Columbina passerina Ruddy Ground-Dove Columbina talpacoti Ruddy Quail-Dove Geotrygon montana Key West Quail-Dove Geotrygon chrysia White-tipped Dove Leptotila verreauxi White-winged Dove Zenaida asiatica Zenaida Dove Zenaida aurita Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-77 Parrots Severity Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Galah Eolophus roseicapilla Tanimbar Corella Cacatua goffiniana Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita Salmon-crested Cockatoo Cacutua moluccensis Eclectus Parrot Eclectus roratus Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala Blossom-headed Parakeet Psittacula roseata Pale-headed Rosella Platycercus adscitus Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus Chattering Lory Lorius garrulus Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus Rosy-faced Lovebird Agapornis roseicollis Fischer's Lovebird Agapornis fischeri Yellow-collared Lovebird Agapornis personatus Gray Parrot Psittacus erithacus Rueppell's Parrot Poicephalus rueppellii Senegal Parrot Poicephalus senegalus Monk Parakeet Myiopsitta monachus Tui Parakeet Brotogeris sanctithomae White-winged Parakeet Brotogeris versicolurus Yellow-chevroned Parakeet Brotogeris chiriri Orange-chinned Parakeet Brotogeris jugularis White-crowned Parrot Pionus senilis Festive Parrot Amazona festiva Red-spectacled Parrot Amazona pretrei Red-crowned Parrot Amazona viridigenalis Lilac-crowned Parrot Amazona finschi Red-lored Parrot Amazona autumnalis Yellow-headed Parrot Amazona oratrix Yellow-shouldered Parrot Amazona barbadensis Turquoise-fronted Parrot Amazona aestiva White-fronted Parrot Amazona albifrons Hispaniolan Parrot Amazona ventralis Mealy Parrot Amazona farinosa (continued on next page)

C-78 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Parrots (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Orange-winged parrot Amazona amazonica Maroon-bellied Parakeet Pyrrhura frontalis Green-cheeked Parakeet Pyrrhura molinae Burrowing Parakeet Cyanoliseus patagonus Hyacinth Macaw Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Thick-billed Parrot Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Maroon-fronted Parrot Rhynchopsitta terrisi Orange-fronted Parakeet Eupsittula canicularis Peach-fronted Parakeet Eupsittula aurea Brown-throated Parakeet Eupsittula pertinax Dusky-headed Parakeet Aratinga weddellii Nanday Parakeet Aratinga nenday Yellow-collared Macaw Primolius auricollis Blue-and-yellow Macaw Ara ararauna Military Macaw Ara militaris Scarlet Macaw Ara macao Chestnut-fronted Macaw Ara severus Blue-crowned Parakeet Thectocercus acuticaudatus Red-shouldered Macaw Diopsittaca nobilis Crimson-fronted Parakeet Psittacara finschi Scarlet-fronted Parakeet Psittacara wagleri Mitred Parakeet Psittacara mitratus Red-masked Parakeet Psittacara erythrogenys White-eyed Parakeet Psittacara leucophthalmus Aerial Foragers Severity Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Lesser Nighthawk Chordeiles acutipennis Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor Antillean Nighthawk Chordeiles gundlachii Common Pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis Common Poorwill Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Chuck-will's-widow Antrostomus carolinensis Buff-collared Nightjar Antrostomus ridgwayi Eastern Whip-poor-will Antrostomus vociferus Mexican Whip-poor-will Antrostomus arizonae Gray Nightjar Caprimulgus jotaka (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-79 Aerial Foragers (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Black Swift Cypseloides niger White-collared Swift Streptoprocne zonaris Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica Vaux's Swift Chaetura vauxi White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus Mariana Swiftlet Aerodramus bartschi White-nest Swiftlet Aerodramus fuciphagus Common Swift Apus apus Pacific Swift Apus pacificus White-throated Swift Aeronautes saxatalis Antillean Palm-Swift Tachornis phoenicobia Purple Martin Progne subis Cuban Martin Progne cryptoleuca Gray-breasted Martin Progne chalybea Southern Martin Progne elegans Brown-chested Martin Progne tapera Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor Mangrove Swallow Tachycineta albilinea Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina Bahama Swallow Tachycineta cyaneoviridis Northern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis Bank Swallow Riparia riparia Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cave Swallow Petrochelidon fulva Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Common House-Martin Delichon urbicum Woodland Birds Severity Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus Oriental Cuckoo Cuculus optatus Dark-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus melacoryphus Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus Mangrove Cuckoo Coccyzus minor Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus Smooth-billed Ani Crotophaga ani Groove-billed Ani Crotophaga sulcirostris (continued on next page)

C-80 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Woodland Birds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Green Violetear Colibri thalassinus Green-breasted Mango Anthracothorax prevostii Magnificent Hummingbird Eugenes fulgens Plain-capped Starthroat Heliomaster constantii Blue-throated Hummingbird Lampornis clemenciae Bahama Woodstar Calliphlox evelynae Lucifer Hummingbird Calothorax lucifer Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris Black-chinned Hummingbird Archilochus alexandri Anna's Hummingbird Calypte anna Costa's Hummingbird Calypte costae Bumblebee Hummingbird Atthis heloisa Broad-tailed Hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus Allen's Hummingbird Selasphorus sasin Calliope Hummingbird Selasphorus calliope Broad-billed Hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris Berylline Hummingbird Amazilia beryllina Buff-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia yucatanensis Cinnamon Hummingbird Amazilia rutila Violet-crowned Hummingbird Amazilia violiceps White-eared Hummingbird Hylocharis leucotis Xantus's Hummingbird Hylocharis xantusii Eared Quetzal Euptilotis neoxenus Elegant Trogon Trogon elegans Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla Lewis's Woodpecker Melanerpes lewis Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus Acorn Woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus Gila Woodpecker Melanerpes uropygialis Golden-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes aurifrons Red-bellied Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus Williamson's Sapsucker Sphyrapicus thyroideus Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis Red-breasted Sapsucker Sphyrapicus ruber (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-81 Woodland Birds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major Ladder-backed Woodpecker Picoides scalaris Nuttall's Woodpecker Picoides nuttallii Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus Arizona Woodpecker Picoides arizonae Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis White-headed Woodpecker Picoides albolarvatus American Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides dorsalis Black-backed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus Gilded Flicker Colaptes chrysoides Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis Barred Antshrike Thamnophilus doliatus Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet Camptostoma imberbe Greenish Elaenia Myiopagis viridicata Caribbean Elaenia Elaenia martinica White-crested Elaenia Elaenia albiceps Tufted Flycatcher Mitrephanes phaeocercus Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi Greater Pewee Contopus pertinax Western Wood-Pewee Contopus sordidulus Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens Cuban Pewee Contopus caribaeus Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax flaviventris Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens Alder Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus Hammond's Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii Gray Flycatcher Empidonax wrightii Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri Pacific-slope Flycatcher Empidonax difficilis Cordilleran Flycatcher Empidonax occidentalis Buff-breasted Flycatcher Empidonax fulvifrons Black Phoebe Sayornis nigricans (continued on next page)

C-82 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Woodland Birds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe Say's Phoebe Sayornis saya Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus Dusky-capped Flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer Ash-throated Flycatcher Myiarchus cinerascens Nutting's Flycatcher Myiarchus nuttingi Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus Brown-crested Flycatcher Myiarchus tyrannulus La Sagra's Flycatcher Myiarchus sagrae Great Kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus Social Flycatcher Myiozetetes similis Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher Myiodynastes luteiventris Piratic Flycatcher Legatus leucophaius Variegated Flycatcher Empidonomus varius Crowned Slaty Flycatcher Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus Couch's Kingbird Tyrannus couchii Cassin's Kingbird Tyrannus vociferans Thick-billed Kingbird Tyrannus crassirostris Western Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus Gray Kingbird Tyrannus dominicensis Loggerhead Kingbird Tyrannus caudifasciatus Fork-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus savana Masked Tityra Tityra semifasciata Gray-collared Becard Pachyramphus major Rose-throated Becard Pachyramphus aglaiae Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus Northern Shrike Lanius excubitor White-eyed Vireo Vireo griseus Thick-billed Vireo Vireo crassirostris Bell's Vireo Vireo bellii Black-capped Vireo Vireo atricapilla Gray Vireo Vireo vicinior Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons Plumbeous Vireo Vireo plumbeus (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-83 Woodland Birds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Cassin's Vireo Vireo cassinii Blue-headed Vireo Vireo solitarius Hutton's Vireo Vireo huttoni Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus Philadelphia Vireo Vireo philadelphicus Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus Yellow-green Vireo Vireo flavoviridis Black-whiskered Vireo Vireo altiloquus Yucatan Vireo Vireo magister Hawaii Elepaio Chasiempis sandwichensis Kauai Elepaio Chasiempis sclateri Oahu Elepaio Chasiempis ibidis Carolina Chickadee Poecile carolinensis Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapillus Mountain Chickadee Poecile gambeli Mexican Chickadee Poecile sclateri Chestnut-backed Chickadee Poecile rufescens Boreal Chickadee Poecile hudsonicus Gray-headed Chickadee Poecile cinctus Japanese Tit Parus minor Bridled Titmouse Baeolophus wollweberi Oak Titmouse Baeolophus inornatus Juniper Titmouse Baeolophus ridgwayi Tufted Titmouse Baeolophus bicolor Black-crested Titmouse Baeolophus atricristatus Verdin Auriparus flaviceps Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis Pygmy Nuthatch Sitta pygmaea Brown-headed Nuthatch Sitta pusilla Brown Creeper Certhia americana Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus Canyon Wren Catherpes mexicanus Eurasian Wren Troglodytes troglodytes House Wren Troglodytes aedon Pacific Wren Troglodytes pacificus (continued on next page)

C-84 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Woodland Birds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Winter Wren Troglodytes hiemalis Sedge Wren Cistothorus platensis Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris Carolina Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus Bewick's Wren Thryomanes bewickii Cactus Wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Sinaloa Wren Thryophilus sinaloa Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea California Gnatcatcher Polioptila californica Black-tailed Gnatcatcher Polioptila melanura Black-capped Gnatcatcher Polioptila nigriceps Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula Japanese Bush-Warbler Cettia diphone Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus Pallas's Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus proregulus Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis Kamchatka Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus examinandus Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca Wrentit Chamaea fasciata Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus Chinese Hwamei Garrulax canorus Gray-sided Laughingthrush Lanthocincla caerulata Red-billed Leiothrix Leiothrix lutea Millerbird Acrocephalus familiaris Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler Locustella ochotensis Lanceolated Warbler Locustella lanceolata Gray-streaked Flycatcher Muscicapa griseisticta Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa latirostris Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-85 Woodland Birds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Dark-sided Flycatcher Muscicapa sibirica White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus Rufous-tailed Robin Larvivora sibilans Siberian Blue Robin Lavivora cyane Bluethroat Luscinia svecica Siberian Rubythroat Calliope calliope Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus Taiga Flycatcher Ficedula albicilla Narcissus Flycatcher Ficedula narcissina Mugimaki Flycatcher Ficedula mugimaki Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus Blue Rock-Thrush Monticola solitarius Siberian Stonechat Saxicola maurus Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis Western Bluebird Sialia mexicana Mountain Bluebird Sialia currucoides Townsend's Solitaire Myadestes townsendi Olomao Myadestes lanaiensis Omao Myadestes obscurus Puaiohi Myadestes palmeri Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus aurantiirostris Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus mexicanus Veery Catharus fuscescens Gray-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus Bicknell's Thrush Catharus bicknelli Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula Eyebrowed Thrush Turdus obscurus Dusky Thrush Turdus eunomus Fieldfare Turdus pilaris Redwing Turdus iliacus Song Thrush Turdus philomelos Clay-colored Thrush Turdus grayi White-throated Thrush Turdus assimilis (continued on next page)

C-86 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Woodland Birds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Rufous-backed Robin Turdus rufopalliatus American Robin Turdus migratorius Varied Thrush Ixoreus naevius Aztec Thrush Ridgwayia pinicola Blue Mockingbird Melanotis caerulescens Black Catbird Melanoptila glabrirostris Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis Curve-billed Thrasher Toxostoma curvirostre Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum Long-billed Thrasher Toxostoma longirostre Bendire's Thrasher Toxostoma bendirei California Thrasher Toxostoma redivivum Le Conte's Thrasher Toxostoma lecontei Crissal Thrasher Toxostoma crissale Sage Thrasher Oreoscoptes montanus Bahama Mockingbird Mimus gundlachii Tropical Mockingbird Mimus gilvus Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos Siberian Accentor Prunella montanella Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava Eastern Yellow Wagtail Motacilla tschutschensis Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola Gray Wagtail Motacilla cinerea White Wagtail Motacilla alba Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla garrulus Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum Gray Silky-flycatcher Ptiliogonys cinereus Phainopepla Phainopepla nitens Olive Warbler Peucedramus taeniatus Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla Worm-eating Warbler Helmitheros vermivorum Louisiana Waterthrush Parkesia motacilla Northern Waterthrush Parkesia noveboracensis Bachman's Warbler Vermivora bachmanii Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera Blue-winged Warbler Vermivora cyanoptera (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-87 Woodland Birds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea Swainson's Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii Crescent-chested Warbler Oreothlypis superciliosa Tennessee Warbler Oreothlypis peregrina Orange-crowned Warbler Oreothlypis celata Colima Warbler Oreothlypis crissalis Lucy's Warbler Oreothlypis luciae Nashville Warbler Oreothlypis ruficapilla Virginia's Warbler Oreothlypis virginiae Connecticut Warbler Oporornis agilis Gray-crowned Yellowthroat Geothlypis poliocephala MacGillivray's Warbler Geothlypis tolmiei Mourning Warbler Geothlypis philadelphia Kentucky Warbler Geothlypis formosa Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas Hooded Warbler Setophaga citrina American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla Kirtland's Warbler Setophaga kirtlandii Cape May Warbler Setophaga tigrina Cerulean Warbler Setophaga cerulea Northern Parula Setophaga americana Tropical Parula Setophaga pitiayumi Magnolia Warbler Setophaga magnolia Bay-breasted Warbler Setophaga castanea Blackburnian Warbler Setophaga fusca Yellow Warbler Setophaga petechia Chestnut-sided Warbler Setophaga pensylvanica Blackpoll Warbler Setophaga striata Black-throated Blue Warbler Setophaga caerulescens Palm Warbler Setophaga palmarum Pine Warbler Setophaga pinus Yellow-rumped Warbler Setophaga coronata Yellow-throated Warbler Setophaga dominica Prairie Warbler Setophaga discolor Grace's Warbler Setophaga graciae Black-throated Gray Warbler Setophaga nigrescens (continued on next page)

C-88 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Woodland Birds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Townsend's Warbler Setophaga townsendi Hermit Warbler Setophaga occidentalis Golden-cheeked Warbler Setophaga chrysoparia Black-throated Green Warbler Setophaga virens Fan-tailed Warbler Basileuterus lachrymosus Rufous-capped Warbler Basileuterus rufifrons Golden-crowned Warbler Basileuterus culicivorus Canada Warbler Cardellina canadensis Wilson's Warbler Cardellina pusilla Red-faced Warbler Cardellina rubrifrons Painted Redstart Myioborus pictus Slate-throated Redstart Myioborus miniatus Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens Bananaquit Coereba flaveola Red-crested Cardinal Paroaria coronata Yellow-billed Cardinal Paroaria capitata Crimson-collared Tanager Ramphocelus sanguinolentus Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola White-collared Seedeater Sporophila torqueola Yellow-faced Grassquit Tiaris olivaceus Black-faced Grassquit Tiaris bicolor Greater Antillean Bullfinch Loxigilla violacea Western Spindalis Spindalis zena Olive Sparrow Arremonops rufivirgatus Green-tailed Towhee Pipilo chlorurus Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus Eastern Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus Rufous-crowned Sparrow Aimophila ruficeps Canyon Towhee Melozone fusca California Towhee Melozone crissalis Abert's Towhee Melozone aberti Rufous-winged Sparrow Peucaea carpalis Striped Sparrow Oriturus superciliosus American Tree Sparrow Spizella arborea Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina Black-chinned Sparrow Spizella atrogularis Five-striped Sparrow Amphispiza quinquestriata (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-89 Woodland Birds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Black-throated Sparrow Amphispiza bilineata Sagebrush Sparrow Artemisiospiza nevadensis Bell's Sparrow Artemisiospiza belli Nelson's Sparrow Ammodramus nelsoni Saltmarsh Sparrow Ammodramus caudacutus Seaside Sparrow Ammodramus maritimus Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia Lincoln's Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii Swamp Sparrow Melospiza georgiana White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis Harris's Sparrow Zonotrichia querula White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys Golden-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia atricapilla Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis Yellow-eyed Junco Junco phaeonotus Pine Bunting Emberiza leucocephalos Yellow-browed Bunting Emberiza chrysophrys Little Bunting Emberiza pusilla Rustic Bunting Emberiza rustica Yellow-throated Bunting Emberiza elegans Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola Gray Bunting Emberiza variabilis Pallas's Bunting Emberiza pallasi Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus Hepatic Tanager Piranga flava Summer Tanager Piranga rubra Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana Flame-colored Tanager Piranga bidentata Crimson-collared Grosbeak Rhodothraupis celaeno Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis Pyrrhuloxia Cardinalis sinuatus Yellow Grosbeak Pheucticus chrysopeplus Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus Black-headed Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus Blue Bunting Cyanocompsa parellina (continued on next page)

C-90 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Woodland Birds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Blue Grosbeak Passerina caerulea Lazuli Bunting Passerina amoena Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea Varied Bunting Passerina versicolor Painted Bunting Passerina ciris Dickcissel Spiza americana Black-vented Oriole Icterus wagleri Orchard Oriole Icterus spurius Hooded Oriole Icterus cucullatus Venezuelan Troupial Icterus icterus Streak-backed Oriole Icterus pustulatus Bullock's Oriole Icterus bullockii Spot-breasted Oriole Icterus pectoralis Altamira Oriole Icterus gularis Audubon's Oriole Icterus graduacauda Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula Scott's Oriole Icterus parisorum Montezuma Oropendola Psarocolius montezuma Common Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs Brambling Fringilla montifringilla Asian Rosy-Finch Leucosticte arctoa Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch Leucosticte tephrocotis Black Rosy-Finch Leucosticte atrata Brown-capped Rosy-Finch Leucosticte australis Trumpeter Finch Bucanetes githagineus Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator Eurasian Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula Laysan Finch Telespiza cantans Nihoa Finch Telespiza ultima Ou Psittirostra psittacea Palila Loxioides bailleui Maui Parrotbill Pseudonestor xanthophrys Hawaii Amakihi Hemignathus virens Oahu Amakihi Hemignathus flavus Kauai Amakihi Hemignathus kauaiensis Nukupuu Hemignathus lucidus Akiapolaau Hemignathus munroi (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-91 Woodland Birds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Anianiau Magumma parva Akikiki Oreomystis bairdi Oahu Alauahio Paroreomyza maculata Maui Alauahio Paroreomyza montana Hawaii Creeper Loxops mana Akekee Loxops caeruleirostris Akepa Loxops coccineus Iiwi Vestiaria coccinea Akohekohe Palmeria dolei Apapane Himatione sanguinea Poo-uli Melamprosops phaeosoma Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus House Finch Haemorhous mexicanus Purple Finch Haemorhous purpureus Cassin's Finch Haemorhous cassinii Red Crossbill Loxia curvirostra White-winged Crossbill Loxia leucoptera Common Redpoll Acanthis flammea Hoary Redpoll Acanthis hornemanni Eurasian Siskin Spinus spinus Pine Siskin Spinus pinus Black-headed Siskin Spinus notatus Lesser Goldfinch Spinus psaltria Lawrence's Goldfinch Spinus lawrencei American Goldfinch Spinus tristis European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis Oriental Greenfinch Chloris sinica Island Canary Serinus canaria Yellow-fronted Canary Serinus mozambicus European Serin Serinus serinus Evening Grosbeak Coccothraustes vespertinus Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes House Sparrow Passer domesticus Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus Northern Red Bishop Euplectes franciscanus Yellow-crowned Bishop Euplectes afer Red-cheeked Cordonbleu Uraeginthus bengalus (continued on next page)

C-92 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Woodland Birds (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Lavender Waxbill Estrilda caerulescens Orange-cheeked Waxbill Estrilda melpoda Black-rumped Waxbill Estrilda troglodytes Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild Red Avadavat Amandava amandava Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata Indian Silverbill Euodice malabarica African Silverbill Euodice cantans Madagascar Munia Lonchura nana Java Sparrow Lonchura oryzivora Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata Tricolored Munia Lonchura malacca Chestnut Munia Lonchura atricapilla White-headed Munia Lonchura maja Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura Corvids Severity Individual 1 If Flocks < 15 4 If Flocks ≥ 15 5 Common Name Scientific Name Gray Jay Perisoreus canadensis Black-throated Magpie-Jay Calocitta colliei Brown Jay Psilorhinus morio Green Jay Cyanocorax yncas Azure Jay Cyanocorax caeruleus Pinyon Jay Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Steller's Jay Cyanocitta stelleri Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata Florida Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma coerulescens Island Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma insularis Western Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma californica Mexican Jay Aphelocoma wollweberi Clark's Nutcracker Nucifraga columbiana Black-billed Magpie Pica hudsonia Yellow-billed Magpie Pica nuttalli Eurasian Jackdaw Corvus monedula American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-93 Corvids (Continued) Severity (Continued) Individual 1 If Flocks < 15 4 If Flocks ≥ 15 5 Common Name Scientific Name Northwestern Crow Corvus caurinus Tamaulipas Crow Corvus imparatus Fish Crow Corvus ossifragus Hawaiian Crow Corvus hawaiiensis Chihuahuan Raven Corvus cryptoleucus Common Raven Corvus corax Grassland Birds Severity Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus forficatus Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni Pechora Pipit Anthus gustavi Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus American Pipit Anthus rubescens Sprague's Pipit Anthus spragueii Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus Chestnut-collared Longspur Calcarius ornatus Smith's Longspur Calcarius pictus McCown's Longspur Rhynchophanes mccownii Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis McKay's Bunting Plectrophenax hyperboreus Botteri's Sparrow Peucaea botterii Cassin's Sparrow Peucaea cassinii Bachman's Sparrow Peucaea aestivalis Clay-colored Sparrow Spizella pallida Brewer's Sparrow Spizella breweri Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla Worthen's Sparrow Spizella wortheni Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus Lark Sparrow Chondestes grammacus Lark Bunting Calamospiza melanocorys Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis Grasshopper Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum Baird's Sparrow Ammodramus bairdii Henslow's Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii Le Conte's Sparrow Ammodramus leconteii (continued on next page)

C-94 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Blackbirds/Starlings Severity Individual 1 If Flocks < 100 4 If Flocks ≥ 100 5 Common Name Scientific Name European Starling Sturnus vulgaris Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Crested Myna Acridotheres cristatellus Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus Common Hill Myna Gracula religiosa Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus Tricolored Blackbird Agelaius tricolor Tawny-shouldered Blackbird Agelaius humeralis Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus Brewer's Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula Boat-tailed Grackle Quiscalus major Great-tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis Bronzed Cowbird Molothrus aeneus Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater Miscellaneous Severity Individual 1 Common Name Scientific Name Ringed Kingfisher Megaceryle torquata Belted Kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon Amazon Kingfisher Chloroceryle amazona Green Kingfisher Chloroceryle americana American Dipper Cinclus mexicanus Lesser Roadrunner Geococcyx velox Greater Roadrunner Geococcyx californianus Source: BASH Inc

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-95 Attachment 7: The EZ-Version WHaMRAT Mammalian Species List by Guild and Severity Score Rodents Common Name Scientific Name Aplodontia Aplodontia rufa American beaver Castor canadensis Woodland jumping mouse Napaeozapus insignis Meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius Western jumping mouse Zapus princeps Pacific jumping mouse Zapus trinotatus North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum Southeastern pocket gopher Geomys pinetis Desert pocket gopher Geomys arenarius Plains pocket gopher Geomys bursarius Jones’s pocket gopher Geomys knoxjonesi Texas pocket gopher Geomys personatus Baird’s pocket gopher Geomys breviceps Llano pocket gopher Geomys texensis Attwater’s pocket gopher Geomys attwateri Yellow-faced pocket gopher Cratogeomys castanops Northern pocket gopher Thomomys talpoides Western pocket gopher Thomomys mazama Botta’s pocket gopher Thomomys bottae Southern pocket gopher Thomomys umbrinus Wyoming pocket gopher Thomomys clusius Idaho pocket gopher Thomomys idahoensis Mountain pocket gopher Thomomys monticola Townsend’s pocket gopher Thomomys townsendii Camas pocket gopher Thomomys bulbivorus Mexican spiny pocket mouse Liomys irroratus Ord’s kangaroo rat Dipodomys ordii Gulf Coast kangaroo rat Dipodomys compactus Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat Dipodomys microps Panamint kangaroo rat Dipodomys panamintinus Stephen’s kangaroo rat Dipodomys stephensi Narrow-faced kangaroo rat Dipodomys venustus Agile kangaroo rat Dipodomys agilis Dulzura kangaroo rat Dipodomys simulans California kangaroo rat Dipodomys californicus Heermann’s kangaroo rat Dipodomys heermanni (continued on next page)

C-96 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Rodents (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Giant kangaroo rat Dipodomys ingens Banner-tailed kangaroo rat Dipodomys spectabilis Texas kangaroo rat Dipodomys elator Desert kangaroo rat Dipodomys deserti Merriam’s kangaroo rat Dipodomys merriami San Joaquin kangaroo rat Dipodomys nitratoides Dark kangaroo mouse Microdipodops megacephalus Pale kangaroo mouse Microdipodops pallidus Olive-backed pocket mouse Perognathus fasciatus Plains pocket mouse Perognathus flavescens Great Basin pocket mouse Perognathus parvus White-eared pocket mouse Perognathus alticola Silky pocket mouse Perognathus flavus Merriam’s pocket mouse Perognathus merriami Little pocket mouse Perognathus longimembris Arizona pocket mouse Perognathus amplus San Joaquin pocket mouse Perognathus inornatus Bailey’s pocket mouse Chaetodipus baileyi Baja pocket mouse Chaetodipus rudinoris Hispid pocket mouse Chaetodipus hispidus Desert pocket mouse Chaetodipus penicillatus Chihuahuan pocket mouse Chaetodipus eremicus Rock pocket mouse Chaetodipus intermedius Nelson’s pocket mouse Chaetodipus nelsoni San Diego pocket mouse Chaetodipus fallax California pocket mouse Chaetodipus californicus Spiny pocket mouse Chaetodipus spinatus Long-tailed pocket mouse Chaetodipus formosus Eastern gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Red-bellied squirrel Sciurus aureogaster Eastern fox squirrel Sciurus niger Mexican fox squirrel Sciurus nayaritensis Arizona gray squirrel Sciurus arizonensis Western gray squirrel Sciurus griseus Abert's squirrel Sciurus aberti American red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Douglas’s squirrel Tamiasciurus douglasii Northern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus Southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans Harris’s antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus harrisii (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-97 Rodents (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name White-tailed antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus leucurus Texas antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus interpres Nelson’s antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus nelsoni Black-tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus White-tailed prairie dog Cynomys leucurus Utah prairie dog Cynomys parvidens Gunnison’s prairie dog Cynomys gunnisoni Woodchuck Marmota monax Yellow-bellied marmot Marmota flaviventris Hoary marmot Marmota caligata Alaska marmot Marmota broweri Olympic Marmot Marmota olympus Vancouver Island marmot Marmota vancouverensis California ground squirrel Otospermophilus beecheyi Rock squirrel Otospermophilus variegatus Golden-mantled ground squirrel Callospermophilus lateralis Cascade ground squirrel Callospermophilus saturatus Mohave ground squirrel Xerospermophilus mohavensis Spotted ground squirrel Xerospermophilus spilosoma Round-tailed ground squirrel Xerospermophilus tereticaudus Franklin’s ground squirrel Poliocitellus franklinii Mexican ground squirrel Ictidomys mexicanus Thirteen-lined ground squirrel Ictidomys tridecemlineatus Uinta ground squirrel Urocittelus armatus Belding’s ground squirrel Urocittelus beldingi Idaho ground squirrel Urocittelus richardsonii Merriam's ground squirrel Urocittelus canus Columbian ground squirrel Urocittelus columbianus Wyoming ground squirrel Urocittelus elegans Arctic ground squirrel Urocittelus parryii Townsend’s ground squirrel Urocittelus townsendii Great Basin ground squirrel Urocittelus mollis Columbia Plateau ground squirrel Urocittelus canus Washington ground squirrel Urocittelus washingtoni Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus Alpine chipmunk Tamias alpinus Least chipmunk Tamias minimus Yellow-pine chipmunk Tamias amoenus Townsend’s chipmunk Tamias townsendii Allen’s chipmunk Tamias senex (continued on next page)

C-98 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Rodents (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Yellow-cheeked chipmunk Tamias ochrogenys Siskiyou chipmunk Tamias siskiyou Sonoma chipmunk Tamias sonomae Merriam’s chipmunk Tamias merriami California chipmunk Tamias obscurus Cliff chipmunk Tamias dorsalis Colorado chipmunk Tamias quadrivittatus Hopi chipmunk Tamias rufus Red-tailed chipmunk Tamias ruficaudus Gray-footed chipmunk Tamias canipes Gray-collared chipmunk Tamias cinereicollis Long-eared chipmunk Tamias quadrimaculatus Lodgepole chipmunk Tamias speciosus Panamint chipmunk Tamias panamintinus Uinta chipmunk Tamias umbrinus Palmer’s chipmunk Tamias palmeri Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus Beach vole Microtus breweri Montane vole Microtus montanus Gray-tailed vole Microtus canicaudus California vole Microtus californicus Townsend’s vole Microtus townsendii Tundra vole Microtus oeconomus Long-tailed vole Microtus longicaudus Creeping vole Microtus oregoni Rock vole Microtus chrotorrhinus Taiga vole Microtus xanthognathus Prairie vole Microtus ochrogaster Mexican vole Microtus mexicanus Woodland vole Microtus pinetorum Singing vole Microtus miurus Insular vole Microtus abbreviatus Water vole Microtus richardsoni Sagebrush vole Lemmiscus curtatus White-footed vole Arborimus albipes Red tree vole Arborimus longicaudus Sonoma tree vole Arborimus pomo Western heather vole Phenacomys intermedius Eastern heather vole Phenacomys ungava Western red-backed vole Myodes californicus (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-99 Rodents (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Southern red-backed vole Myodes gapperi Northern red-backed vole Myodes rutilus Northern bog lemming Synaptomys borealis Southern bog lemming Synaptomys cooperi Brown lemming Lemmus trimucronatus Northern collared lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus Ungave collared lemming Dicrostonyx hudsonius Richardson’s collared lemming Dicrostonyx richardsoni Common muskrat Ondatra zibethicus Round-tailed muskrat Neofiber alleni Eastern woodrat Neotoma floridana Allegheny woodrat Neotoma magister Southern Plains woodrat Neotoma micropus Western white-throated woodrat Neotoma albigula Eastern white-throated woodrat Neotoma leucodon Desert woodrat Neotoma lepida Arizona woodrat Neotoma devia Stephens’s woodrat Neotoma stephensi Mexican woodrat Neotoma mexicana Dusky-footed woodrat Neotoma fuscipes Big-eared woodrat Neotoma macrotis Bushy-tailed woodrat Neotoma cinerea Northern pygmy mouse Baiomys taylori Golden mouse Ochrotomys nuttalli Cactus mouse Peromyscus eremicus Northern Baja mouse Peromyscus fraterculus Mesquite mouse Peromyscus merriami California mouse Peromyscus californicus Oldfield mouse Peromyscus polionotus Keen’s mouse Peromyscus keeni American deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus White-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus Cotton mouse Peromyscus gossypinus Canyon mouse Peromyscus crinitus White-ankled mouse Peromyscus pectoralis Brush mouse Peromyscus boylii Texas mouse Peromyscus attwateri Pinon mouse Peromyscus truei Osgood’s mouse Peromyscus gratus Northern pocket mouse Peromyscus nasutus (continued on next page)

C-100 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Rodents (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Florida mouse Podomys floridanus Plains harvest mouse Reithrodontomys montanus Eastern harvest mouse Reithrodontomys humulis Western harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis Salt-marsh harvest mouse Reithrodontomys raviventris Fulvous harvest mouse Reithrodontomys fulvescens Northern grasshopper mouse Onychomys leucogaster Southern grasshopper mouse Onychomys torridus Mearn’s grasshopper mouse Onychomys arenicola Hispid cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus Arizona cotton rat Sigmodon arizonae Tawny-bellied cotton rat Sigmodon fulviventer Yellow-nosed cotton rat Sigmodon ochrognathus Coues’s rice rat Oryzomys couesi Marsh rice rat Oryzomys palustris House mouse Mus musculus Black rat Rattus rattus Norway rat Rattus norvegicus Nutria Myocastor coypus Northern short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda Southern short-tailed shrew Blarina carolinensis Elliot’s short-tailed shrew Blarina hylophaga Least shrew Cryptotis parva Desert shrew Notiosorex crawfordi Arctic shrew Sorex arcticus Maritime shrew Sorex maritimensis Tundra shrew Sorex tundrensis Alaska tiny shrew Sorex yukonicus Marsh shrew Sorex bendirii American water shrew Sorex palustris Smoky shrew Sorex fumeus Rock shrew Sorex dispar Gaspe shrew Sorex gaspensis Barren ground shrew Sorex ugyunak Saint Lawrence Island shrew Sorex jacksoni Pribilof Island shrew Sorex hydrodromus Masked shrew Sorex cinereus Hayden’s shrew Sorex haydeni Mount Lyell shrew Sorex lyelli Southeastern shrew Sorex longirostris (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-101 Rodents (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Preble’s shrew Sorex preblei Pacific shrew Sorex pacificus Fog shrew Sorex sonomae Baird’s shrew Sorex bairdi Montane shrew Sorex monticolus New Mexico shrew Sorex neomexicanus Vagrant shrew Sorex vagrans Ornate shrew Sorex ornatus Dwarf shrew Sorex nanus Inyo shrew Sorex tenellus Pygmy shrew Sorex hoyi Arizona shrew Sorex arizonae Merriam’s shrew Sorex merriami Trowbridge’s shrew Sorex trowbridgii American shrew mole Neurotrichus gibbsii Broad-footed mole Scapanus latimanus Coast mole Scapanus orarius Townsend’s mole Scapanus townsendii Hairy-tailed mole Parascalops breweri Eastern mole Scalopus aquaticus Star-nosed mole Condylura cristata Lagomorphs Common Name Scientific Name Collared pika Ochotona collaris American pika Ochotona princeps Pygmy rabbit Brachylagus idahoensis Brush rabbit Sylvilagus bachmani Swamp rabbit Sylvilagus aquaticus Marsh rabbit Sylvilagus palustris Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus New England cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis Appalachian cottontail Sylvilagus obscurus Mountain cottontail Sylvilagus nuttallii Desert cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Snowshoe hare Lepus americanus Alaskan hare Lepus othus Arctic hare Lepus arcticus White-tailed jackrabbit Lepus townsendii Black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus (continued on next page)

C-102 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Lagomorphs (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name White-sided jackrabbit Lepus callotis Antelope jackrabbit Lepus alleni European hare Lepus capensis Bats Common Name Scientific Name Western pipistrelle Pipistrellus hesperus Eastern pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus Big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus Evening bat Nycticeius humeralis Southern yellow bat Lasiurus ega Western yellow bat Lasiurus xanthinus Northern yellow bat Lasiurus intermedius Eastern red bat Lasiurus borealis Western red bat Lasiurus blossevillii Seminole bat Lasiurus seminolus Hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus Spotted bat Euderma maculatum Rafinesque’s big-eared bat Corynorhinus rafinesquii Townsend’s big-eared bat Corynorhinus townsendii California myotis Myotis californicus Western small-footed myotis Myotis ciliolabrum Eastern small-footed myotis Myotis leibii Yuma myotis Myotis yumanensis Little brown bat Myotis lucifugus Arizona myotis Myotis occultus Indiana myotis Myotis sodalis Southeastern myotis Myotis austroriparius Cave myotis Myotis velifer Gray myotis Myotis grisescens Long-legged myotis Myotis volans Northern myotis Myotis septentrionalis Southwestern myotis Myotis auriculus Long-eared myotis Myotis evotis Keen’s myotis Myotis keenii Fringed myotis Myotis thysanodes Florida bonneted bat Eumops floridanus Western bonneted bat Eumops perotis Underwood’s bonneted bat Eumops underwoodi Little mastiff bat Molossus molossus (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-103 Bats Common Name Scientific Name Pocketed free-tailed bat Nyctinomops femorosaccus Big free-tailed bat Nyctinomops macrotis Brazilian free-tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis Pallid bat Antrozous pallidus Peter’s ghost-faced bat Mormoops megalophylla California leaf-nosed bat Macrotus californicus Silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans Allen’s big-eared bat Idionycteris phyllotis Cuban flower bat Phyllonycteris poeyi Mexican long-tongued bat Choeronycteris mexicana Buffy flower bat Erophylla sezekorni Hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata Lesser long-nosed bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae Mexican long-nosed bat Leptonycteris nivalis Jamaican fruit-eating bat Artibeus jamaicensis Cuban fig-eating bat Phyllops falcatus Mesomammals Common Name Scientific Name Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana Nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus Ringtail Bassariscus astutus Northern raccoon Procyon lotor White-nosed coati Nasua narica Western spotted skunk Spilogale gracilis Eastern spotted skunk Spilgale putorius Striped skunk Mephitis mephitis White-backed hog-nosed skunk Conepatus leuconotus Hooded skunk Mephitis macroura American marten Martes americana Fisher Martes pennanti Least weasel Mustela nivalis Short-tailed weasel Mustela erminea Long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata American mink Mustela vison Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes Wolverine Gulo gulo American badger Taxidea taxus Northern river otter Lontra canadensis (continued on next page)

C-104 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Canids Common Name Scientific Name Coyote Canis latrans Domestic/feral dog Canis familiiaris Gray wolf Canis lupus Eastern timber wolf Canis lycaon Red wolf Canis rufus Arctic fox Alopex lagopus Swift fox Vulpes velox Kit fox Vulpes macrotis Red fox Vulpes vulpes Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Island gray fox Urocyon littoralis Felids Common Name Scientific Name Cougar Puma concolor Ocelot Leopardus pardalis Jaguarundi Herpailurus yagouaroundi Bobcat Lynx rufus Canada lynx Lynx canadensis Jaguar Panthera onca Domestic/feral cat Felis catus Hooved Common Name Scientific Name Wild boar Sus scrofa Collared peccary Tayassu tajacu Elk Cervus elaphus Sika deer Cervus nippon Sambar deer Cervus unicolor Axis deer Axis axis Fallow deer Dama dama White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Mule deer Odocoileus hemionus Moose Alces alces Caribou Rangifer tarandus Pronghorn Antilocapra americana Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus American bison Bos bison Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra Mountain goat Oreamnos americanus Muskox Ovibos moschatus (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-105 Hooved Common Name Scientific Name Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia Bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis Dall’s sheep Ovis dalli European mouflon Ovis musimon Feral donkey Equus asinus Feral horse Equus ferus Bears Common Name Scientific Name Black bear Ursus americanus Brown bear Ursus arctos Polar bear Ursus maritimus Source BASH Inc.

C-106 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Attachment 8: The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Avian Species List by Guild and Severity Score Weights expressed in grams (g) Waterbirds Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Least Grebe Tachybaptus dominicus Waterbirds <300g 1 Yellow Rail Coturnicops noveboracensis Waterbirds <300g 1 Black Rail Laterallus jamaicensis Waterbirds <300g 1 Corn Crake Crex crex Waterbirds <300g 1 Ridgway's Rail Rallus obsoletus Waterbirds <300g 1 Clapper Rail Rallus crepitans Waterbirds <300g 1 King Rail Rallus elegans Waterbirds <300g 1 Virginia Rail Rallus limicola Waterbirds <300g 1 Rufous-necked Wood-Rail Aramides axillaris Waterbirds <300g 1 Gray-necked Wood-Rail Aramides cajaneus Waterbirds <300g 1 Sora Porzana carolina Waterbirds <300g 1 Paint-billed Crake Neocrex erythrops Waterbirds <300g 1 Spotted Rail Pardirallus maculatus Waterbirds <300g 1 Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio Waterbirds <300g 1 Purple Gallinule Porphyrio martinicus Waterbirds <300g 1 Azure Gallinule Porphyrio flavirostris Waterbirds <300g 1 Common Gallinule Gallinula galeata Waterbirds <300g 1 Sungrebe Heliornis fulica Waterbirds <300g 1 Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps Waterbirds 300-999g 2 Horned Grebe Podiceps auritus Waterbirds 300-999g 2 Eared Grebe Podiceps nigricollis Waterbirds 300-999g 2 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Waterbirds 300-999g 2 Eurasian Coot Fulica atra Waterbirds 300-999g 2 Hawaiian Coot Fulica alai Waterbirds 300-999g 2 American Coot Fulica americana Waterbirds 300-999g 2 Red-throated Loon Gavia stellata Waterbirds 1000-1999g 3 Arctic Loon Gavia arctica Waterbirds 1000-1999g 3 Pacific Loon Gavia pacifica Waterbirds 1000-1999g 3 Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena Waterbirds 1000-1999g 3 Western Grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis Waterbirds 1000-1999g 3 Clark's Grebe Aechmophorus clarkii Waterbirds 1000-1999g 3 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-107 Waterbirds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Common Loon Gavia immer Waterbirds 2000-3999g 4 Yellow-billed Loon Gavia adamsii Waterbirds >4000g 5 Seabirds Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Juan Fernandez Petrel Pterodroma externa Seabirds <300g 1 Bonin Petrel Pterodroma hypoleuca Seabirds <300g 1 Black-winged Petrel Pterodroma nigripennis Seabirds <300g 1 Phoenix Petrel Pterodroma alba Seabirds <300g 1 Jouanin's Petrel Bulweria fallax Seabirds <300g 1 Wilson's Storm-Petrel Oceanites oceanicus Seabirds <300g 1 White-faced Storm-Petrel Pelagodroma marina Seabirds <300g 1 European Storm-Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus Seabirds <300g 1 Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma furcata Seabirds <300g 1 Ringed Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma hornbyi Seabirds <300g 1 Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma monorhis Seabirds <300g 1 Leach's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa Seabirds <300g 1 Ashy Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma homochroa Seabirds <300g 1 Band-rumped Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma castro Seabirds <300g 1 Wedge-rumped Storm- Petrel Oceanodroma tethys Seabirds <300g 1 Black Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma melania Seabirds <300g 1 Tristram's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma tristrami Seabirds <300g 1 Least Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma microsoma Seabirds <300g 1 Dovekie Alle alle Seabirds <300g 1 Long-billed Murrelet Brachyramphus perdix Seabirds <300g 1 Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus Seabirds <300g 1 Kittlitz's Murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris Seabirds <300g 1 Scripps's Murrelet Synthliboramphus scrippsi Seabirds <300g 1 Guadalupe Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus Seabirds <300g 1 Craveri's Murrelet Synthliboramphus craveri Seabirds <300g 1 Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus Seabirds <300g 1 Cassin's Auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus Seabirds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

C-108 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Seabirds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Least Auklet Aethia pusilla Seabirds <300g 1 Whiskered Auklet Aethia pygmaea Seabirds <300g 1 Crested Auklet Aethia cristatella Seabirds <300g 1 Southern Giant-Petrel Macronectes giganteus Seabirds 300-999g 2 Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus Seabirds 300-999g 2 Northern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis Seabirds 300-999g 2 Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera Seabirds 300-999g 2 Providence Petrel Pterodroma solandri Seabirds 300-999g 2 Zino's Petrel Pterodroma madeira Seabirds 300-999g 2 Kermadec Petrel Pterodroma neglecta Seabirds 300-999g 2 Trindade Petrel Pterodroma arminjoniana Seabirds 300-999g 2 Murphy's Petrel Pterodroma ultima Seabirds 300-999g 2 Mottled Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata Seabirds 300-999g 2 Bermuda Petrel Pterodroma cahow Seabirds 300-999g 2 Black-capped Petrel Pterodroma hasitata Seabirds 300-999g 2 Hawaiian Petrel Pterodroma sandwichensis Seabirds 300-999g 2 White-necked Petrel Pterodroma cervicalis Seabirds 300-999g 2 Fea's Petrel Pterodroma feae Seabirds 300-999g 2 Cook's Petrel Pterodroma cookii Seabirds 300-999g 2 Stejneger's Petrel Pterodroma longirostris Seabirds 300-999g 2 Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii Seabirds 300-999g 2 Parkinson's Petrel Procellaria parkinsoni Seabirds 300-999g 2 Streaked Shearwater Calonectris leucomelas Seabirds 300-999g 2 Cory's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea Seabirds 300-999g 2 Cape Verde Shearwater Calonectris edwardsii Seabirds 300-999g 2 Pink-footed Shearwater Puffinus creatopus Seabirds 300-999g 2 Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes Seabirds 300-999g 2 Great Shearwater Puffinus gravis Seabirds 300-999g 2 Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus pacificus Seabirds 300-999g 2 Buller's Shearwater Puffinus bulleri Seabirds 300-999g 2 Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus Seabirds 300-999g 2 Short-tailed Shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris Seabirds 300-999g 2 Christmas Shearwater Puffinus nativitatis Seabirds 300-999g 2 Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus Seabirds 300-999g 2 Townsend's Shearwater Puffinus auricularis Seabirds 300-999g 2 Bryan's Shearwater Puffinus bryani Seabirds 300-999g 2 Black-vented Shearwater Puffinus opisthomelas Seabirds 300-999g 2 Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus lherminieri Seabirds 300-999g 2 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-109 Seabirds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Barolo Shearwater Puffinus baroli Seabirds 300-999g 2 White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus Seabirds 300-999g 2 Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus Seabirds 300-999g 2 Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda Seabirds 300-999g 2 Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus Seabirds 300-999g 2 Parasitic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus Seabirds 300-999g 2 Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus Seabirds 300-999g 2 Common Murre Uria aalge Seabirds 300-999g 2 Thick-billed Murre Uria lomvia Seabirds 300-999g 2 Razorbill Alca torda Seabirds 300-999g 2 Great Auk Pinguinus impennis Seabirds 300-999g 2 Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle Seabirds 300-999g 2 Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba Seabirds 300-999g 2 Parakeet Auklet Aethia psittacula Seabirds 300-999g 2 Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata Seabirds 300-999g 2 Atlantic Puffin Fratercula arctica Seabirds 300-999g 2 Horned Puffin Fratercula corniculata Seabirds 300-999g 2 Tufted Puffin Fratercula cirrhata Seabirds 300-999g 2 Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens Seabirds 1000-1999g 3 Great Frigatebird Fregata minor Seabirds 1000-1999g 3 Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel Seabirds 1000-1999g 3 Masked Booby Sula dactylatra Seabirds 1000-1999g 3 Nazca Booby Sula granti Seabirds 1000-1999g 3 Blue-footed Booby Sula nebouxii Seabirds 1000-1999g 3 Brown Booby Sula leucogaster Seabirds 1000-1999g 3 Red-footed Booby Sula sula Seabirds 1000-1999g 3 Northern Gannet Morus bassanus Seabirds 1000-1999g 3 Great Skua Stercorarius skua Seabirds 1000-1999g 3 South Polar Skua Stercorarius maccormicki Seabirds 1000-1999g 3 Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche chlororhynchos Seabirds 2000-3999g 4 White-capped Albatross Thalassarche cauta Seabirds 2000-3999g 4 Salvin's Albatross Thalassarche salvini Seabirds 2000-3999g 4 Chatham Albatross Thalassarche eremita Seabirds 2000-3999g 4 Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris Seabirds 2000-3999g 4 Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans Seabirds 2000-3999g 4 Light-mantled Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata Seabirds 2000-3999g 4 (continued on next page)

C-110 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Seabirds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Laysan Albatross Phoebastria immutabilis Seabirds 2000-3999g 4 Black-footed Albatross Phoebastria nigripes Seabirds 2000-3999g 4 Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus Seabirds 2000-3999g 4 Pelicans/Cormorants Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus Pelicans 1000-1999g 3 Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus Pelicans 1000-1999g 3 Pelagic Cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pelicans 1000-1999g 3 Anhinga Anhinga anhinga Pelicans 1000-1999g 3 Brandt's Cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus Pelicans 2000-3999g 4 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Pelicans 2000-3999g 4 Red-faced Cormorant Phalacrocorax urile Pelicans 2000-3999g 4 Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis Pelicans 2000-3999g 4 American White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Pelicans >4000g 5 Waders If Flocks ≥ 5 5 Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus Waders 300-999g 2 Great Bittern Botaurus stellaris Waders 300-999g 2 Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis Waders 300-999g 2 Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis Waders 300-999g 2 Great Egret Ardea alba Waders 300-999g 2 Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia Waders 300-999g 2 Chinese Egret Egretta eulophotes Waders 300-999g 2 Little Egret Egretta garzetta Waders 300-999g 2 Western Reef-Heron Egretta gularis Waders 300-999g 2 Snowy Egret Egretta thula Waders 300-999g 2 Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea Waders 300-999g 2 Tricolored Heron Egretta tricolor Waders 300-999g 2 Reddish Egret Egretta rufescens Waders 300-999g 2 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Waders 300-999g 2 Chinese Pond-Heron Ardeola bacchus Waders 300-999g 2 Green Heron Butorides virescens Waders 300-999g 2 Striated Heron Butorides striata Waders 300-999g 2 Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Waders 300-999g 2 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-111 Waders (Continued) If Flocks ≥ 5 5 Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Yellow-crowned Night- Heron Nyctanassa violacea Waders 300-999g 2 White Ibis Eudocimus albus Waders 300-999g 2 Scarlet Ibis Eudocimus ruber Waders 300-999g 2 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus Waders 300-999g 2 White-faced Ibis Plegadis chihi Waders 300-999g 2 Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus Waders 300-999g 2 Gray Heron Ardea cinerea Waders 1000-1999g 3 Bare-throated Tiger-Heron Tigrisoma mexicanum Waders 1000-1999g 3 Roseate Spoonbill Platalea ajaja Waders 1000-1999g 3 Limpkin Aramus guarauna Waders 1000-1999g 3 Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias Waders 2000-3999g 4 American Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber Waders >4000g 5 Chilean Flamingo Phoenicopterus chilensis Waders >4000g 5 Jabiru Jabiru mycteria Waders >4000g 5 Wood Stork Mycteria americana Waders >4000g 5 Waterfowl If Flocks < 5 4 If Flocks ≥ 5 5 Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Black-bellied Whistling- Duck Dendrocygna autumnalis Waterfowl 300-999g 2 West Indian Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna arborea Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Fulvous Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna bicolor Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Wood Duck Aix sponsa Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Gadwall Anas strepera Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Falcated Duck Anas falcata Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope Waterfowl 300-999g 2 American Wigeon Anas americana Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Hawaiian Duck Anas wyvilliana Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Eastern Spot-billed Duck Anas zonorhyncha Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Blue-winged Teal Anas discors Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata Waterfowl 300-999g 2 White-cheeked Pintail Anas bahamensis Waterfowl 300-999g 2 (continued on next page)

C-112 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Waterfowl (Continued) If Flocks < 5 4 If Flocks ≥ 5 5 Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Northern Pintail Anas acuta Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Garganey Anas querquedula Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Baikal Teal Anas formosa Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Green-winged Teal Anas crecca Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Common Pochard Aythya ferina Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Greater Scaup Aythya marila Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Labrador Duck Camptorhynchus labradorius Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Surf Scoter Melanitta perspicillata Waterfowl 300-999g 2 White-winged Scoter Melanitta fusca Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Common Scoter Melanitta nigra Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Black Scoter Melanitta americana Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Bufflehead Bucephala albeola Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Barrow's Goldeneye Bucephala islandica Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Smew Mergellus albellus Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Masked Duck Nomonyx dominicus Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis Waterfowl 300-999g 2 Brant Branta bernicla Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Cackling Goose Branta hutchinsii Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Hawaiian Goose Branta sandvicensis Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 American Black Duck Anas rubripes Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Mottled Duck Anas fulvigula Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Canvasback Aythya valisineria Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Redhead Aythya americana Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Common Merganser Mergus merganser Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Steller's Eider Polysticta stelleri Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Spectacled Eider Somateria fischeri Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-113 Waterfowl (Continued) If Flocks < 5 4 If Flocks ≥ 5 5 Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity King Eider Somateria spectabilis Waterfowl 1000-1999g 3 Taiga Bean-Goose Anser fabalis Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Tundra Bean-Goose Anser serrirostris Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Graylag Goose Anser anser Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Emperor Goose Chen canagica Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Snow Goose Chen caerulescens Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Ross's Goose Chen rossii Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Canada Goose Branta canadensis Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Orinoco Goose Neochen jubata Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Common Eider Somateria mollissima Waterfowl 2000-3999g 4 Mute Swan Cygnus olor Waterfowl >4000g 5 Trumpeter Swan Cygnus buccinator Waterfowl >4000g 5 Tundra Swan Cygnus columbianus Waterfowl >4000g 5 Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus Waterfowl >4000g 5 Raptors/Vultures/Owls Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Hook-billed Kite Chondrohierax uncinatus Raptors <300g 1 Mississippi Kite Ictinia mississippiensis Raptors <300g 1 Chinese Sparrowhawk Accipiter soloensis Raptors <300g 1 Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus Raptors <300g 1 Oriental Scops-Owl Otus sunia Raptors <300g 1 Flammulated Owl Psiloscops flammeolus Raptors <300g 1 Western Screech-Owl Megascops kennicottii Raptors <300g 1 Eastern Screech-Owl Megascops asio Raptors <300g 1 Whiskered Screech-Owl Megascops trichopsis Raptors <300g 1 Northern Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium gnoma Raptors <300g 1 Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium brasilianum Raptors <300g 1 Elf Owl Micrathene whitneyi Raptors <300g 1 Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia Raptors <300g 1 Great Gray Owl Strix nebulosa Raptors <300g 1 (continued on next page)

C-114 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Raptors/Vultures/Owls (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Long-eared Owl Asio otus Raptors <300g 1 Stygian Owl Asio stygius Raptors <300g 1 Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus Raptors <300g 1 Northern Saw-whet Owl Aegolius acadicus Raptors <300g 1 Northern Boobook Ninox japonica Raptors <300g 1 Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus Raptors <300g 1 American Kestrel Falco sparverius Raptors <300g 1 Merlin Falco columbarius Raptors <300g 1 Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo Raptors <300g 1 Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forficatus Raptors 300-999g 2 White-tailed Kite Elanus leucurus Raptors 300-999g 2 Snail Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis Raptors 300-999g 2 Double-toothed Kite Harpagus bidentatus Raptors 300-999g 2 Black Kite Milvus migrans Raptors 300-999g 2 Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus Raptors 300-999g 2 Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii Raptors 300-999g 2 Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis Raptors 300-999g 2 Crane Hawk Geranospiza caerulescens Raptors 300-999g 2 Common Black Hawk Buteogallus anthracinus Raptors 300-999g 2 Great Black Hawk Buteogallus urubitinga Raptors 300-999g 2 Harris's Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus Raptors 300-999g 2 White-tailed Hawk Geranoaetus albicaudatus Raptors 300-999g 2 Roadside Hawk Buteo magnirostris Raptors 300-999g 2 Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus Raptors 300-999g 2 Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus Raptors 300-999g 2 Gray Hawk Buteo plagiatus Raptors 300-999g 2 Gray-lined Hawk Buteo nitidus Raptors 300-999g 2 Short-tailed Hawk Buteo brachyurus Raptors 300-999g 2 Swainson's Hawk Buteo swainsoni Raptors 300-999g 2 Zone-tailed Hawk Buteo albonotatus Raptors 300-999g 2 Hawaiian Hawk Buteo solitarius Raptors 300-999g 2 Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis Raptors 300-999g 2 Common Buzzard Buteo buteo Raptors 300-999g 2 Barn Owl Tyto alba Raptors 300-999g 2 Northern Hawk Owl Surnia ulula Raptors 300-999g 2 Mottled Owl Ciccaba virgata Raptors 300-999g 2 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-115 Raptors/Vultures/Owls (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis Raptors 300-999g 2 Barred Owl Strix varia Raptors 300-999g 2 Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus Raptors 300-999g 2 Collared Forest-Falcon Micrastur semitorquatus Raptors 300-999g 2 Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus Raptors 300-999g 2 Aplomado Falcon Falco femoralis Raptors 300-999g 2 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Raptors 300-999g 2 Prairie Falcon Falco mexicanus Raptors 300-999g 2 Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura Raptors 1000-1999g 3 Osprey Pandion haliaetus Raptors 1000-1999g 3 White-tailed Hawk Buteo albicaudatus Raptors 1000-1999g 3 Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis Raptors 1000-1999g 3 Rough-legged Hawk Buteo lagopus Raptors 1000-1999g 3 Spectacled Owl Pulsatrix perspicillata Raptors 1000-1999g 3 Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus Raptors 1000-1999g 3 Snowy Owl Bubo scandiacus Raptors 1000-1999g 3 Crested Caracara Caracara cheriway Raptors 1000-1999g 3 Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus Raptors 1000-1999g 3 Black Vulture Coragyps atratus Raptors 2000-3999g 4 California Condor Gymnogyps californianus Raptors >4000g 5 Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Raptors >4000g 5 White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Raptors >4000g 5 Steller's Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus Raptors >4000g 5 Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Raptors >4000g 5 Upland Game Birds Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Mountain Quail Oreortyx pictus Upland Game Birds <300g 1 Scaled Quail Callipepla squamata Upland Game Birds <300g 1 California Quail Callipepla californica Upland Game Birds <300g 1 Gambel's Quail Callipepla gambelii Upland Game Birds <300g 1 Northern Bobwhite Colinus virginianus Upland Game Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

C-116 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Upland Game Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Montezuma Quail Cyrtonyx montezumae Upland Game Birds <300g 1 Gray Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus Upland Game Birds <300g 1 Chinese Bamboo-Partridge Bambusicola thoracicus Upland Game Birds <300g 1 Plain Chachalaca Ortalis vetula Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Chukar Alectoris chukar Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Gray Partridge Perdix perdix Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Lady Amherst's Pheasant Chrysolophus amherstiae Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Rock Ptarmigan Lagopus muta Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 White-tailed Ptarmigan Lagopus leucura Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Dusky Grouse Dendragapus obscurus Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Sooty Grouse Dendragapus fuliginosus Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Sharp-tailed Grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Greater Prairie-Chicken Tympanuchus cupido Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Lesser Prairie-Chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Spruce Grouse Falcipennis canadensis Upland Game Birds 300-999g 2 Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris Upland Game Birds 1000-1999g 3 Himalayan Snowcock Tetraogallus himalayensis Upland Game Birds 1000-1999g 3 Erckel's Francolin Francolinus erckelii Upland Game Birds 1000-1999g 3 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-117 Upland Game Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelanos Upland Game Birds 1000-1999g 3 Silver Pheasant Lophura nycthemera Upland Game Birds 1000-1999g 3 Elliot's Pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti Upland Game Birds 1000-1999g 3 Ring-necked Pheasant Phasianus colchicus Upland Game Birds 1000-1999g 3 Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus Upland Game Birds 2000-3999g 4 Gunnison Sage-Grouse Centrocercus minimus Upland Game Birds 2000-3999g 4 Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Upland Game Birds >4000g 5 Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo Upland Game Birds >4000g 5 Cranes Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Gray Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum Cranes >4000g 5 Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis Cranes >4000g 5 Sarus Crane Grus antigone Cranes >4000g 5 Common Crane Grus grus Cranes >4000g 5 Hooded Crane Grus monacha Cranes >4000g 5 Whooping Crane Grus americana Cranes >4000g 5 Shorebirds If Flocks < 20 4 If Flocks ≥ 20 5 Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Double-striped Thick-knee Burhinus bistriatus Shorebirds <300g 1 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus Shorebirds <300g 1 Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus Shorebirds <300g 1 Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus Shorebirds <300g 1 Sociable Lapwing Vanellus gregarius Shorebirds <300g 1 Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis squatarola Shorebirds <300g 1 European Golden-Plover Pluvialis apricaria Shorebirds <300g 1 American Golden-Plover Pluvialis dominica Shorebirds <300g 1 Pacific Golden-Plover Pluvialis fulva Shorebirds <300g 1 Lesser Sand-Plover Charadrius mongolus Shorebirds <300g 1 Greater Sand-Plover Charadrius leschenaultii Shorebirds <300g 1 Collared Plover Charadrius collaris Shorebirds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

C-118 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Shorebirds (Continued) If Flocks < 20 4 If Flocks ≥ 20 5 Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Snowy Plover Charadrius nivosus Shorebirds <300g 1 Wilson's Plover Charadrius wilsonia Shorebirds <300g 1 Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula Shorebirds <300g 1 Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus Shorebirds <300g 1 Piping Plover Charadrius melodus Shorebirds <300g 1 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius Shorebirds <300g 1 Killdeer Charadrius vociferus Shorebirds <300g 1 Mountain Plover Charadrius montanus Shorebirds <300g 1 Eurasian Dotterel Charadrius morinellus Shorebirds <300g 1 Northern Jacana Jacana spinosa Shorebirds <300g 1 Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus Shorebirds <300g 1 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Shorebirds <300g 1 Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius Shorebirds <300g 1 Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus Shorebirds <300g 1 Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria Shorebirds <300g 1 Gray-tailed Tattler Tringa brevipes Shorebirds <300g 1 Wandering Tattler Tringa incana Shorebirds <300g 1 Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus Shorebirds <300g 1 Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca Shorebirds <300g 1 Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia Shorebirds <300g 1 Willet Tringa semipalmata Shorebirds <300g 1 Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes Shorebirds <300g 1 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis Shorebirds <300g 1 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Shorebirds <300g 1 Common Redshank Tringa totanus Shorebirds <300g 1 Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda Shorebirds <300g 1 Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus Shorebirds <300g 1 Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres Shorebirds <300g 1 Black Turnstone Arenaria melanocephala Shorebirds <300g 1 Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris Shorebirds <300g 1 Red Knot Calidris canutus Shorebirds <300g 1 Surfbird Calidris virgata Shorebirds <300g 1 Ruff Calidris pugnax Shorebirds <300g 1 Broad-billed Sandpiper Calidris falcinellus Shorebirds <300g 1 Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata Shorebirds <300g 1 Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus Shorebirds <300g 1 Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea Shorebirds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-119 Shorebirds (Continued) If Flocks < 20 4 If Flocks ≥ 20 5 Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii Shorebirds <300g 1 Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta Shorebirds <300g 1 Spoon-billed Sandpiper Calidris pygmea Shorebirds <300g 1 Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis Shorebirds <300g 1 Sanderling Calidris alba Shorebirds <300g 1 Dunlin Calidris alpina Shorebirds <300g 1 Rock Sandpiper Calidris ptilocnemis Shorebirds <300g 1 Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima Shorebirds <300g 1 Baird's Sandpiper Calidris bairdii Shorebirds <300g 1 Little Stint Calidris minuta Shorebirds <300g 1 Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla Shorebirds <300g 1 White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis Shorebirds <300g 1 Buff-breasted Sandpiper Calidris subruficollis Shorebirds <300g 1 Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos Shorebirds <300g 1 Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla Shorebirds <300g 1 Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri Shorebirds <300g 1 Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus griseus Shorebirds <300g 1 Long-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus Shorebirds <300g 1 Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus Shorebirds <300g 1 Wilson's Snipe Gallinago delicata Shorebirds <300g 1 Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago Shorebirds <300g 1 Pin-tailed Snipe Gallinago stenura Shorebirds <300g 1 Solitary Snipe Gallinago solitaria Shorebirds <300g 1 Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola Shorebirds <300g 1 American Woodcock Scolopax minor Shorebirds <300g 1 Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor Shorebirds <300g 1 Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus Shorebirds <300g 1 Red Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius Shorebirds <300g 1 Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum Shorebirds <300g 1 American Avocet Recurvirostra americana Shorebirds 300-999g 2 Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus Shorebirds 300-999g 2 American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus Shorebirds 300-999g 2 Black Oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani Shorebirds 300-999g 2 Little Curlew Numenius minutus Shorebirds 300-999g 2 Eskimo Curlew Numenius borealis Shorebirds 300-999g 2 Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis Shorebirds 300-999g 2 (continued on next page)

C-120 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Shorebirds (Continued) If Flocks < 20 4 If Flocks ≥ 20 5 Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Far Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis Shorebirds 300-999g 2 Slender-billed Curlew Numenius tenuirostris Shorebirds 300-999g 2 Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata Shorebirds 300-999g 2 Long-billed Curlew Numenius americanus Shorebirds 300-999g 2 Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Shorebirds 300-999g 2 Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica Shorebirds 300-999g 2 Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica Shorebirds 300-999g 2 Marbled Godwit Limosa fedoa Shorebirds 300-999g 2 Gulls/Terns If Flocks < 10 4 If Flocks ≥ 10 5 Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Swallow-tailed Gull Creagrus furcatus Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Red-legged Kittiwake Rissa brevirostris Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnea Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Sabine's Gull Xema sabini Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Bonaparte's Gull Chroicocephalus philadelphia Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Little Gull Hydrocoloeus minutus Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Ross's Gull Rhodostethia rosea Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Laughing Gull Leucophaeus atricilla Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Brown Noddy Anous stolidus Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Black Noddy Anous minutus Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Blue-gray Noddy Procelsterna cerulea Gulls/Terns <300g 1 White Tern Gygis alba Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Gray-backed Tern Onychoprion lunatus Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Aleutian Tern Onychoprion aleuticus Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Little Tern Sternula albifrons Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Least Tern Sternula antillarum Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Large-billed Tern Phaetusa simplex Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Black Tern Chlidonias niger Gulls/Terns <300g 1 White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus Gulls/Terns <300g 1 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-121 Gulls/Terns (Continued) If Flocks < 10 4 If Flocks ≥ 10 5 Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Common Tern Sterna hirundo Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Forster's Tern Sterna forsteri Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Great Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Elegant Tern Thalasseus elegans Gulls/Terns <300g 1 Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 Franklin's Gull Leucophaeus pipixcan Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 Belcher's Gull Larus belcheri Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 Black-tailed Gull Larus crassirostris Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 Heermann's Gull Larus heermanni Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 Mew Gull Larus canus Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 California Gull Larus californicus Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 Royal Tern Thalasseus maximus Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 Black Skimmer Rynchops niger Gulls/Terns 300-999g 2 Western Gull Larus occidentalis Gulls/Terns 1000-1999g 3 Yellow-footed Gull Larus livens Gulls/Terns 1000-1999g 3 Herring Gull Larus argentatus Gulls/Terns 1000-1999g 3 Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis Gulls/Terns 1000-1999g 3 Thayer's Gull Larus thayeri Gulls/Terns 1000-1999g 3 Slaty-backed Gull Larus schistisagus Gulls/Terns 1000-1999g 3 Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens Gulls/Terns 1000-1999g 3 Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus Gulls/Terns 1000-1999g 3 Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus Gulls/Terns 1000-1999g 3 Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus Gulls/Terns 1000-1999g 3 (continued on next page)

C-122 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Pigeons/Doves If Flocks < 20 4 If Flocks ≥ 20 5 Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse Pterocles exustus Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Rock Pigeon Columba livia Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Scaly-naped Pigeon Patagioenas squamosa Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 White-crowned Pigeon Patagioenas leucocephala Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Red-billed Pigeon Patagioenas flavirostris Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia orientalis Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 African Collared-Dove Streptopelia roseogrisea Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 European Turtle-Dove Streptopelia turtur Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Zebra Dove Geopelia striata Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Inca Dove Columbina inca Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Common Ground-Dove Columbina passerina Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Ruddy Ground-Dove Columbina talpacoti Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Ruddy Quail-Dove Geotrygon montana Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Key West Quail-Dove Geotrygon chrysia Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 White-tipped Dove Leptotila verreauxi Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 White-winged Dove Zenaida asiatica Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Zenaida Dove Zenaida aurita Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura Pigeons/Doves <300g 1 Band-tailed Pigeon Patagioenas fasciata Pigeons/Doves 300- 999g 2 Parrots Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Galah Eolophus roseicapilla Parrots <300g 1 Tanimbar corella Cacatua goffiniana Parrots <300g 1 Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita Parrots <300g 1 Salmon-crested Cockatoo Cacutua moluccensis Parrots <300g 1 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Parrots <300g 1 Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala Parrots <300g 1 Blossom-headed Parakeet Psittacula roseata Parrots <300g 1 Pale-headed Rosella Platycercus adscitus Parrots <300g 1 Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus Parrots <300g 1 Chattering Lory Lorius garrulus Parrots <300g 1 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-123 Parrots (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus Parrots <300g 1 Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus Parrots <300g 1 Rosy-faced Lovebird Agapornis roseicollis Parrots <300g 1 Fischer's Lovebird Agapornis fischeri Parrots <300g 1 Yellow-collared Lovebird Agapornis personatus Parrots <300g 1 Monk Parakeet Myiopsitta monachus Parrots <300g 1 Tuui Parakeet Brotogeris sanctithomae Parrots <300g 1 White-winged Parakeet Brotogeris versicolurus Parrots <300g 1 Yellow-chevroned Parakeet Brotogeris chiriri Parrots <300g 1 Orange-chinned Parakeet Brotogeris jugularis Parrots <300g 1 Maroon-bellied Parakeet Pyrrhura frontalis Parrots <300g 1 Green-cheeked Parakeet Pyrrhura molinae Parrots <300g 1 Burrowing Parakeet Cyanoliseus patagonus Parrots <300g 1 Orange-fronted Parakeet Eupsittula canicularis Parrots <300g 1 Peach-fronted Parakeet Eupsittula aurea Parrots <300g 1 Brown-throated Parakeet Eupsittula pertinax Parrots <300g 1 Dusky-headed Parakeet Aratinga weddellii Parrots <300g 1 Nanday Parakeet Aratinga nenday Parrots <300g 1 Blue-crowned Parakeet Thectocercus acuticaudatus Parrots <300g 1 Crimson-fronted Parakeet Psittacara finschi Parrots <300g 1 Scarlet-fronted Parakeet Psittacara wagleri Parrots <300g 1 Mitred Parakeet Psittacara mitratus Parrots <300g 1 Red-masked Parakeet Psittacara erythrogenys Parrots <300g 1 White-eyed Parakeet Psittacara leucophthalmus Parrots <300g 1 Eclectus Parrot Eclectus roratus Parrots 300-999g 2 Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria Parrots 300-999g 2 Gray Parrot Psittacus erithacus Parrots 300-999g 2 Rueppell's Parrot Poicephalus rueppellii Parrots 300-999g 2 Senegal Parrot Poicephalus senegalus Parrots 300-999g 2 White-crowned Parrot Pionus senilis Parrots 300-999g 2 Festive Parrot Amazona festiva Parrots 300-999g 2 Red-spectacled Parrot Amazona pretrei Parrots 300-999g 2 Red-crowned Parrot Amazona viridigenalis Parrots 300-999g 2 Lilac-crowned Parrot Amazona finschi Parrots 300-999g 2 Red-lored Parrot Amazona autumnalis Parrots 300-999g 2 Yellow-headed Parrot Amazona oratrix Parrots 300-999g 2 (continued on next page)

C-124 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Parrots (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Yellow-shouldered Parrot Amazona barbadensis Parrots 300-999g 2 Turquoise-fronted Parrot Amazona aestiva Parrots 300-999g 2 White-fronted Parrot Amazona albifrons Parrots 300-999g 2 Hispaniolan Parrot Amazona ventralis Parrots 300-999g 2 Mealy Parrot Amazona farinosa Parrots 300-999g 2 Orange-winged Parrot Amazona amazonica Parrots 300-999g 2 Thick-billed Parrot Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Parrots 300-999g 2 Maroon-fronted Parrot Rhynchopsitta terrisi Parrots 300-999g 2 Chestnut-fronted Macaw Ara severus Parrots 300-999g 2 Yellow-collared Macaw Primolius auricollis Parrots 300-999g 2 Red-shouldered Macaw Diopsittaca nobilis Parrots 300-999g 2 Hyacinth Macaw Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Parrots 1000-3999g 3 Blue-and-yellow Macaw Ara ararauna Parrots 1000-3999g 3 Military Macaw Ara militaris Parrots 1000-3999g 3 Scarlet Macaw Ara macao Parrots 1000-3999g 3 Aerial Foragers Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Lesser Nighthawk Chordeiles acutipennis Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Antillean Nighthawk Chordeiles gundlachii Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Common Pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Common Poorwill Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Chuck-will's-widow Antrostomus carolinensis Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Buff-collared Nightjar Antrostomus ridgwayi Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Eastern Whip-poor-will Antrostomus vociferus Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Mexican Whip-poor-will Antrostomus arizonae Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Gray Nightjar Caprimulgus jotaka Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Black Swift Cypseloides niger Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Vaux's Swift Chaetura vauxi Aerial Foragers <300g 1 White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Mariana Swiftlet Aerodramus bartschi Aerial Foragers <300g 1 White-nest Swiftlet Aerodramus fuciphagus Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Common Swift Apus apus Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Pacific Swift Apus pacificus Aerial Foragers <300g 1 White-throated Swift Aeronautes saxatalis Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Purple Martin Progne subis Aerial Foragers <300g 1 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-125 Aerial Foragers (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Cuban Martin Progne cryptoleuca Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Gray-breasted Martin Progne chalybea Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Southern Martin Progne elegans Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Brown-chested Martin Progne tapera Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Mangrove Swallow Tachycineta albilinea Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Bahama Swallow Tachycineta cyaneoviridis Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Northern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Bank Swallow Riparia riparia Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Cave Swallow Petrochelidon fulva Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Common House-Martin Delichon urbicum Aerial Foragers <300g 1 Woodland Birds Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Oriental Cuckoo Cuculus optatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Dark-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus melacoryphus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Mangrove Cuckoo Coccyzus minor Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Smooth-billed Ani Crotophaga ani Woodland Birds <300g 1 Groove-billed Ani Crotophaga sulcirostris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Green Violetear Colibri thalassinus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Green-breasted Mango Anthracothorax prevostii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Magnificent Hummingbird Eugenes fulgens Woodland Birds <300g 1 Plain-capped Starthroat Heliomaster constantii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Blue-throated Hummingbird Lampornis clemenciae Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bahama Woodstar Calliphlox evelynae Woodland Birds <300g 1 Lucifer Hummingbird Calothorax lucifer Woodland Birds <300g 1 Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-chinned Hummingbird Archilochus alexandri Woodland Birds <300g 1 Anna's Hummingbird Calypte anna Woodland Birds <300g 1 Costa's Hummingbird Calypte costae Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bumblebee Hummingbird Atthis heloisa Woodland Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

C-126 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Woodland Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Broad-tailed Hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Allen's Hummingbird Selasphorus sasin Woodland Birds <300g 1 Calliope Hummingbird Selasphorus calliope Woodland Birds <300g 1 Broad-billed Hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Berylline Hummingbird Amazilia beryllina Woodland Birds <300g 1 Buff-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia yucatanensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Cinnamon Hummingbird Amazilia rutila Woodland Birds <300g 1 Violet-crowned Hummingbird Amazilia violiceps Woodland Birds <300g 1 White-eared Hummingbird Hylocharis leucotis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Xantus's Hummingbird Hylocharis xantusii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Elegant Trogon Trogon elegans Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eared Quetzal Euptilotis neoxenus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla Woodland Birds <300g 1 Lewis's Woodpecker Melanerpes lewis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Acorn Woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gila Woodpecker Melanerpes uropygialis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Golden-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes aurifrons Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red-bellied Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Williamson's Sapsucker Sphyrapicus thyroideus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red-breasted Sapsucker Sphyrapicus ruber Woodland Birds <300g 1 Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major Woodland Birds <300g 1 Ladder-backed Woodpecker Picoides scalaris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Nuttall's Woodpecker Picoides nuttallii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens Woodland Birds <300g 1 Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Arizona Woodpecker Picoides arizonae Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis Woodland Birds <300g 1 White-headed Woodpecker Picoides albolarvatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 American Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides dorsalis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-backed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus Woodland Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-127 Woodland Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gilded Flicker Colaptes chrysoides Woodland Birds <300g 1 Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Barred Antshrike Thamnophilus doliatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Northern Beardless- Tyrannulet Camptostoma imberbe Woodland Birds <300g 1 Greenish Elaenia Myiopagis viridicata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Caribbean Elaenia Elaenia martinica Woodland Birds <300g 1 White-crested Elaenia Elaenia albiceps Woodland Birds <300g 1 Tufted Flycatcher Mitrephanes phaeocercus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi Woodland Birds <300g 1 Greater Pewee Contopus pertinax Woodland Birds <300g 1 Western Wood-Pewee Contopus sordidulus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens Woodland Birds <300g 1 Cuban Pewee Contopus caribaeus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax flaviventris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens Woodland Birds <300g 1 Alder Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum Woodland Birds <300g 1 Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Hammond's Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gray Flycatcher Empidonax wrightii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri Woodland Birds <300g 1 Pacific-slope Flycatcher Empidonax difficilis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Cordilleran Flycatcher Empidonax occidentalis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Buff-breasted Flycatcher Empidonax fulvifrons Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black Phoebe Sayornis nigricans Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe Woodland Birds <300g 1 Say's Phoebe Sayornis saya Woodland Birds <300g 1 Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Dusky-capped Flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer Woodland Birds <300g 1 Ash-throated Flycatcher Myiarchus cinerascens Woodland Birds <300g 1 Nutting's Flycatcher Myiarchus nuttingi Woodland Birds <300g 1 Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Brown-crested Flycatcher Myiarchus tyrannulus Woodland Birds <300g 1 La Sagra's Flycatcher Myiarchus sagrae Woodland Birds <300g 1 Great Kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus Woodland Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

C-128 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Woodland Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Social Flycatcher Myiozetetes similis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher Myiodynastes luteiventris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Piratic Flycatcher Legatus leucophaius Woodland Birds <300g 1 Variegated Flycatcher Empidonomus varius Woodland Birds <300g 1 Crowned Slaty Flycatcher Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Couch's Kingbird Tyrannus couchii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Cassin's Kingbird Tyrannus vociferans Woodland Birds <300g 1 Thick-billed Kingbird Tyrannus crassirostris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Western Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gray Kingbird Tyrannus dominicensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Loggerhead Kingbird Tyrannus caudifasciatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus forficatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Fork-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus savana Woodland Birds <300g 1 Masked Tityra Tityra semifasciata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gray-collared Becard Pachyramphus major Woodland Birds <300g 1 Rose-throated Becard Pachyramphus aglaiae Woodland Birds <300g 1 Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Northern Shrike Lanius excubitor Woodland Birds <300g 1 White-eyed Vireo Vireo griseus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Thick-billed Vireo Vireo crassirostris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bell's Vireo Vireo bellii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-capped Vireo Vireo atricapilla Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gray Vireo Vireo vicinior Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons Woodland Birds <300g 1 Plumbeous Vireo Vireo plumbeus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Cassin's Vireo Vireo cassinii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Blue-headed Vireo Vireo solitarius Woodland Birds <300g 1 Hutton's Vireo Vireo huttoni Woodland Birds <300g 1 Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Philadelphia Vireo Vireo philadelphicus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-green Vireo Vireo flavoviridis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-whiskered Vireo Vireo altiloquus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yucatan Vireo Vireo magister Woodland Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-129 Woodland Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Hawaii Elepaio Chasiempis sandwichensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Kauai Elepaio Chasiempis sclateri Woodland Birds <300g 1 Oahu Elepaio Chasiempis ibidis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Carolina Chickadee Poecile carolinensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapillus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Mountain Chickadee Poecile gambeli Woodland Birds <300g 1 Mexican Chickadee Poecile sclateri Woodland Birds <300g 1 Chestnut-backed Chickadee Poecile rufescens Woodland Birds <300g 1 Boreal Chickadee Poecile hudsonicus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gray-headed Chickadee Poecile cinctus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Japanese Tit Parus minor Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bridled Titmouse Baeolophus wollweberi Woodland Birds <300g 1 Oak Titmouse Baeolophus inornatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Juniper Titmouse Baeolophus ridgwayi Woodland Birds <300g 1 Tufted Titmouse Baeolophus bicolor Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-crested Titmouse Baeolophus atricristatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Verdin Auriparus flaviceps Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Pygmy Nuthatch Sitta pygmaea Woodland Birds <300g 1 Brown-headed Nuthatch Sitta pusilla Woodland Birds <300g 1 Brown Creeper Certhia americana Woodland Birds <300g 1 Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Canyon Wren Catherpes mexicanus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eurasian Wren Troglodytes troglodytes Woodland Birds <300g 1 House Wren Troglodytes aedon Woodland Birds <300g 1 Pacific Wren Troglodytes pacificus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Winter Wren Troglodytes hiemalis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Sedge Wren Cistothorus platensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Carolina Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bewick's Wren Thryomanes bewickii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Cactus Wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Sinaloa Wren Thryophilus sinaloa Woodland Birds <300g 1 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea Woodland Birds <300g 1 California Gnatcatcher Polioptila californica Woodland Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

C-130 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Woodland Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Black-tailed Gnatcatcher Polioptila melanura Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-capped Gnatcatcher Polioptila nigriceps Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa Woodland Birds <300g 1 Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula Woodland Birds <300g 1 Japanese Bush-Warbler Cettia diphone Woodland Birds <300g 1 Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita Woodland Birds <300g 1 Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix Woodland Birds <300g 1 Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Pallas's Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus proregulus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Kamchatka Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus examinandus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca Woodland Birds <300g 1 Wrentit Chamaea fasciata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Chinese Hwamei Garrulax canorus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gray-sided Laughingthrush Lanthocincla caerulata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red-billed Leiothrix Leiothrix lutea Woodland Birds <300g 1 Millerbird Acrocephalus familiaris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Middendorff's Grasshopper- Warbler Locustella ochotensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Lanceolated Warbler Locustella lanceolata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gray-streaked Flycatcher Muscicapa griseisticta Woodland Birds <300g 1 Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa latirostris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Dark-sided Flycatcher Muscicapa sibirica Woodland Birds <300g 1 White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Rufous-tailed Robin Larvivora sibilans Woodland Birds <300g 1 Siberian Blue Robin Lavivora cyane Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bluethroat Luscinia svecica Woodland Birds <300g 1 Siberian Rubythroat Calliope calliope Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Narcissus Flycatcher Ficedula narcissina Woodland Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-131 Woodland Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Mugimaki Flycatcher Ficedula mugimaki Woodland Birds <300g 1 Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Blue Rock-Thrush Monticola solitarius Woodland Birds <300g 1 Siberian Stonechat Saxicola maurus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Taiga Flycatcher Ficedula albicilla Woodland Birds <300g 1 Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Western Bluebird Sialia mexicana Woodland Birds <300g 1 Mountain Bluebird Sialia currucoides Woodland Birds <300g 1 Townsend's Solitaire Myadestes townsendi Woodland Birds <300g 1 Olomao Myadestes lanaiensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Omao Myadestes obscurus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Puaiohi Myadestes palmeri Woodland Birds <300g 1 Orange-billed Nightingale- Thrush Catharus aurantiirostris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-headed Nightingale- Thrush Catharus mexicanus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Veery Catharus fuscescens Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gray-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bicknell's Thrush Catharus bicknelli Woodland Birds <300g 1 Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eyebrowed Thrush Turdus obscurus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Dusky Thrush Turdus naumanni Woodland Birds <300g 1 Fieldfare Turdus pilaris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Redwing Turdus iliacus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Song Thrush Turdus philomelos Woodland Birds <300g 1 Clay-colored Thrush Turdus grayi Woodland Birds <300g 1 White-throated Thrush Turdus assimilis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Rufous-backed Robin Turdus rufopalliatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 American Robin Turdus migratorius Woodland Birds <300g 1 Varied Thrush Ixoreus naevius Woodland Birds <300g 1 Aztec Thrush Ridgwayia pinicola Woodland Birds <300g 1 Blue Mockingbird Melanotis caerulescens Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black Catbird Melanoptila glabrirostris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Curve-billed Thrasher Toxostoma curvirostre Woodland Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

C-132 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Woodland Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum Woodland Birds <300g 1 Long-billed Thrasher Toxostoma longirostre Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bendire's Thrasher Toxostoma bendirei Woodland Birds <300g 1 California Thrasher Toxostoma redivivum Woodland Birds <300g 1 Le Conte's Thrasher Toxostoma lecontei Woodland Birds <300g 1 Crissal Thrasher Toxostoma crissale Woodland Birds <300g 1 Sage Thrasher Oreoscoptes montanus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bahama Mockingbird Mimus gundlachii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Tropical Mockingbird Mimus gilvus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos Woodland Birds <300g 1 European Starling Sturnus vulgaris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Common Hill Myna Gracula religiosa Woodland Birds <300g 1 Crested Myna Acridotheres cristatellus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Siberian Accentor Prunella montanella Woodland Birds <300g 1 Western Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eastern Yellow Wagtail Motacilla tschutschensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gray Wagtail Motacilla cinerea Woodland Birds <300g 1 White Wagtail Motacilla alba Woodland Birds <300g 1 Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla garrulus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gray Silky-flycatcher Ptiliogonys cinereus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Phainopepla Phainopepla nitens Woodland Birds <300g 1 Olive Warbler Peucedramus taeniatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla Woodland Birds <300g 1 Worm-eating Warbler Helmitheros vermivorum Woodland Birds <300g 1 Louisiana Waterthrush Parkesia motacilla Woodland Birds <300g 1 Northern Waterthrush Parkesia noveboracensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bachman's Warbler Vermivora bachmanii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera Woodland Birds <300g 1 Blue-winged Warbler Vermivora cyanoptera Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia Woodland Birds <300g 1 Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea Woodland Birds <300g 1 Swainson's Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Crescent-chested Warbler Oreothlypis superciliosa Woodland Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-133 Woodland Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Tennessee Warbler Oreothlypis peregrina Woodland Birds <300g 1 Orange-crowned Warbler Oreothlypis celata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Colima Warbler Oreothlypis crissalis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Lucy's Warbler Oreothlypis luciae Woodland Birds <300g 1 Nashville Warbler Oreothlypis ruficapilla Woodland Birds <300g 1 Virginia's Warbler Oreothlypis virginiae Woodland Birds <300g 1 Connecticut Warbler Oporornis agilis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gray-crowned Yellowthroat Geothlypis poliocephala Woodland Birds <300g 1 MacGillivray's Warbler Geothlypis tolmiei Woodland Birds <300g 1 Mourning Warbler Geothlypis philadelphia Woodland Birds <300g 1 Kentucky Warbler Geothlypis formosa Woodland Birds <300g 1 Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas Woodland Birds <300g 1 Hooded Yellowthroat Geothlypis nelsoni Woodland Birds <300g 1 Hooded Warbler Setophaga citrina Woodland Birds <300g 1 American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla Woodland Birds <300g 1 Kirtland's Warbler Setophaga kirtlandii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Cape May Warbler Setophaga tigrina Woodland Birds <300g 1 Cerulean Warbler Setophaga cerulea Woodland Birds <300g 1 Northern Parula Setophaga americana Woodland Birds <300g 1 Tropical Parula Setophaga pitiayumi Woodland Birds <300g 1 Magnolia Warbler Setophaga magnolia Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bay-breasted Warbler Setophaga castanea Woodland Birds <300g 1 Blackburnian Warbler Setophaga fusca Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow Warbler Setophaga petechia Woodland Birds <300g 1 Chestnut-sided Warbler Setophaga pensylvanica Woodland Birds <300g 1 Blackpoll Warbler Setophaga striata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-throated Blue Warbler Setophaga caerulescens Woodland Birds <300g 1 Palm Warbler Setophaga palmarum Woodland Birds <300g 1 Pine Warbler Setophaga pinus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-rumped Warbler Setophaga coronata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-throated Warbler Setophaga dominica Woodland Birds <300g 1 Prairie Warbler Setophaga discolor Woodland Birds <300g 1 Grace's Warbler Setophaga graciae Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-throated Gray Warbler Setophaga nigrescens Woodland Birds <300g 1 Townsend's Warbler Setophaga townsendi Woodland Birds <300g 1 Hermit Warbler Setophaga occidentalis Woodland Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

C-134 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Woodland Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Golden-cheeked Warbler Setophaga chrysoparia Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-throated Green Warbler Setophaga virens Woodland Birds <300g 1 Fan-tailed Warbler Basileuterus lachrymosus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Rufous-capped Warbler Basileuterus rufifrons Woodland Birds <300g 1 Golden-crowned Warbler Basileuterus culicivorus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Canada Warbler Cardellina canadensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Wilson's Warbler Cardellina pusilla Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red-faced Warbler Cardellina rubrifrons Woodland Birds <300g 1 Painted Redstart Myioborus pictus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Slate-throated Redstart Myioborus miniatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bananaquit Coereba flaveola Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red-crested Cardinal Paroaria coronata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-billed Cardinal Paroaria capitata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Crimson-collared Tanager Ramphocelus sanguinolentus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola Woodland Birds <300g 1 White-collared Seedeater Sporophila torqueola Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-faced Grassquit Tiaris olivaceus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-faced Grassquit Tiaris bicolor Woodland Birds <300g 1 Greater Antillean Bullfinch Loxigilla violacea Woodland Birds <300g 1 Western Spindalis Spindalis zena Woodland Birds <300g 1 Olive Sparrow Arremonops rufivirgatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Green-tailed Towhee Pipilo chlorurus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eastern Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Rufous-crowned Sparrow Aimophila ruficeps Woodland Birds <300g 1 Canyon Towhee Melozone fusca Woodland Birds <300g 1 California Towhee Melozone crissalis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Abert's Towhee Melozone aberti Woodland Birds <300g 1 Rufous-winged Sparrow Peucaea carpalis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Striped Sparrow Oriturus superciliosus Woodland Birds <300g 1 American Tree Sparrow Spizella arborea Woodland Birds <300g 1 Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-chinned Sparrow Spizella atrogularis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Five-striped Sparrow Amphispiza quinquestriata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-throated Sparrow Amphispiza bilineata Woodland Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-135 Woodland Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Sagebrush Sparrow Artemisiospiza nevadensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bell's Sparrow Artemisiospiza belli Woodland Birds <300g 1 Nelson's Sparrow Ammodramus nelsoni Woodland Birds <300g 1 Saltmarsh Sparrow Ammodramus caudacutus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Seaside Sparrow Ammodramus maritimus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca Woodland Birds <300g 1 Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia Woodland Birds <300g 1 Lincoln's Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Swamp Sparrow Melospiza georgiana Woodland Birds <300g 1 White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Harris's Sparrow Zonotrichia querula Woodland Birds <300g 1 White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys Woodland Birds <300g 1 Golden-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia atricapilla Woodland Birds <300g 1 Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-eyed Junco Junco phaeonotus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Pine Bunting Emberiza leucocephalos Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-browed Bunting Emberiza chrysophrys Woodland Birds <300g 1 Little Bunting Emberiza pusilla Woodland Birds <300g 1 Rustic Bunting Emberiza rustica Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-throated Bunting Emberiza elegans Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gray Bunting Emberiza variabilis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Pallas's Bunting Emberiza pallasi Woodland Birds <300g 1 Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Hepatic Tanager Piranga flava Woodland Birds <300g 1 Summer Tanager Piranga rubra Woodland Birds <300g 1 Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea Woodland Birds <300g 1 Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana Woodland Birds <300g 1 Flame-colored Tanager Piranga bidentata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Crimson-collared Grosbeak Rhodothraupis celaeno Woodland Birds <300g 1 Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Pyrrhuloxia Cardinalis sinuatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow Grosbeak Pheucticus chrysopeplus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-headed Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Blue Bunting Cyanocompsa parellina Woodland Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

C-136 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Woodland Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Blue Grosbeak Passerina caerulea Woodland Birds <300g 1 Lazuli Bunting Passerina amoena Woodland Birds <300g 1 Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea Woodland Birds <300g 1 Varied Bunting Passerina versicolor Woodland Birds <300g 1 Painted Bunting Passerina ciris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Dickcissel Spiza americana Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-vented Oriole Icterus wagleri Woodland Birds <300g 1 Orchard Oriole Icterus spurius Woodland Birds <300g 1 Hooded Oriole Icterus cucullatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Venezuelan Troupial Icterus icterus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Streak-backed Oriole Icterus pustulatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Bullock's Oriole Icterus bullockii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Spot-breasted Oriole Icterus pectoralis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Altamira Oriole Icterus gularis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Audubon's Oriole Icterus graduacauda Woodland Birds <300g 1 Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula Woodland Birds <300g 1 Scott's Oriole Icterus parisorum Woodland Birds <300g 1 Montezuma Oropendola Psarocolius montezuma Woodland Birds <300g 1 Common Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs Woodland Birds <300g 1 Brambling Fringilla montifringilla Woodland Birds <300g 1 Asian Rosy-Finch Leucosticte arctoa Woodland Birds <300g 1 Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch Leucosticte tephrocotis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black Rosy-Finch Leucosticte atrata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Brown-capped Rosy-Finch Leucosticte australis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Trumpeter Finch Bucanetes githagineus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eurasian Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula Woodland Birds <300g 1 Laysan Finch Telespiza cantans Woodland Birds <300g 1 Nihoa Finch Telespiza ultima Woodland Birds <300g 1 Ou Psittirostra psittacea Woodland Birds <300g 1 Palila Loxioides bailleui Woodland Birds <300g 1 Maui Parrotbill Pseudonestor xanthophrys Woodland Birds <300g 1 Hawaii Amakihi Hemignathus virens Woodland Birds <300g 1 Oahu Amakihi Hemignathus flavus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Kauai Amakihi Hemignathus kauaiensis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Nukupuu Hemignathus lucidus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Akiapolaau Hemignathus munroi Woodland Birds <300g 1 Anianiau Magumma parva Woodland Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-137 Woodland Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Akikiki Oreomystis bairdi Woodland Birds <300g 1 Oahu Alauahio Paroreomyza maculata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Maui Alauahio Paroreomyza montana Woodland Birds <300g 1 Hawaii Creeper Loxops mana Woodland Birds <300g 1 Akekee Loxops caeruleirostris Woodland Birds <300g 1 Akepa Loxops coccineus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Iiwi Vestiaria coccinea Woodland Birds <300g 1 Akohekohe Palmeria dolei Woodland Birds <300g 1 Apapane Himatione sanguinea Woodland Birds <300g 1 Poo-uli Melamprosops phaeosoma Woodland Birds <300g 1 Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus Woodland Birds <300g 1 House Finch Haemorhous mexicanus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Purple Finch Haemorhous purpureus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Cassin's Finch Haemorhous cassinii Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red Crossbill Loxia curvirostra Woodland Birds <300g 1 White-winged Crossbill Loxia leucoptera Woodland Birds <300g 1 Common Redpoll Acanthis flammea Woodland Birds <300g 1 Hoary Redpoll Acanthis hornemanni Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eurasian Siskin Spinus spinus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Pine Siskin Spinus pinus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-headed Siskin Spinus notatus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Lesser Goldfinch Spinus psaltria Woodland Birds <300g 1 Lawrence's Goldfinch Spinus lawrencei Woodland Birds <300g 1 American Goldfinch Spinus tristis Woodland Birds <300g 1 European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis Woodland Birds <300g 1 Oriental Greenfinch Chloris sinica Woodland Birds <300g 1 Island Canary Serinus canaria Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-fronted Canary Serinus mozambicus Woodland Birds <300g 1 European Serin Serinus serinus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Evening Grosbeak Coccothraustes vespertinus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes Woodland Birds <300g 1 House Sparrow Passer domesticus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Northern Red Bishop Euplectes franciscanus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Yellow-crowned Bishop Euplectes afer Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red-cheeked Cordonbleu Uraeginthus bengalus Woodland Birds <300g 1 Lavender Waxbill Estrilda caerulescens Woodland Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

C-138 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Woodland Birds (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Orange-cheeked Waxbill Estrilda melpoda Woodland Birds <300g 1 Black-rumped Waxbill Estrilda troglodytes Woodland Birds <300g 1 Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild Woodland Birds <300g 1 Red Avadavat Amandava amandava Woodland Birds <300g 1 Zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Indian Silverbill Euodice malabarica Woodland Birds <300g 1 African Silverbill Euodice cantans Woodland Birds <300g 1 Madagascar Munia Lonchura nana Woodland Birds <300g 1 Java Sparrow Lonchura oryzivora Woodland Birds <300g 1 Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata Woodland Birds <300g 1 Tricolored Munia Lonchura malacca Woodland Birds <300g 1 Chestnut Munia Lonchura atricapilla Woodland Birds <300g 1 White-headed Munia Lonchura maja Woodland Birds <300g 1 Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura Woodland Birds <300g 1 Corvids If Flocks < 15 4 If Flocks ≥ 15 5 Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Gray Jay Perisoreus canadensis Corvids <300g 1 Black-throated Magpie-Jay Calocitta colliei Corvids <300g 1 Brown Jay Psilorhinus morio Corvids <300g 1 Green Jay Cyanocorax yncas Corvids <300g 1 Azure Jay Cyanocorax caeruleus Corvids <300g 1 Pinyon Jay Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Corvids <300g 1 Steller's Jay Cyanocitta stelleri Corvids <300g 1 Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata Corvids <300g 1 Florida Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma coerulescens Corvids <300g 1 Island Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma insularis Corvids <300g 1 Western Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma californica Corvids <300g 1 Mexican Jay Aphelocoma wollweberi Corvids <300g 1 Clark's Nutcracker Nucifraga columbiana Corvids <300g 1 Black-billed Magpie Pica hudsonia Corvids <300g 1 Yellow-billed Magpie Pica nuttalli Corvids <300g 1 Eurasian Jackdaw Corvus monedula Corvids 300-999g 2 American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Corvids 300-999g 2 Northwestern Crow Corvus caurinus Corvids 300-999g 2 Tamaulipas Crow Corvus imparatus Corvids 300-999g 2 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-139 Corvids If Flocks < 15 4 If Flocks ≥ 15 5 Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Fish Crow Corvus ossifragus Corvids 300-999g 2 Hawaiian Crow Corvus hawaiiensis Corvids 300-999g 2 Chihuahuan Raven Corvus cryptoleucus Corvids 300-999g 2 Common Raven Corvus corax Corvids 1000-1999g 3 Grassland Birds Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus forficatus Grassland Birds <300g 1 Sky Lark Alauda arvensis Grassland Birds <300g 1 Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris Grassland Birds <300g 1 Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni Grassland Birds <300g 1 Pechora Pipit Anthus gustavi Grassland Birds <300g 1 Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus Grassland Birds <300g 1 American Pipit Anthus rubescens Grassland Birds <300g 1 Sprague's Pipit Anthus spragueii Grassland Birds <300g 1 Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus Grassland Birds <300g 1 Chestnut-collared Longspur Calcarius ornatus Grassland Birds <300g 1 Smith's Longspur Calcarius pictus Grassland Birds <300g 1 McCown's Longspur Rhynchophanes mccownii Grassland Birds <300g 1 Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis Grassland Birds <300g 1 McKay's Bunting Plectrophenax hyperboreus Grassland Birds <300g 1 Botteri's Sparrow Peucaea botterii Grassland Birds <300g 1 Cassin's Sparrow Peucaea cassinii Grassland Birds <300g 1 Bachman's Sparrow Peucaea aestivalis Grassland Birds <300g 1 Clay-colored Sparrow Spizella pallida Grassland Birds <300g 1 Brewer's Sparrow Spizella breweri Grassland Birds <300g 1 Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla Grassland Birds <300g 1 Worthen's Sparrow Spizella wortheni Grassland Birds <300g 1 Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus Grassland Birds <300g 1 Lark Sparrow Chondestes grammacus Grassland Birds <300g 1 Lark Bunting Calamospiza melanocorys Grassland Birds <300g 1 Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis Grassland Birds <300g 1 Grasshopper Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum Grassland Birds <300g 1 Baird's Sparrow Ammodramus bairdii Grassland Birds <300g 1 Henslow's Sparrow Ammodramus henslowii Grassland Birds <300g 1 Le Conte's Sparrow Ammodramus leconteii Grassland Birds <300g 1 (continued on next page)

C-140 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Blackbirds/Starlings Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity European Starling Sturnus vulgaris Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Common Hill Myna Gracula religiosa Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Crested Myna Acridotheres cristatellus Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Tricolored Blackbird Agelaius tricolor Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Tawny-shouldered Blackbird Agelaius humeralis Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Brewer's Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Boat-tailed Grackle Quiscalus major Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Great-tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Bronzed Cowbird Molothrus aeneus Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater Blackbirds/Starlings <300g 1 Miscellaneous Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Ringed Kingfisher Megaceryle torquata Miscellaneous <300g 1 Belted Kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon Miscellaneous <300g 1 Amazon Kingfisher Chloroceryle amazona Miscellaneous <300g 1 Green Kingfisher Chloroceryle americana Miscellaneous <300g 1 American Dipper Cinclus mexicanus Miscellaneous <300g 1 Lesser Roadrunner Geococcyx velox Miscellaneous 300-999g 2 Greater Roadrunner Geococcyx californianus Miscellaneous 300-999g 2

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-141 Attachment 9: The Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Mammalian Species List by Guild and Severity Score Weights expressed in grams (g) Rodents Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Woodland jumping mouse Napaeozapus insignis Rodent <100g 1 Meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius Rodent <100g 1 Western jumping mouse Zapus princeps Rodent <100g 1 Pacific jumping mouse Zapus trinotatus Rodent <100g 1 Olive-backed pocket mouse Perognathus fasciatus Rodent <100g 1 Plains pocket mouse Perognathus flavescens Rodent <100g 1 Great Basin pocket mouse Perognathus parvus Rodent <100g 1 White-eared pocket mouse Perognathus alticola Rodent <100g 1 Silky pocket mouse Perognathus flavus Rodent <100g 1 Merriam’s pocket mouse Perognathus merriami Rodent <100g 1 Little pocket mouse Perognathus longimembris Rodent <100g 1 Arizona pocket mouse Perognathus amplus Rodent <100g 1 San Joaquin pocket mouse Perognathus inornatus Rodent <100g 1 Mexican spiny pocket mouse Liomys irroratus Rodent <100g 1 Bailey’s pocket mouse Chaetodipus baileyi Rodent <100g 1 Baja pocket mouse Chaetodipus rudinoris Rodent <100g 1 Hispid pocket mouse Chaetodipus hispidus Rodent <100g 1 Desert pocket mouse Chaetodipus penicillatus Rodent <100g 1 Chihuahuan pocket mouse Chaetodipus eremicus Rodent <100g 1 Rock pocket mouse Chaetodipus intermedius Rodent <100g 1 Nelson’s pocket mouse Chaetodipus nelsoni Rodent <100g 1 San Diego pocket mouse Chaetodipus fallax Rodent <100g 1 California pocket mouse Chaetodipus californicus Rodent <100g 1 Spiny pocket mouse Chaetodipus spinatus Rodent <100g 1 Long-tailed pocket mouse Chaetodipus formosus Rodent <100g 1 Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus Rodent <100g 1 Beach vole Microtus breweri Rodent <100g 1 Montane vole Microtus montanus Rodent <100g 1 Gray-tailed vole Microtus canicaudus Rodent <100g 1 California vole Microtus californicus Rodent <100g 1 Townsend’s vole Microtus townsendii Rodent <100g 1 (continued on next page)

C-142 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Rodents (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Tundra vole Microtus oeconomus Rodent <100g 1 Long-tailed vole Microtus longicaudus Rodent <100g 1 Creeping vole Microtus oregoni Rodent <100g 1 Rock vole Microtus chrotorrhinus Rodent <100g 1 Taiga vole Microtus xanthognathus Rodent <100g 1 Prairie vole Microtus ochrogaster Rodent <100g 1 Mexican vole Microtus mexicanus Rodent <100g 1 Woodland vole Microtus pinetorum Rodent <100g 1 Singing vole Microtus miurus Rodent <100g 1 Insular vole Microtus abbreviatus Rodent <100g 1 Water vole Microtus richardsoni Rodent <100g 1 Sagebrush vole Lemmiscus curtatus Rodent <100g 1 White-footed vole Arborimus albipes Rodent <100g 1 Red tree vole Arborimus longicaudus Rodent <100g 1 Sonoma tree vole Arborimus pomo Rodent <100g 1 Western heather vole Phenacomys intermedius Rodent <100g 1 Eastern heather vole Phenacomys ungava Rodent <100g 1 Western red-backed vole Myodes californicus Rodent <100g 1 Southern red-backed vole Myodes gapperi Rodent <100g 1 Northern red-backed vole Myodes rutilus Rodent <100g 1 Northern bog lemming Synaptomys borealis Rodent <100g 1 Southern bog lemming Synaptomys cooperi Rodent <100g 1 Brown lemming Lemmus trimucronatus Rodent <100g 1 Northern collared lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus Rodent <100g 1 Ungave collared lemming Dicrostonyx hudsonius Rodent <100g 1 Richardson’s collared lemming Dicrostonyx richardsoni Rodent <100g 1 Northern pygmy mouse Baiomys taylori Rodent <100g 1 Golden mouse Ochrotomys nuttalli Rodent <100g 1 Cactus mouse Peromyscus eremicus Rodent <100g 1 Northern Baja mouse Peromyscus fraterculus Rodent <100g 1 Mesquite mouse Peromyscus merriami Rodent <100g 1 California mouse Peromyscus californicus Rodent <100g 1 Oldfield mouse Peromyscus polionotus Rodent <100g 1 Keen’s mouse Peromyscus keeni Rodent <100g 1 American deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus Rodent <100g 1 White-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus Rodent <100g 1 Cotton mouse Peromyscus gossypinus Rodent <100g 1 Canyon mouse Peromyscus crinitus Rodent <100g 1 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-143 Rodents (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity White-ankled mouse Peromyscus pectoralis Rodent <100g 1 Brush mouse Peromyscus boylii Rodent <100g 1 Texas mouse Peromyscus attwateri Rodent <100g 1 Pinon mouse Peromyscus truei Rodent <100g 1 Osgood’s mouse Peromyscus gratus Rodent <100g 1 Northern pocket mouse Peromyscus nasutus Rodent <100g 1 Florida mouse Podomys floridanus Rodent <100g 1 Plains harvest mouse Reithrodontomys montanus Rodent <100g 1 Eastern harvest mouse Reithrodontomys humulis Rodent <100g 1 Western harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis Rodent <100g 1 Salt-marsh harvest mouse Reithrodontomys raviventris Rodent <100g 1 Fulvous harvest mouse Reithrodontomys fulvescens Rodent <100g 1 Northern grasshopper mouse Onychomys leucogaster Rodent <100g 1 Southern grasshopper mouse Onychomys torridus Rodent <100g 1 Mearn’s grasshopper mouse Onychomys arenicola Rodent <100g 1 House mouse Mus musculus Rodent <100g 1 Northern short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda Rodent <100g 1 Southern short-tailed shrew Blarina carolinensis Rodent <100g 1 Elliot’s short-tailed shrew Blarina hylophaga Rodent <100g 1 Least shrew Cryptotis parva Rodent <100g 1 Desert shrew Notiosorex crawfordi Rodent <100g 1 Arctic shrew Sorex arcticus Rodent <100g 1 Maritime shrew Sorex maritimensis Rodent <100g 1 Tundra shrew Sorex tundrensis Rodent <100g 1 Alaska tiny shrew Sorex yukonicus Rodent <100g 1 Marsh shrew Sorex bendirii Rodent <100g 1 American water shrew Sorex palustris Rodent <100g 1 Smoky shrew Sorex fumeus Rodent <100g 1 Rock shrew Sorex dispar Rodent <100g 1 Gaspe shrew Sorex gaspensis Rodent <100g 1 Barren ground shrew Sorex ugyunak Rodent <100g 1 Saint Lawrence Island shrew Sorex jacksoni Rodent <100g 1 Pribilof Island shrew Sorex hydrodromus Rodent <100g 1 (continued on next page)

C-144 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Rodents (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Masked shrew Sorex cinereus Rodent <100g 1 Hayden’s shrew Sorex haydeni Rodent <100g 1 Mount Lyell shrew Sorex lyelli Rodent <100g 1 Southeastern shrew Sorex longirostris Rodent <100g 1 Preble’s shrew Sorex preblei Rodent <100g 1 Pacific shrew Sorex pacificus Rodent <100g 1 Fog shrew Sorex sonomae Rodent <100g 1 Baird’s shrew Sorex bairdi Rodent <100g 1 Montane shrew Sorex monticolus Rodent <100g 1 New Mexico shrew Sorex neomexicanus Rodent <100g 1 Vagrant shrew Sorex vagrans Rodent <100g 1 Ornate shrew Sorex ornatus Rodent <100g 1 Dwarf shrew Sorex nanus Rodent <100g 1 Inyo shrew Sorex tenellus Rodent <100g 1 Pygmy shrew Sorex hoyi Rodent <100g 1 Arizona shrew Sorex arizonae Rodent <100g 1 Merriam’s shrew Sorex merriami Rodent <100g 1 Trowbridge’s shrew Sorex trowbridgii Rodent <100g 1 Yellow-faced pocket gopher Cratogeomys castanops Rodent 100-599g 2 Southeastern pocket gopher Geomys pinetis Rodent 100-599g 2 Desert pocket gopher Geomys arenarius Rodent 100-599g 2 Plains pocket gopher Geomys bursarius Rodent 100-599g 2 Jones’s pocket gopher Geomys knoxjonesi Rodent 100-599g 2 Texas pocket gopher Geomys personatus Rodent 100-599g 2 Baird’s pocket gopher Geomys breviceps Rodent 100-599g 2 Llano pocket gopher Geomys texensis Rodent 100-599g 2 Attwater’s pocket gopher Geomys attwateri Rodent 100-599g 2 Northern pocket gopher Thomomys talpoides Rodent 100-599g 2 Western pocket gopher Thomomys mazama Rodent 100-599g 2 Botta’s pocket gopher Thomomys bottae Rodent 100-599g 2 Southern pocket gopher Thomomys umbrinus Rodent 100-599g 2 Wyoming pocket gopher Thomomys clusius Rodent 100-599g 2 Idaho pocket gopher Thomomys idahoensis Rodent 100-599g 2 Mountain pocket gopher Thomomys monticola Rodent 100-599g 2 Townsend’s pocket gopher Thomomys townsendii Rodent 100-599g 2 Camas pocket gopher Thomomys bulbivorus Rodent 100-599g 2 Ord’s kangaroo rat Dipodomys ordii Rodent 100-599g 2 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-145 Rodents (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Gulf Coast kangaroo rat Dipodomys compactus Rodent 100-599g 2 Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat Dipodomys microps Rodent 100-599g 2 Panamint kangaroo rat Dipodomys panamintinus Rodent 100-599g 2 Stephen’s kangaroo rat Dipodomys stephensi Rodent 100-599g 2 Narrow- faced kangaroo rat Dipodomys venustus Rodent 100-599g 2 Agile kangaroo rat Dipodomys agilis Rodent 100-599g 2 Dulzura kangaroo rat Dipodomys simulans Rodent 100-599g 2 California kangaroo rat Dipodomys californicus Rodent 100-599g 2 Heermann’s kangaroo rat Dipodomys heermanni Rodent 100-599g 2 Giant kangaroo rat Dipodomys ingens Rodent 100-599g 2 Banner-tailed kangaroo rat Dipodomys spectabilis Rodent 100-599g 2 Texas kangaroo rat Dipodomys elator Rodent 100-599g 2 Desert kangaroo rat Dipodomys deserti Rodent 100-599g 2 Merriam’s kangaroo rat Dipodomys merriami Rodent 100-599g 2 San Joaquin kangaroo rat Dipodomys nitratoides Rodent 100-599g 2 Dark kangaroo mouse Microdipodops megacephalus Rodent 100-599g 2 Pale kangaroo mouse Microdipodops pallidus Rodent 100-599g 2 Northern flying squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus Rodent 100-599g 2 Southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans Rodent 100-599g 2 Harris’s antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus harrisii Rodent 100-599g 2 White-tailed antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus leucurus Rodent 100-599g 2 Texas antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus interpres Rodent 100-599g 2 Nelson’s antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus nelsoni Rodent 100-599g 2 Rock Squirrel Otospermophilus variegatus Rodent 100-599g 2 Golden-mantled ground squirrel Callospermophilus lateralis Rodent 100-599g 2 Cascade ground squirrel Callospermophilus saturatus Rodent 100-599g 2 Mohave ground squirrel Xerospermophilus mohavensis Rodent 100-599g 2 Spotted ground squirrel Xerospermophilus spilosoma Rodent 100-599g 2 Round-tailed ground squirrel Xerospermophilus tereticaudus Rodent 100-599g 2 (continued on next page)

C-146 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Rodents (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Franklin’s ground squirrel Poliocitellus franklinii Rodent 100-599g 2 Thirteen-lined ground squirrel Ictidomys tridecemlineatus Rodent 100-599g 2 Mexican ground squirrel Ictidomys mexicanus Rodent 100-599g 2 Townsend’s ground squirrel Urocitellus townsendii Rodent 100-599g 2 Great Basin ground squirrel Urocitellus mollis Rodent 100-599g 2 Columbia Plateau ground squirrel Urocitellus canus Rodent 100-599g 2 Washington ground squirrel Urocitellus washingtoni Rodent 100-599g 2 Idaho ground squirrel Urocitellus richardsonii Rodent 100-599g 2 Wyoming ground squirrel Urocitellus elegans Rodent 100-599g 2 Uinta ground squirrel Urocitellus armatus Rodent 100-599g 2 Belding’s ground squirrel Urocitellus beldingi Rodent 100-599g 2 Columbian ground squirrel Urocitellus columbianus Rodent 100-599g 2 Arctic ground squirrel Urocitellus parryii Rodent 100-599g 2 California ground squirrel Urocitellus beecheyi Rodent 100-599g 2 Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus Rodent 100-599g 2 Alpine chipmunk Tamias alpinus Rodent 100-599g 2 Least chipmunk Tamias minimus Rodent 100-599g 2 Yellow-pine chipmunk Tamias amoenus Rodent 100-599g 2 Townsend’s chipmunk Tamias townsendii Rodent 100-599g 2 Allen’s chipmunk Tamias senex Rodent 100-599g 2 Yellow-cheeked chipmunk Tamias ochrogenys Rodent 100-599g 2 Siskiyou chipmunk Tamias siskiyou Rodent 100-599g 2 Sonoma chipmunk Tamias sonomae Rodent 100-599g 2 Merriam’s chipmunk Tamias merriami Rodent 100-599g 2 California chipmunk Tamias obscurus Rodent 100-599g 2 Cliff chipmunk Tamias dorsalis Rodent 100-599g 2 Colorado chipmunk Tamias quadrivittatus Rodent 100-599g 2 Hopi chipmunk Tamias rufus Rodent 100-599g 2 Red-tailed chipmunk Tamias ruficaudus Rodent 100-599g 2 Gray-footed chipmunk Tamias canipes Rodent 100-599g 2 Gray-collared chipmunk Tamias cinereicollis Rodent 100-599g 2 Long-eared chipmunk Tamias quadrimaculatus Rodent 100-599g 2 Lodgepole chipmunk Tamias speciosus Rodent 100-599g 2 Panamint chipmunk Tamias panamintinus Rodent 100-599g 2 Uinta chipmunk Tamias umbrinus Rodent 100-599g 2 Palmer’s chipmunk Tamias palmeri Rodent 100-599g 2 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-147 Rodents (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Rodent 100-599g 2 Douglas’s squirrel Tamiasciurus douglasii Rodent 100-599g 2 Coues’s rice rat Oryzomys couesi Rodent 100-599g 2 Marsh rice rat Oryzomys palustris Rodent 100-599g 2 Hispid cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus Rodent 100-599g 2 Arizona cotton rat Sigmodon arizonae Rodent 100-599g 2 Tawny-bellied cotton rat Sigmodon fulviventer Rodent 100-599g 2 Yellow-nosed cotton rat Sigmodon ochrognathus Rodent 100-599g 2 Black rat Rattus rattus Rodent 100-599g 2 Norway rat Rattus norvegicus Rodent 100-599g 2 American shrew mole Neurotrichus gibbsii Rodent 100-599g 2 Broad-footed mole Scapanus latimanus Rodent 100-599g 2 Coast mole Scapanus orarius Rodent 100-599g 2 Townsend’s mole Scapanus townsendii Rodent 100-599g 2 Hairy-tailed mole Parascalops breweri Rodent 100-599g 2 Eastern mole Scalopus aquaticus Rodent 100-599g 2 Star-nosed mole Condylura cristata Rodent 100-599g 2 Aplodontia Aplodontia rufa Rodent 600-1999g 3 Eastern gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Rodent 600-1999g 3 Red-bellied squirrel Sciurus aureogaster Rodent 600-1999g 3 Eastern fox squirrel Sciurus niger Rodent 600-1999g 3 Mexican fox squirrel Sciurus nayaritensis Rodent 600-1999g 3 Arizona gray squirrel Sciurus arizonensis Rodent 600-1999g 3 Western gray squirrel Sciurus griseus Rodent 600-1999g 3 Abert's squirrel Sciurus aberti Rodent 600-1999g 3 Black-tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus Rodent 600-1999g 3 White-tailed prairie dog Cynomys leucurus Rodent 600-1999g 3 Utah prairie dog Cynomys parvidens Rodent 600-1999g 3 Gunnison’s prairie dog Cynomys gunnisoni Rodent 600-1999g 3 Eastern woodrat Neotoma floridana Rodent 600-1999g 3 Allegheny woodrat Neotoma magister Rodent 600-1999g 3 Southern Plains woodrat Neotoma micropus Rodent 600-1999g 3 Western white-throated woodrat Neotoma albigula Rodent 600-1999g 3 Eastern white-throated woodrat Neotoma leucodon Rodent 600-1999g 3 Desert woodrat Neotoma lepida Rodent 600-1999g 3 Arizona woodrat Neotoma devia Rodent 600-1999g 3 Stephens’s woodrat Neotoma stephensi Rodent 600-1999g 3 Mexican woodrat Neotoma mexicana Rodent 600-1999g 3 (continued on next page)

C-148 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Rodents (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Dusky-footed woodrat Neotoma fuscipes Rodent 600-1999g 3 Big-eared woodrat Neotoma macrotis Rodent 600-1999g 3 Bushy-tailed woodrat Neotoma cinerea Rodent 600-1999g 3 Woodchuck Marmota monax Rodent 2000-9999g 4 Yellow-bellied marmot Marmota flaviventris Rodent 2000-9999g 4 Hoary marmot Marmota caligata Rodent 2000-9999g 4 Alaska marmot Marmota broweri Rodent 2000-9999g 4 Olympic Marmot Marmota olympus Rodent 2000-9999g 4 Vancouver Island marmot Marmota vancouverensis Rodent 2000-9999g 4 Round-tailed muskrat Neofiber alleni Rodent 2000-9999g 4 Common muskrat Ondatra zibethicus Rodent 2000-9999g 4 Nutria Myocastor coypus Rodent 2000-9999g 4 American beaver Castor canadensis Rodent >10000g 5 North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum Rodent >10000g 5 Lagomorphs Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Collared pika Ochotona collaris Lagomorph 100-599g 2 American pika Ochotona princeps Lagomorph 100-599g 2 Pygmy rabbit Brachylagus idahoensis Lagomorph 100-599g 2 Brush rabbit Sylvilagus bachmani Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 Swamp rabbit Sylvilagus aquaticus Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 Marsh rabbit Sylvilagus palustris Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 New England cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 Appalachian cottontail Sylvilagus obscurus Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 Mountain cottontail Sylvilagus nuttallii Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 Desert cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 Snowshoe hare Lepus americanus Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 Alaskan hare Lepus othus Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 Arctic hare Lepus arcticus Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 White-tailed jackrabbit Lepus townsendii Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 Black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 White-sided jackrabbit Lepus callotis Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 Antelope jackrabbit Lepus alleni Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 European hare Lepus capensis Lagomorph 2000-9999g 4 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-149 Bats Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Western pipistrelle Pipistrellus hesperus Bats <100g 1 Eastern pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus Bats <100g 1 Big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus Bats <100g 1 Evening bat Nycticeius humeralis Bats <100g 1 Southern yellow bat Lasiurus ega Bats <100g 1 Western yellow bat Lasiurus xanthinus Bats <100g 1 Northern yellow bat Lasiurus intermedius Bats <100g 1 Eastern red bat Lasiurus borealis Bats <100g 1 Western red bat Lasiurus blossevillii Bats <100g 1 Seminole bat Lasiurus seminolus Bats <100g 1 Hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus Bats <100g 1 Spotted bat Euderma maculatum Bats <100g 1 Rafinesque’s big-eared bat Corynorhinus rafinesquii Bats <100g 1 Townsend’s big-eared bat Corynorhinus townsendii Bats <100g 1 California myotis Myotis californicus Bats <100g 1 Western small-footed myotis Myotis ciliolabrum Bats <100g 1 Eastern small-footed myotis Myotis leibii Bats <100g 1 Yuma myotis Myotis yumanensis Bats <100g 1 Little brown bat Myotis lucifugus Bats <100g 1 Arizona myotis Myotis occultus Bats <100g 1 Indiana myotis Myotis sodalis Bats <100g 1 Southeastern myotis Myotis austroriparius Bats <100g 1 Cave myotis Myotis velifer Bats <100g 1 Gray myotis Myotis grisescens Bats <100g 1 Long-legged myotis Myotis volans Bats <100g 1 Northern myotis Myotis septentrionalis Bats <100g 1 Southwestern myotis Myotis auriculus Bats <100g 1 Long-eared myotis Myotis evotis Bats <100g 1 Keen’s myotis Myotis keenii Bats <100g 1 Fringed myotis Myotis thysanodes Bats <100g 1 Florida bonneted bat Eumops floridanus Bats <100g 1 Western bonneted bat Eumops perotis Bats <100g 1 Underwood’s bonneted bat Eumops underwoodi Bats <100g 1 Little mastiff bat Molossus molossus Bats <100g 1 Pocketed free-tailed bat Nyctinomops femorosaccus Bats <100g 1 Big free-tailed bat Nyctinomops macrotis Bats <100g 1 (continued on next page)

C-150 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Bats (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Brazilian free-tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis Bats <100g 1 Pallid bat Antrozous pallidus Bats <100g 1 Peter’s ghost-faced bat Mormoops megalophylla Bats <100g 1 California leaf-nosed bat Macrotus californicus Bats <100g 1 Silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans Bats <100g 1 Allen’s big-eared bat Idionycteris phyllotis Bats <100g 1 Cuban flower bat Phyllonycteris poeyi Bats 100-599g 2 Buffy flower bat Erophylla sezekorni Bats 100-599g 2 Hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata Bats 100-599g 2 Lesser long-nosed bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae Bats 100-599g 2 Mexican long-nosed bat Leptonycteris nivalis Bats 100-599g 2 Mexican long-tongued bat Choeronycteris mexicana Bats 100-599g 2 Jamaican fruit-eating bat Artibeus jamaicensis Bats 100-599g 2 Cuban fig-eating bat Phyllops falcatus Bats 100-599g 2 Mesomammals Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Western spotted skunk Spilogale gracilis Mesomammals 100-599g 2 Eastern spotted skunk Spilgale putorius Mesomammals 100-599g 2 Least weasel Mustela nivalis Mesomammals 100-599g 2 Short-tailed weasel Mustela erminea Mesomammals 100-599g 2 Long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata Mesomammals 100-599g 2 American mink Mustela vison Mesomammals 100-599g 2 Striped skunk Mephitis mephitis Mesomammals 600- 1999g 3 Hooded skunk Mephitis macroura Mesomammals 600- 1999g 3 Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes Mesomammals 600- 1999g 3 Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana Mesomammals 2000- 9999g 4 Nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus Mesomammals 2000- 9999g 4 Ringtail Bassariscus astutus Mesomammals 2000- 9999g 4 Northern raccoon Procyon lotor Mesomammals 2000- 9999g 4 White-nosed coati Nasua narica Mesomammals 2000- 9999g 4 White-backed hog-nosed skunk Conepatus leuconotus Mesomammals 2000- 9999g 4 (continued on next page)

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-151 Mesomammals (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Fisher Martes pennanti Mesomammals 2000- 9999g 4 American marten Martes americana Mesomammals >10000g 5 Wolverine Gulo gulo Mesomammals >10000g 5 American badger Taxidea taxus Mesomammals >10000g 5 Northern river otter Lontra canadensis Mesomammals >10000g 5 Canids Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Domestic/Feral Dog Canis familiiaris Canids 2000-9999g 4 Arctic fox Alopex lagopus Canids 2000-9999g 4 Swift fox Vulpes velox Canids 2000-9999g 4 Kit fox Vulpes macrotis Canids 2000-9999g 4 Red fox Vulpes vulpes Canids 2000-9999g 4 Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Canids 2000-9999g 4 Island gray fox Urocyon littoralis Canids 2000-9999g 4 Coyote Canis latrans Canids >10000g 5 Gray wolf Canis lupus Canids >10000g 5 Eastern timber wolf Canis lycaon Canids >10000g 5 Red Wolf Canis rufus Canids >10000g 5 Felids Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Domestic/Feral Cat Felis catus Felids 600-1999g 3 Cougar Puma concolor Felids >10000g 5 Ocelot Leopardus pardalis Felids >10000g 5 Jaguarundi Herpailurus yagouaroundi Felids >10000g 5 Bobcat Lynx rufus Felids >10000g 5 Canada lynx Lynx canadensis Felids >10000g 5 Jaguar Panthera onca Felids >10000g 5 Hooved Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Wild boar Sus scrofa Hooved >10000g 5 Collared peccary Tayassu tajacu Hooved >10000g 5 Elk Cervus elaphus Hooved >10000g 5 Sika deer Cervus nippon Hooved >10000g 5 Sambar deer Cervus unicolor Hooved >10000g 5 Axis deer Axis axis Hooved >10000g 5 Fallow deer Dama dama Hooved >10000g 5 (continued on next page)

C-152 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Hooved (Continued) Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Hooved >10000g 5 Mule deer Odocoileus hemionus Hooved >10000g 5 Moose Alces alces Hooved >10000g 5 Caribou Rangifer tarandus Hooved >10000g 5 Pronghorn Antilocapra americana Hooved >10000g 5 Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus Hooved >10000g 5 American bison Bos bison Hooved >10000g 5 Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra Hooved >10000g 5 Mountain goat Oreamnos americanus Hooved >10000g 5 Muskox Ovibos moschatus Hooved >10000g 5 Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia Hooved >10000g 5 Bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis Hooved >10000g 5 Dall’s sheep Ovis dalli Hooved >10000g 5 European mouflon Ovis musimon Hooved >10000g 5 Feral Donkey Equus asinus Hooved >10000g 5 Feral Horse Equus ferus Hooved >10000g 5 Bears Common Name Scientific Name Guild (Mass) Severity Black bear Ursus americanus Bears >10000g 5 Brown bear Ursus arctos Bears >10000g 5 Polar bear Ursus maritimus Bears >10000g 5

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-153 Attachment 10: Technical Aspects of the WHaMRAT 10.1 Overview The Wildlife Hazard Management Risk Assessment Tool (WHaMRAT) is a decision support tool to assist airports in identifying and mitigating the risk associated with wildlife present during aircraft operations. It is built upon a Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) framework, taking wildlife abundance (likelihood of strike), aircraft operations class and tempo, habitat on and surrounding the airport, and the mitigation techniques and efforts employed to reduce the impact of habitat as well as mitigation efforts against wildlife guilds and species, as input and produces an overall risk score for the airport presented both numerically and graphically. 10.2 Basic Design The WHaMRAT contains three user-input Worksheets: 1) a Wildlife Data Worksheet; 2) an Operations Data Worksheet; and 3) a Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet. The Wildlife Data Worksheet produces a score that is a linear combination of the Avian wildlife score, the Mammalian wildlife score, and the Reptilian wildlife score. The user inputs are the abundance of each guild or species of wildlife and the severity index (built into the WHaMRAT, not changeable by the user) for each guild. The cumulative severity and likelihood of strike for all guilds results in the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. The Operations Data Worksheet produces a score that is the linear combination of scores for five aircraft classes: Commercial, Air Taxi, General Aviation, Military, and Rotary. These scores are based upon monthly average aircraft movements and susceptibility to strike damage by aircraft type for each class of aircraft. The Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet produces a habitat score that is a linear combination of habitat on and around the airport adjusted for distance from airport operations. Additionally, this habitat score is decreased based upon the level of habitat mitigation efforts targeting each habitat. The user will input the incompatible habitat for the airport at the appropriate distance from airport operations. The additional modeling of wildlife mitigation against specific guilds and species in this module is used for the future-projected results in that the current mitigation efforts are reflected in current wildlife abundance measures. The Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score in the WHaMRAT is the basis for the risk assessment. This score is then multiplied by the Operations Data Adjustment, and then by the Habitat and Mitigation Adjustments to produce the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. Each Worksheet has various components that break down the Worksheet into classes. For example, the Wildlife Data Worksheet contains the Avian, Mammalian, and Reptilian guilds. The Operations Data Worksheet has the Commercial, Air Taxi, General Aviation, Military, and Rotary aircraft classes, and the Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet has classes based upon 15 habitats that are listed by the FAA as being incompatible with airport operations plus possible additional user-defined habitats. Each component is assessed a risk score using a non-linear scoring function and then this risk score is linearly combined with the weights for each category to calculate an overall risk score for that module. The Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score is then multiplied by the Operations Data Adjustment and by the Habitat and Mitigation Adjustments to produce the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. Figure 25 shows the graphical design of the tool.

C-154 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Figure 25: Graphical Representation of the Tool Design 10.3 Overall Assumptions and Design Considerations There are some overall assumptions that affect the design of the model/tool. These are listed and discussed below: • Risk is a function of wildlife body mass of wildlife on and around the airport. The wildlife risk to airport operations is made up of two factors: the amount of wildlife on the airport (more wildlife equates to a higher probability of strike), and the relative body mass of the wildlife (higher mass equates to a potentially more damaging strike). This means that a higher amount of small wildlife could pose less risk than a smaller amount of large wildlife. For example, 300 hummingbirds that may average 3g in mass (total of 900g of biomass), are less of a risk than 20 Canada Geese that average 4500g in mass (total of 90,000g or 90Kg of biomass, or 100 times the total biomass of the hummingbirds). In general, the higher the total biomass of wildlife on the airport, the greater the risk. • The risk associated with wildlife on and around an airport is a non-linear function. As wildlife occupy habitat on and around an airport, the risk at first increases quickly. However, there is a point where there is enough wildlife biomass on the airport such that the risk increases at a lesser rate with the increase in wildlife. Eventually, the risk becomes so high that adding more wildlife has a much smaller effect on the overall risk. Wildlife Input (Abundance and Severity) Operations Input (Number of averagemonthly movements by aircraft class) Habitat Input (Type of incompatible habitat, Mitigation efforts) Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score = (Wildlife Category Score) x (Category Weight) Operations Adjustment = (Aircraft Class Score) x (Class Weight) Habitat Adjustment = (Habitat Type Score) x (DistanceWeight) Wildlife Scoring Function (Non-Linear) Operations Scoring Function Habitat-Mitigation Scoring Function (Non-Linear) Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score = Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score x Operations Adjustment x Habitat Adjustment

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-155 • Risk increases with the number of monthly average aircraft movements. The more aircraft movements (takeoffs and landings) the higher the chance of a wildlife strike because more movements could mean a longer operational time and movements during times of day with higher wildlife activity (dawn and dusk). Additionally, it is self-evident that more takeoffs and landings equates to a higher probability that a wildlife strike could occur as there are more opportunities for wildlife to be struck. • The risk adjustment for aircraft operations on an airport is a non-linear function. If there are no airport operations, there is no risk. The risk increases quickly with an increase in aircraft movements, but at some point the increase in risk starts to decrease and level off. This is due to consistent, frequent aircraft movements acting as a deterrent to some wildlife and keeping them away from airport operations, as well as the increase in the amount of airport deterrent measures with larger airports supporting more operations. Data from large airports with significant aircraft movements per month support this assumption. • The more suitable wildlife habitat on and around the airport that attracts wildlife the higher the risk. In addition, the closer that habitat is to airport operations the greater the risk. Incompatible habitats as listed in FAA Circular 150/5200-33B are considered to attract wildlife and increase airport operations risk. Habitat mitigation will decrease the risk. Habitat that is close to airport operations increases the likelihood of a strike at a critical time in an aircraft’s flight, take-off and landing, and therefore, has a greater impact on risk than incompatible habitat farther away from the operating surfaces. • The risk adjustment for habitat is a linear combination of the number of habitats that exist at certain distances from the airport. Wildlife strike data indicates that the risk for habitat decreases the farther the habitat is from airport operations. Thus, the assumption was made that the risk for habitat is a decreasing linear function relative to the distance from the airport. • All incompatible habitat types equally affect the risk. While certain habitats attract wildlife with higher severity, those same habitats attract lower severity wildlife as well. Categorizing habitat into higher severity and lower severity was not possible due to too many of the incompatible habitats attracting both classes of wildlife. Thus, treating each habitat type as having an equal impact upon risk was necessary. 10.4 Wildlife Data Worksheet Overview: The Wildlife Data Worksheet takes the user input of likelihood of strike and the system parameter of severity for each wildlife species and calculates the risk to aircraft operations due to wildlife on and around the airport. The results are presented by wildlife class (Avian, Mammalian, and Reptilian) and Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. This risk result is a number between 0 and 5 inclusive with 5 being the highest risk and 0 being no risk. Input: Likelihood of Strike for each species (user input) and species presence. Severity is based upon wildlife body mass and is not user changeable. Output: Risk scores by wildlife class (Avian, Mammalian, and Reptilian), Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score, Risk level assessment (Low, Moderate, or High).

C-156 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Algorithm: • Multiply Likelihood of Strike input by Severity parameter for each species present to obtain the Risk Number [Risk Number = Likelihood of Strike x Severity]. • Sum the Risk numbers across species for each wildlife class (Avian, Mammalian, Reptilian) to obtain the Class Risk Score [Class Risk Score = Sum (All Species Risk Numbers by guild)]. • Calculate the highest probable Class Risk Score given wildlife guild and species on the airport for each wildlife guild. [Highest Probable Class Score = Sum over all guilds in a wildlife class of (Maximum Possible Likelihood x Max(Highest severity rating in a guild, Sum of the severity ratings of the wildlife present on the airport in a guild))]. Note: the maximum possible likelihood = 5. • Divide the Class Risk Score for each class by the Highest Probable Class Score to obtain the % of Probable. • Calculate the Wildlife Class sub-score by scaling the % of Probable to a 0-25 scale and using that as input to the scaling function. Scaling function output is on the interval [0,1]. [Scaling function TANH(%Probable/6.25)/0.9993293]. • Multiply the result of the scaling function for each wildlife class by the weighting value to obtain the Wildlife Class Risk Score for each class. [Wildlife Class Risk Score = Wildlife Class weighting x Wildlife Class sub-score]. • Sum the results of all the Wildlife Class Risk Scores to obtain the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. • Determine if there is a reason for an override. This occurs if one or more of the following events occurs: - One or more Likelihood of Strike input(s) of 4 or 5 on wildlife with a Severity of 5. - Two or more Likelihood of Strike inputs of 4 or 5 on wildlife with a Severity of 4. - Four or more Likelihood of Strike inputs of 4 or 5 on wildlife with a Severity of 3. - Six or more Likelihood of Strike inputs of 4 or 5 on wildlife with a Severity of 2. - Ten or more Likelihood of Strike inputs of 4 or 5 on wildlife with a Severity of 1. • If an override occurs, assign an Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score commensurate with the severity of the override [0.9 for a, 0.7 for b, 0.6 for c, 0.5 for d, and 0.4 for e.] Compare the override score with the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score calculated in step 7 and choose the larger score as the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. Discussion: The non-linear scoring function and its parameters were chosen very carefully. Its output has to be on the interval [0,1] and it must have a steeper slope with low numbers of wildlife and level off as the amount of wildlife on the airport becomes large. This curve, shown below in Figure 26, models the risk associated with wildlife on the airport.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-157 Figure 26: Graph of Wildlife Scoring Function The assumption that more wildlife biomass on an airport increases risk forced the calculations necessary to calculate the % of Probable, since the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score function needs to be monotonically increasing. The calculations are designed so that the results track with known data and subject matter expert opinion of the risk of certain mixes of wildlife. 10.5 Operations Data Worksheet Overview: The Operations Data Worksheet takes the number of average monthly aircraft movements for five aircraft classes (Commercial, Air Taxi, General Aviation, Military, and Rotary) and calculates an adjustment factor to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. Adjustment factors greater than 1 increase risk, less than 1 decreases risk, and an adjustment factor = 1 has no effect on the overall wildlife risk. Input: Number of average monthly aircraft movements for Commercial, Air Taxi, General Aviation, Military, and Rotary aircraft on the airport. Output: Operations Risk Score adjustment. Algorithm: • For each aircraft class, take the monthly average movements and subtract the US monthly average movements for that class. [Movement Difference = Monthly average movements – US average of monthly movements for each class]. • Use the Movement Difference to calculate the Operations Risk Number for each aircraft class. [Operations Risk Number = ATAN(Movement Difference/2000)/1.5668]. • Multiply the Operations Risk Number for each aircraft class by the weighting for each type of aircraft (0.125 for Commercial, 0.250 for Air Taxi, 0.250 for General Aviation, 0.125 for Military, and 0.250 for Rotary) to obtain the Weighted Operations Risk Number. [Weighted Operations Risk Number = Operations Risk Number x Aircraft Class Weighting].

C-158 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management • Sum the Weighted Operations Risk Number for each aircraft class to obtain Aggregate Operations Risk Number. [Aggregate Operations Risk Number = k (Operations Risk Number Class k)]. • Add the Aggregate Operations Risk Number and 1 to obtain the Operations Adjustment. [Operations Adjustment = 1 + Aggregate Operations Risk Number]. Discussion: The Operations Data Worksheet is based upon how a particular airport’s monthly aircraft movements compare to the average monthly aircraft movements across the US. The average monthly aircraft movements are calculated from the FAA Air Traffic Activity Data System (ATADS) containing the official NAS air traffic operations data. If an airport has average operations, the Aggregate Operations Risk Number = 0 and there is no impact upon overall risk. If an airport has more than the average number of operations, then the Aggregate Operations Risk Number is greater than 0, and the overall airport risk score will increase as the Operations Adjustment is greater than 0. If the monthly average number of operations on an airport is less than the national average, then the Operations Aggregate Risk Number is less than 0 and the Operations Adjustment is less than 1 which means that the overall airport risk score will decrease. The aircraft class weights were derived from the FAA National Wildlife Strike Database by analyzing the number of damaging wildlife strikes for each class of aircraft. This analysis showed damaging strikes approximately in the ratios of the assigned aircraft class weights. For example, there are approximately twice as many damaging strikes as a percentage of all strikes for that aircraft class for Air Taxi, General Aviation and Rotary Wing classes than there are for Commercial and Military aircraft classes. The impact of airport operations follows a similar pattern to that of overall wildlife, the first numbers of operations increase the risk score more quickly than once there are several thousand operations at an airport. Data from airports with a high number of operations shows that there exists a certain point where the increase in risk starts to slow down as airport operations increase. This is due to consistent activity scaring wildlife away from the operations area and generally larger budgets and manpower for larger airports with associated infrastructure and equipment to mitigate wildlife hazards. Figure 27 shows the shape of the curve for airport operations risk. Figure 27: Shape of the Operations Adjustment Curve 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Ag gr eg at e O pe ra ti on s R is k N um be r Number of Monthly Average AircraftMovements Adjusted for US Average Monthly Aircraft Movements Shape of the Operations Adjustment Curve

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-159 10.6 Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet Overview: The Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet takes the type of habitat, its distance from airport operations, and the habitat mitigation techniques in place and calculates a Habitat Adjustment factor to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. A normal, standard airport habitat was developed by subject matter experts and this standard habitat was scored using the scoring algorithm. All other airport habitats are compared to this standard habitat in the scoring. Input: Whether or not 15 incompatible use habitats and three user-defined incompatible habitats exist on or around the airport operations, and if they exist, their distance from the airport (On Airport Property within Perimeter Fence, Outside Perimeter Fence within 10,000 foot for jet aircraft, or 5,000 foot for piston aircraft separation, Greater than the 10,000 foot or 5,000 foot separation and less than 5 miles and in traffic pattern, Greater than the 10,000 foot or 5,000 foot separation and less than 5 miles and not in traffic pattern, Greater than 5 miles but wildlife movement potential across airport). The 15 incompatible use habitats are taken from FAA Advisory Circular 150/5200-33B. If such habitat exists, then the user will input a habitat mitigation level for that habitat, 0 for none, 1 for low, 2 for moderate, and 3 for high. Output: Habitat Risk Score Adjustment and Habitat Risk Score Adjustment – Mitigated.

C-160 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Algorithm: • Based upon the user input of habitat on and around the airport, calculate the Habitat Raw Score with mitigation for each incompatible habitat. The Habitat Raw Score is calculated by assigning points based upon the existence of the incompatible habitat at the various distances from airport operations. Table 13 shows the points assessed, higher risk equates to more points. Table 13: Habitat Distance Points Distance Points Airport Property Within Perimeter Fence 10 Outside Perimeter Fence within 10,000- foot or 5,000-foot separation 7 > 10,000 or 5,000-foot separation, within 5 miles, and in traffic pattern 4 >10,000 or 5,000-foot separation, within 5 miles, not in traffic patterns 2 > 5 miles but wildlife movement potential across airport 1 Source: The WHaMRAT (BASH Inc.) • If the incompatible habitat has high mitigation, then subtract 3 x 1.5 points from the above score. If it has moderate mitigation, subtract 2 x 1.5 points, and if there is low mitigation subtract 1 x 1.5 points. The minimum number of points for an incompatible habitat at any given distance category from airport operations is 0. (Example: If Natural Wetlands exist on the airport within the perimeter fence and <10,000 or 5,000 foot separation, within 5 miles, and in traffic pattern, then a total of 14 points (10+4) are assessed. If the Natural Wetland has moderate mitigation on the airport but none off of the airport, 2 x 1.5 points are subtracted to give a mitigated total calculated points for Natural Wetlands of 11.0). • Sum all of the incompatible habitat scores to obtain the Aggregate Raw Habitat Score. [Aggregate Raw Habitat Score = k (Incompatible Habitat Raw Score k )]. • Divide the Aggregate Raw Habitat Score by the score for the “standard” habitat score to obtain the Current Habitat Adjustment-Mitigated. Current “standard” habitat score is 100 points. [Current Habitat Adjustment-Mitigated = (Aggregate Raw Habitat Score)/(Standard Score)]. Discussion: The Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet has a linear scoring function but it seems to be one of the tougher modules to explain. Naturally, the more suitable wildlife habitat on or near the airport the higher the risk and the scoring function will reflect that principle. Mitigation techniques can eliminate a large share of the risk, but for habitat on the airport and outside the perimeter fence within 10,000 and 5,000 feet separation, the risk can never be completely eliminated unless the habitat is removed. Maximum risk points for any one single incompatible habitat are 24 if it exists in all five distance categories. With maximum mitigation the total minimum points of the habitat if it exists in all five distance categories is 8.00.

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-161 10.7 Results and Future-Projected Results Worksheets Overview: The Results and Future-Projected Results Worksheets compile the calculated results and present a graphical depiction of Likelihood of Strike vs. Wildlife Severity and another graphical representation of Operations Adjustment vs. Wildlife Risk. There is also a number line representation of Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score with an overall risk assessment of Low Risk, Moderate Risk, or High Risk and an indicator if habitat mitigation has brought the Habitat Adjustment to the minimum level for the model. The Future-Projected Results Worksheet has an additional table that compares the current ratings and scores with the future-projected ratings and scores so the user can see if the projected mitigation and operation levels have made a significant difference in the ratings and scores. Input: The resulting calculations from Wildlife Data, Operations Data, and Habitat and Mitigation Worksheets. Output: Ratings and scores for Aggregate Wildlife Risk, Operations Adjustment, Habitat Adjustment, Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score and graphical representations of Likelihood of Strike vs. Wildlife Severity and separately Operations Adjustment vs. Wildlife Risk. Algorithm: The algorithms to calculate the Likelihood of Strike, and Wildlife Severity for the left most graph on the results pages are below in addition to the calculation of the Operations Adjustment for the right-most graph. The calculations and the other values that are listed on the left hand side of the sheets are discussed above. 10.8 Likelihood of Strike • Sum all of the Likelihood of Strike inputs for all species and guilds to obtain Total Likelihood. [Total Likelihood = k (Likelihood of Strike for Species/Guildk)]. • Calculate the Probable Maximum Likelihood total by counting the number of wildlife guilds and multiplying by the Maximum Likelihood of Strike value which is 5. [Probable Maximum Likelihood = (number of wildlife guilds represented in the model) x 5]. • Calculate the Percentage of Possible by dividing the Total Likelihood by the Probable Maximum Likelihood. [Percentage of Possible = (Total Likelihood)/(Probable Maximum Likelihood).] • Calculate the Scaled-Matrix Plot-Likelihood by using the Percentage of Possible as input into a non-linear scaling function. [Scaled-Matrix Plot-Likelihood = (TANH(25 x (Percentage of Possible)/8.0)/0.99614) x 5.] 10.9 Wildlife Severity • Sum all of the Wildlife Severity values for all species/guilds with a non-zero likelihood value to obtain the Total Severity Points. [Total Severity Points = k (Wildlife severity rating for those species/guilds with non-zero likelihood of strike rating)]. • Calculate the Maximum Probable Severity Points given wildlife species on the airport for each wildlife class. [Probable Maximum Severity Points = Sum over all guilds in a wildlife class of (Max(Highest severity rating in a guild, Sum of the severity ratings of the wildlife present on the airport in a guild))].

C-162 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management • Calculate the Percentage of Probable Severity Points by dividing the Total Severity Points by the Maximum Probable Severity Points. [Percentage of Probable Severity Points = (Total Severity Points)/(Maximum Probable Severity Points)]. • Calculate the Scaled-Matrix Plot-Severity by using the Percentage of Probable as input into a non-linear scaling function. [Scaled-Matrix Plot-Severity = (ATAN(25 x (Percentage of Probable)/15)/1.0303) x 5]. 10.10 Operations Adjustment Using the Aggregate Operations Risk number (calculation shown above in the Operations Module) obtain the Operations Risk for plotting on the risk matrix by the linear formula: Operations Adjustment = (Aggregate Operations Risk number) x 3.724794+1.3. Discussion: The ratings of Low Risk (Green), Moderate Risk (Yellow), and High Risk (Red) are calculated using the boundaries of the FAA Risk Matrix as shown in Figure 28. Figure 28: Risk Matrix Source: Adapted from FAA Order 8040.4A Safety Risk Management All three modules have modifications for the Future-Projected Results Worksheet results. The calculations are all identical; the only change is the data. • Wildlife Data Worksheet – The impact of future mitigation is calculated by reducing the likelihood of strike by an amount equal to the increase in mitigation level. For example, if the current mitigation of a specific species is 1 with a current likelihood of strike of 4 and the future mitigation is 3 then the likelihood of strike will be reduced by 2 so the projected likelihood of strike will be 2. If the likelihood of strike was greater

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-163 than zero, then projected mitigation efforts will not reduce the likelihood of strike value to less than 1. • Operations Data Worksheet – All calculations are the same but the airport’s monthly average movements are read from the future operations table on the Operations worksheet. • Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet – All calculations are the same except the habitat mitigation values are read from the Future Habitat Mitigation Level table on the Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet. 10.12 Differences Between The EZ-Version and Advanced-Version WHaMRAT All of the calculations and algorithms described and explained above are exactly the same in the EZ-Version and Advanced-Version with one exception that manifests itself in two places. In the Advanced-Version, the “probable wildlife severity” score is calculated differently than in the EZ- Version. This occurs in step 3 of the algorithm in the Wildlife Data Worksheet and again in the Results Worksheet, Wildlife Severity Calculation, Step 2. In the EZ-Version, because there is only one Severity Score, instead of calculating the Max(Highest severity rating in a guild, Sum of the severity ratings of the wildlife present on the airport in a guild), the actual Severity Score listed in the EZ-Version for that guild is used in the calculation. This means that unless the Severity Score for the wildlife in a guild matches the Severity Score assigned to that guild in the EZ-Version, there will be differences between the models. If the tendency is that the wildlife on an airport have a larger biomass, and therefore, a higher Severity Score than the average Severity Scores assigned to the guilds in the EZ-Version, then the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score in the Advanced-Version will be higher than depicted in the EZ-Version. If the opposite is true and the wildlife tend toward a lower biomass than would be represented by the average Severity Score assigned to the EZ-Version guilds, then the Advanced-Version would show less risk than the EZ- Version. While further testing needs to be accomplished, the thought is that overall the differences in each guild will even out and the two models will show roughly the same level of risk for the average airport. However, it should be noted that there will be those extreme cases where the two model results will differ. In those cases, it is best to use the results of the Advanced- Version, as that model has a higher fidelity and the results will better indicate the true risk. 10.13 Conclusion This system provides a tool to manage airport wildlife risk, taking into account airport operations, numbers and types of aircraft flown, numbers and types of wildlife encountered, behavior of wildlife, habitat on and around the airport, and mitigation efforts targeted at both habitat and wildlife. With the user input of data, it becomes specific to an individual airport, but has the potential to be used comparatively between airports. However, as currently instantiated, the WHaMRAT is intended for an airport to chart its progress, over time, in reducing risk associated with wildlife on and around the airport. This can be accomplished by running the tool on a periodic basis and comparing results for trend analysis. Finally, by inputting projected mitigation efforts and operations tempo, a user can determine the impact of planned efforts on the overall wildlife risk. The tool is powerful and as objective as possible as a measure of risk to airport and aircraft operations, but is only one of many tools an airport can use in implementing an integrated Safety Management System.

C-164 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management EZ-Version WHaMRAT Quick Start Guide The EZ-Version Wildlife Hazard Management Risk Assessment Tool (EZ-Version WHaMRAT) is designed to assist wildlife and airport managers in assessing the wildlife risk to aircraft operations. The WHaMRAT contains three Worksheets in a spreadsheet (Excel) format that has various formulas and calculations working together to determine an Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. The tool requires user inputs that account for measures of wildlife presence and abundance, monthly average aircraft movements by aircraft class, locations of habitat considered incompatible with safe aircraft operations, and current habitat and wildlife mitigation actions. These data entries produce a numerical result and graphical representation of current wildlife risk depicted as low, moderate, or high using a 1-to-5 scale (1 is low and 5 is high). The user also has the option to enter future operations changes, as well as additional habitat and wildlife mitigation efforts and can view the potential impacts in the Future-Projected Results Worksheet. Below are quick start instructions to use the EZ-Version WHaMRAT. Additional step-by-step detailed instructions can be found in the User Guide. Note: The WHaMRAT should be used in conjunction with other wildlife-related data available to the airport in making wildlife management and control decisions. A. You will need to have an accurate estimate of wildlife presence and potential likelihood of wildlife strikes by guild derived from wildlife data reports or continual monitoring of wildlife on your airport and surrounding areas. These data should include an estimate from 1 to 5 (whole numbers only) of the wildlife presence/absence and the associated potential of a wildlife strike of representative species within each guild. Likelihood is based primarily on abundance ranging from 1 – rare, 2 – uncommon, 3 – fairly common, 4 – common, 5 – abundant. A list of guilds and species contained within each guild is available within EZ-Version Attachments in the User Guide. B. Once you have accounted for wildlife presence and likelihood of strike data, click the start button to proceed to the Wildlife Data Worksheet. C. For each guild present on the airport, input an associated Likelihood Score for each guild ranging from 1 to 5. The WHaMRAT automatically determines a wildlife severity value based on average body mass within each guild. These values are then multiplied with the associated Likelihood Score from the user input to determine the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score for the airport. D. If you enter a Likelihood Score for a particular guild and that guild is highlighted red, this indicates a condition where a guild with high severity (typically a zero-tolerance guild) and a likelihood of strike associated with that guild will result in an Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score that is high and should be mitigated. E. If you enter a Likelihood Score for a particular guild and that guild is highlighted yellow, this indicates a condition where a guild with high/moderate severity and a likelihood of strike associated with that guild might not result in an Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score that is high, but may have an adverse impact on the wildlife score and users should seriously consider additional mitigation specific to that guild. A. Once you have completed the Wildlife Data Worksheet input, click the arrow at the top of the page to go to the Operations Data Worksheet. B. You will need to input the current average number of monthly aircraft movements for each of the 5 classes of aircraft in the Current Operations component of the Worksheet: Commercial, Air Taxi, General Aviation, Military, and Rotary Wing. These values are used to determine an adjustment factor within the WHaMRAT that is applied to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. C. If you are projecting a change in the average number of monthly aircraft movements or a change in the aircraft class and associated aircraft movements and want to determine the impact of that change on the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score, you can input the projected numbers in the Future Operations component of the Worksheet. These results will be displayed in the Future-Projected Results within the Results Worksheet. Attachment 11:

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-165 A. Once you have completed the Operations Data input, click the arrow at the top of the page to move to the Habitat and Mitigation Data Worksheet. You will input the types of wildlife habitat that are on and near (up to 5 miles) your airport. This is accomplished by inserting an "X" in the box that describes the habitat. The habitats listed are those considered incompatible with safe aircraft operations per the FAA and there are 5 possible locations. B. For example, if you have a wastewater treatment plant within 5,000 feet for propeller-driven aircraft operations or 10,000 feet for turbofan aircraft operations, then you would place an "X" in the box that is in the Wastewater Treatment Facility row of the table and the second column (Outside Perimeter Fence within 10,000- foot or 5,000-foot separation). C. Following the Habitat Data entry table are three Habitat Mitigation tables. The first Habitat Mitigation table contains current mitigation levels for each habitat identified previously with a “1” being low mitigation, a “2” being moderate mitigation, and a “3” being high mitigation. If no mitigation is currently in place for a specific habitat and location, then leave the cells blank (no user input). D. The second Habitat Mitigation table allows for projected levels of mitigation. These data inputs are optional for the user and determine the effect of planned or anticipated habitat mitigation efforts. If no changes in the level of mitigation are planned, leave the cells blank (no user input). If greater or lesser mitigation is planned, then input the increase or decrease into the specific habitat cell. The results from this table will be displayed in the Future-Projected Results within the Results Worksheet. E. The Other Mitigation Techniques by guild is used to represent mitigation efforts targeted at specific guilds or species within a specific guild. This table contains all the guilds previously addressed in the Wildlife Data Worksheet. Input current mitigation efforts in the first column using the same scale as the habitat mitigation; “1” for low, “2” for moderate, and “3” for high. Similar to habitat above, if you plan to change your mitigation against a specific guild or species, input future or projected mitigation level within guilds in the second column. This information is optional and determines the impact of a specific mitigation effort on the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. The effect of these anticipated efforts are displayed on the Future- Projected Results within the Results Worksheet. F. Once you have completed the Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet, you have completed all the necessary user inputs. A. Next, click the arrow at the top of the Results Worksheet. A list of numeric results (ranging from 1 to 5) is presented on the left side of the page. B. The Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score is the cumulative result of guilds present (severity) and the likelihood of strike for particular guilds. Wildlife risk is based on severity multiplied by likelihood. The Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score is based on Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score multiplied by Habitat Adjustment x Operations Adjustment. Adjustment factor magnitudes are determined by user inputs into the operations, habitat, and mitigation worksheets accomplished in Steps 1 through 3. C. To the right of the numbers are two risk matrices. Both the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score and the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score range from 1 to 5. Both scores are represented graphically as either green (low), yellow (moderate), or red (high). The second matrix represents the relationship between the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score and the Operations Adjustment. D. Next, click the arrow at the top of the Future-Projected Results Worksheet where additional scores are available to illustrate the potential for change from the current state of wildlife risk due to changes in future operations, habitat, and wildlife mitigation. The ultimate goal for all users is to continually decrease the value of the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score and the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. Referencing the two matrix graphs, the goal is always to move the “dot” down and to the left. Note: Regardless of the risk score or placement of the “dot,” the goal is ALWAYS to strive for continuous improvement. Within the matrix, “GREEN” is good but can always be better! 1) Each Worksheet has a link back to the Instruction Worksheet. To eliminate the need to click through all the worksheets to get back to the Worksheet you were working on, direct links to each Worksheet are provided in the yellow arrows. 2) When you arrive at the Results Worksheet, the link to the Future-Projected Results will appear on the top. You can also return to the Results Worksheet from the Future-Projected Results Worksheet by a link at the top of the page.

C-166 Applying an SMS Approach to Wildlife Hazard Management Advanced-Version WHaMRAT Quick Start Guide The Advanced-Version Wildlife Hazard Management Risk Assessment Tool (Advanced-Version WHaMRAT) is designed to assist wildlife and airport managers in assessing the wildlife risk to aircraft operations. The WHaMRAT contains three worksheets in a spreadsheet (Excel) format that has various formulas and calculations working together to determine an Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. The tool requires user inputs that account for measures of wildlife presence and abundance, monthly average aircraft movements by aircraft class, locations of habitat considered incompatible with safe aircraft operations, and current habitat and wildlife mitigation actions. These data entries produce a numerical result and graphical representation of current wildlife risk depicted as low, moderate, or high using a 1-to-5 scale (1 is low and 5 is high). The user also has the option to enter future operations changes, as well as additional habitat and wildlife mitigation efforts and can view the potential impacts in the Future-Projected Results Worksheet. Below are quick start instructions to use the Advanced-Version WHaMRAT. Additional step-by-step detailed instructions can be found in the User Guide. Note: The WHaMRAT should be used in conjunction with other wildlife-related data available to the airport in making wildlife management and control decisions. A. You will need to have an accurate estimate of wildlife presence by species (grouped into body mass categories within guilds) and potential likelihood of wildlife strikes by body mass category within each guild derived from wildlife data reports, or continual monitoring of wildlife on your airport and surrounding areas. These data should include an estimate from 1 to 5 (whole numbers only) of the wildlife presence/absence and the associated potential of a wildlife strike of representative species within each body mass guild category. Likelihood is based primarily on abundance ranging from 1 – rare, 2 – uncommon, 3 – fairly common, 4 – common, 5 – abundant. A list of body mass categories within guilds and species contained within each body mass guild category is available within Advanced-Version Attachments in the User Guide. B. Once you have accounted for wildlife presence and likelihood of strike data, click the start button to proceed to the Wildlife Data Worksheet. C. For each species present on the airport, input an associated Likelihood of Strike Score for each body mass guild category ranging from 1 to 5. The WHaMRAT automatically determines a wildlife severity value based on average body mass for each species within each body mass guild category. These severity values are then multiplied with the associated Likelihood Score from the user input to determine the Aggregate Wildlife Risk for the airport. D. If you enter a Likelihood Score for a particular body mass guild category and that guild category is highlighted red, this indicates a condition where a guild category with high severity (typically a zero-tolerance guild) and a likelihood of strike associated with that guild will result in an Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score that is high and should be mitigated. E. If you enter a Likelihood Score for a particular body mass guild category and that guild category is highlighted yellow, this indicates a condition where a guild category with high/moderate severity and a likelihood of strike associated with that guild might not result in an Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score that is high, but may have an adverse impact on the wildlife score and users should seriously consider additional mitigation specific to that guild. A. Once you have completed the Wildlife Data Worksheet input, click the arrow at the top of the page to go to the Operations Data Worksheet. B. You will need to input the current average number of monthly aircraft movements for each of the five aircraft classes in the Current Operations component of the Worksheet: Commercial, Air Taxi, General Aviation, Military, and Rotary Wing. These values are used to determine an adjustment factor within the WHaMRAT that is applied to the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. C. If you are projecting a change in the average number of monthly aircraft movements or a change in the aircraft type and associated aircraft movements and want to determine the impact of that change on the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score, you can input the projected numbers in the Future Operations component of the Worksheet. These results will be displayed in the Future-Projected Results within the Results Worksheet. Attachment 12:

The WHaMRAT User Guide C-167 A. Once you have completed the Operations Data input, click the arrow at the top of the page to move to the Habitat and Mitigation Data Worksheet. You will input the types of wildlife habitat that are on and near (up to 5 miles) your airport. This is accomplished by inserting an "X" in the box that describes the habitat presence. The habitats listed are those considered incompatible with safe aircraft operations per the FAA, combined with five possible locations. B. For example, if you have a wastewater treatment plant within 5,000 feet for propeller-driven aircraft operations or 10,000 feet for turbofan aircraft operations, then you would place an "X" in the box that is in the Wastewater Treatment Facility row of the table and the second column (Outside Perimeter Fence within 10,000- foot or 5,000-foot separation). C. Following the Habitat Data entry table are three Habitat Mitigation tables. The first Habitat Mitigation table contains current mitigation levels for each habitat identified previously, with a “1” being low mitigation, a “2” being moderate mitigation, and a “3” being high mitigation. If no mitigation is currently in place for a specific habitat and location, then leave the cells blank (no user input). D. The second Habitat Mitigation table allows for projected levels of mitigation. These data inputs are optional for the user and determine the effect of planned or anticipated habitat mitigation efforts. If no changes in the level of mitigation are planned, leave the cells blank (no user input). If greater or lesser mitigation is planned, then input the increase or decrease into the specific habitat cell. The results from this table will be displayed on the Future-Projected Results within the Results Worksheet. E. The Other Mitigation Techniques by body mass guild category is used to represent mitigation efforts targeted at specific guilds or species within a specific guild. This table contains all the guilds previously addressed in the Wildlife Data Worksheet. Input current mitigation efforts in the first column using the same scale as the habitat mitigation; “1” for low, “2” for moderate, and “3” for high. Similar to habitat above, if you plan to change your mitigation against a specific body mass guild category or species, input future or projected mitigation level within guilds in the second column. This information is optional and determines the impact of a specific mitigation effort on the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. The effect of these anticipated efforts are displayed on the Future-Projected Results within the Results Worksheet. F. Once you have completed the Habitat and Mitigation Worksheet, you have completed all the necessary user inputs. A. Next, click the arrow at the top of the Results Worksheet. A list of numeric results (ranging from 1 to 5) is presented on the left side of the page. B. The Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score is the cumulative result of body mass guild categories present (severity) and the likelihood of strike for particular body mass guild categories. Wildlife risk is based on severity multiplied by likelihood. The Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score is based on Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score multiplied by Habitat Adjustment x Operations Adjustment. Adjustment factor magnitudes are determined by user inputs into the operations, habitat, and mitigation worksheets accomplished in Steps 1 through 3. C. To the right of the numbers are two risk matrices. Both the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score and the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score range from 1 to 5. Both scores are represented graphically as either green (low), yellow (moderate), or red (high). The second matrix represents the relationship between the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score and the Operations Adjustment. D. Next, click the arrow at the top of the Future-Projected Results Worksheet where additional scores are available to illustrate the potential for change from the current state of wildlife risk due to changes in future operations, habitat, and wildlife mitigation. The ultimate goal for all users is to continually decrease the value of the Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score and the Overall Aggregate Wildlife Risk Score. Referencing the two matrix graphs, the goal is always to move the “dot” down and to the left. Note: Regardless of the risk score or placement of the “dot,” the goal is ALWAYS to strive for continuous improvement. Within the matrix, “GREEN” is good but can always be better! 1) Each Worksheet has a link back to the Instruction Worksheet. To eliminate the need to click through all the Worksheets to get back to the Worksheet you were working on, direct links to each Worksheet are provided in the yellow arrows. 2) When you arrive at the Results Worksheet, the link to the Future-Projected Results will appear on the top. You can also return to the Results Worksheet from the Future-Projected Results Worksheet by a link at the top of the page.

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation

TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED ISBN 978-0-309-37479-8 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 3 7 4 7 9 8 9 0 0 0 0 A pplying an SM S A pproach to W ildlife H azard M anagem ent A CRP Report 145 TRB