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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1994. Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2215.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1994. Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2215.
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Page 112
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1994. Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2215.
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Page 113
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1994. Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2215.
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Page 114
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1994. Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2215.
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Page 115
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1994. Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2215.
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Page 116
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1994. Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2215.
×
Page 117
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1994. Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2215.
×
Page 118
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1994. Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2215.
×
Page 119
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1994. Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2215.
×
Page 120
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1994. Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2215.
×
Page 121
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1994. Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2215.
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Page 122

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REFERENCES Alfrey, T., and W. J. Schrenk. 1980. Multipolymer systems. Science 208:813-818. Ashby, M. F. 1989. On the engineering properties of materials. Acta Metallurgica 37~5~: 1273-1293. Ashton, J. E., J. C. Halpin, and P. H. Petit. 1969. Primer on Composite Materials: Analysis. Westport, Connecticut: Technomic. Baer, E., A. Hiltner, and R. Morgan. 1992. Biological and synthetic hierarchical composites. Physics Today. October: 60~7. Bangham, A. D., M. M. Standish, and I. C. Watkins. 1965. Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. Journal of Molecular Biology 13~1~:238-252. Becher, P. F. 1991. Microstructural design of toughened ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 74~2~:255-269. Ben-Bassat, A., R. Bruner, S. P. Shoemaker, Y. Aloni, H. Wong, D. C. Johnson, and A. N. Neogi.1986. Reticulated Cellulose, Product Sheets Formed Therefrom, Methods and Microorganisms for Their Production. European Patent Application 0 228 779. Bloom, M., E. Evans, and O. Mouritsen. 1991. Physical properties of the fluid lipid bilayer component of cell membranes. Quarterly Review of Biophysics 24~3~:293-397. Broutman, L. I., and R. H. Crock, eds. 1967. Modern Composite Materials. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. 111

2 Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Afatenals Technology Calvert, P. 1994. Biomimetic mineralization: Processes and prospects. Materials Science and Engineering C1:69-74. Calvert, P., and S. Mann. 1988. Review: Synthetic and biological composites formed by in situ precipitation. Journal of Materials Science 23(11):3801 -3815. Cappello, J., I. Crissman, M. Dorman, M. Mikolajczak, G. Textor, M. Marquet, and F. Ferrari. l 990a. Genetic engineering of structural protein polymers. Biotechnology Progress 6:198-202. Cappello, I., and K. P. McGrath. 1994. Spinning of protein polymer fibers. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 544:311-327. Carriker, M. R., J. G. Schaadt, and V. Peters. 1974. Analysis by slow- motion picture photography and scanning electron microscopy of radulari function in Urosalpinx-cinerea- follysensis (murcidae, gastropoda) during shell penetration. Marine Biology 25:63-75. Chaudhury, M. K., and A. M. Whitesides. 1992. How to make water run uphill. Science 256:1539-1541. Chawla, K. K. 1987. Composite Materials Science and Engineering. New York: Springer-Verlag. Cima, L. G., J. P. Vacanti, D. Ingber, D. Mooney, and R. Langer. 1991. Tissue engineering by cell transplantation using degradable polymer substrates. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 113~2~: 143-151. Clegg, W. J., K. Kendall, N. M. Alford, T. W. Button, and J. D. Birchall. 1990. A simple way to make tough ceramics. Nature 347(6292):455~57. Cook, I., and J. E. Gordon. 1964. A mechanism for the control of crack propagation in all-brittle systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A282:51 S-520. Cowie, D. B., and G. N. Cohen. 1957. Biosynthesis by Escherichia cold of active altered proteins containing selenium instead of sulfur. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 26:252-261.

References 113 Creel, H. S., M. I. Fournier, T. L. Mason, and D. A. Tirrell. 1991. Genetically directed syntheses of new polymeric materials: Efficient expression of monodisperse copolypeptide containing tandemly repeated - (AlaGly)4ProGluGly Macromolecules 24: 1213-12 14. - elements. Currey, J. D. 1979. Mechanical properties of bone with greatly differing functions. Journal of Biomechanics 12:313 - 319. Currey, I. D. 1984. The Mechanical Adaptations of Bones. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Diefendorf, R. J., and E. Tokarsky. 1975. High-Performance carbon fibers. Polymer Engineering and Science 15~3~: 150 - 159. Dieter, G. E., Ir. 1976. Mechanical Metallurgy, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Doi, Y., and C. Abe. 1990. Biosynthesis and characterization of a new bacterial copolyester of 3-hydroxyalkanoates and 3-hydroxy- omega-chloroalkanoates. Macromolecules 23~15~:3705-3707. Dorn, J. E., and C. D. Starr. 1954. Relation of Properties to Microstructure, pp. 71-94. American Society of Metals, Metals Park, OH. Dresselhaus, M. S. 1987. Intercalation in layered materials. Materials Research Society Bulletin 12~3~:24-28. Edie, D. D., and E. G. Stoner. 1993. The effect of microstructure and shape on carbon fiber properties. Pp. 41~7 in Carbon-Carbon Materials and Composites. J. D. Buckley and D. D. Edie, eds. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Publications. Elwing, H., and C.-G. Golonder. 1990. Protein and detergent interaction phenomena on solid surfaces with gradients in chemical composition. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 32:317-339. Endo, M. 1988. Structures of mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers. Journal of Materials Science 23:598~05. Evans, E. 1985. Molecular structure and viscoelastic properties of biomembranes. Advances in Solid State Physics 25:735-74S.

114 Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology Evans, E., and R. Skalak. 1980. Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Biomembranes. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. Frankel, R. B., and R. P. Blakemore. 1984. Precipitation of magnetite in magnetotactic bacteria. Philosophical Transactions, Royal Society of London. B304:567-574. Fossey, S. A., G. Nemthy, K. D. Gibson, and H. A. Scheraga. 1991. Conformational energy studies of model silk fibroin peptides. Pp. 253-255 in Proceedings of the Materials Research Society Symposium. Vol. 218, Materials Synthesis Based on Biological Processes. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Materials Research Society. Fraser, R. B. D., and T. P. MacRae. 1973. Conformation of Fibrous Proteins and Related Synthetic Polypeptides. New York: Academic Press. Glimcher, M. J. 1984. Recent studies of the mineral phase in bone and its possible linkage to the organic matrix by protein-bound phosphate bonds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B304(1 121~:479. Gosline, J. M. 1971. Structure, composition and viscoelastic properties of mesoglea. Journal of Experimental Biology 55:763-795. Gunderson, S. L., and J. M. Whitney. 1991. Analysis of a composite laminate having a novel unsymmetrical ply orientation. Pp. 309-318 in Proceedings of the 6th Technical Conference. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: American Society of Composites. Gunderson, S. L., and J. M. Whitney. 1992. A controlled unsymmetrical ply orientation for improved isotropic properties. Pp. 99-109 in Advances in Composite Mechanics and Biomimetics. Proceedings of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Winter Meeting, AD29/AMD146. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Haimes, Y. Y. 1977. Hierarchical Analysis of Water Resource Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill.

References 115 Hogan, L. M., R. W. Kraft, and F. D. Lemkey. 1971. Eutectic grains. Pp. 83-216 in Advances in Materials Research, Vol. 5. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Hauser, H. O., M. C. Phillips, and M. Stubbs. 1972. Ion permeability of phospholipid bilayers. Nature 239~5371):342-344. Hua, C., and F. K. Ko. 1989. Properties of 3D braided commingled PEEK/carbon composites. Pp.688-699 in Advanced Materials: the Big Payoff. Covina, California: Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering. Hull, D. 1981. An Introduction to Composite Materials. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Jackson, A. P., J. F. V. Vincent, and R. M. Turner. 1988. The mechanical design of nacre. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B234(1277~:415-440. Jacobs, P. F., and D. T. Reid. 1992. Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing - Fundamentals of Stereolithography. Dearborn, Michigan: Society of Manufacturing Engineers. Jeronimidis, G. 1980. Wood, one of nature's challenging composites. Pp. 169-182 in The Mechanical Properties of Biological Materials (Society of Experimental Biology Symposium 34), J. F. V. Vincent and I. D. Currey, eds. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Jeronimidis, G. 1976. The fracture of wood in relation to its structure. Leiden Botanical Series (3~:253-265. Johnson, D. J. 1987. Structure-property relationships in carbon fibers. Journal of Physics, D: Applied Physics 20~3~:286-291. Johnson, D. C., A. N. Neogi, H. A. LeBlanc. 1989. Bacterial Cellulose as Surface Treatment for Fibrous Web. U.S. Patent 4,861,427. Johnson, S. M., and A. D. Bangham. 1969. Potassium permeability of single compartment liposomes with and without valinomycin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 193~1~:82-91. Jones, R. M. 1975. Mechanics of Composite Materials. Washington, D.C.: Scripta Book Company.

116 Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology Kastelic, J., and E. Baer. 1980. Deformation in tendon collagen. Pp. 397~35 in Mechanical Properties of Biological Materials. Society for Experimental Biology Symposium IIIIV. J. F. V. Vincent and I. D. Currey, eds. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Kelly, A., and G. J. Davies. 1965. The principles of the fibre reinforcement of metals. Metallurgical Reviews 10~37~:12. Ker, R. F., M. B. Bennet, S. R. Bibby, R. C. Kester, and R. M. Alexander. 1987. The spring in the arch of the human foot. Nature 325: 147-1 49. Ker, R. F. 1977. Some Structural and Mechanical Properties of Locust and Beetle Cuticle. D. Phil. thesis, University of Oxford. Kerkam, K., C. Viney, D. Kaplan, and S. Lombardi. 1991. Liquid crystallinity of natural silk secretions. Nature 349:596-598. Ko, F. K. 1989. Preform fiber architecture for ceramic-matrix composites. Ceramic Bulletin 68~2~:401~14. Kum, D. W., T. Oyama, J. Wadsworth, and O.D. Sherby. 1983. The impact properties of laminated composites containing ultrahigh carbon (UHC) steels. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 31~2~:173-186. Lipowsky, R. 1991. The conformation of membranes. Nature 349:475-481. Liu, H., G. L. Graff, M. Hyde, M. Sarikaya, and I. A. Aksay. 1991. Synthesis of ultrafine multicomponent particles using phospholipid vesicles. Pp. 1 15- 121 in Materials Synthesis Based on Biological Processes, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Volume 218. M. Alper, P. D. Calvert, P. C. Rieke, D. A. Tirrell, and R. Frankel, eds. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Materials Research Society. Ma, M., K. Vijayan, A. Hiltner, E. Baer, and J. Im. 1990a. Thickness effects in microlayer composites of polycarbonate and poly~styrene-acrylonitrile). Journal of Materials Science 25:2039-2046.

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118 Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology NRC. In press. Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials. NMAB- 470. National Research Council, National Materials Advisory Board. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Newnham, R. E. 1993. Smart, very smart, and intelligent materials. Materials Research Society Bulletin April:24 -26. Newnham, R. E., and G. R. Ruschau. 1990. Smart electroceramics. Plenary Lecture at the Second International Science and Technology Congress, Orlando, Florida, November 12-15,1990. Noren, C. J., S. S. Anthony-Cahill, M. C. Griffith, and P. G. Schultz. 1989. A general method for site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins. Science 244:182-188. Otsuka, K. 1993. Multilayer Ceramic Substrate Technology. London: Elsevier Applied Science. Papahadjopoulos, D. 1971. Na+ - K + discrimination by "pure" phospholipid membranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 241~1):254-259. Padawer, G. E., and N. Beecher. 1970. On the strength and stiffness of planar reinforced plastic resins. Polymer Engineering and Science 10:185~192. Peterlin, A. 1971. Molecular model of drawing polyethylene and polypropylene. Journal of Materials Science 6~6~:490. Peterlin, A. 1972. Pg. 1 in Advances in Polymer Science and Engineering. K D. Pae, D. R. Morrow, and Y. Chen, eds. New York: Plenum Press. Peterlin, A. 1978. Annealing of drawn crystalline polymers. Polymer Engineering and Science 18~6~:488~95. Peterlin, A. 1979. Mechanical properties of fibrous structure. Pp. 279-320 in Ultra-high Modulus Polymers. A. Peterlin, A. C. Cifferri, and I. M. Ward, eds. Barking, England: Applied Science. Peterlin, A. 1983. Mechanical and transport properties of drawn semicrystalline polymers. Pp. 97- 127 in The Strength and Stiffness of Polymers. A. Zachariades and R. S. Porter, eds. New York: Marcel Dekker.

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120 Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Alatenals Technology Sarikaya, M., K. E. Gunnison, M. Yasrebi, D. L. Milins, and I. A. Aksay. 1990. Seashells as a natural model to study laminated composites. Pp. 176-183 in Proceedings of the American Society of Composites, 5th Technical Conference. Lancaster, Pennsylvania Technomic. Sarikaya, M., I. A. Aksay. 1992. Nacre of abalone shell: A natural multifunctional nanolaminated ceramic-polymer composite material. Pp. 1-25 in Structure, Cellular Synthesis and Assembly of Biopolymers, Stevem T. Case, ed. New York: Springer Verlag. Sawyer, L. C., and M. Jaffe. 1986. The structure of thermotropic copolyesters. Journal of Materials Science 21:1897-1913. Sherby, O. D., T. Oyama, D. W. Kum, and J. Wadsworth. 1985. Ultrahigh carbon steels. Journal of Metals 37~6~:50-56. Sherby, O. D., S. Lee, R. Koch, T. Sumi, and J. Wolfenstine. 1990. Multilayer composites based on utrahigh carbon steel and brass. Journal of Materials and Manufacturing Processes 5~3~:363-376. Sinjo, T., and T. Takada, eds. 1987. Metallic Superlattices: Artificially Strong Materials. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Smith, C. S. 1965. The interpretation of microstructures of metallic artifacts. Pp. 20-52 in Application of Science in Examination of Works of Art. Berlin, Germany: Bruder Hartmann. Sutton, W. H. and J. Chorne. 1965. Potential of oxide-fiber reinforced metals. Pp. 173-222 in Fiber Composite Materials. Metals Park, Ohio: American Society of Metals. Tirrell, D. A., M. ]. Fournier, and T. L. Mason. 1991. Genetic engineering of polymeric materials. Materials Research Society Bulletin 16~7~:23-28. Trotter, ]. A., and T. I. Koob. 1989. ColIagen and proteoglycan in a sea urchin ligament with mutable mechanical properties. Cell Tissue Research 258:527-539. Tucker, P., and W. George. 1972. Microfibers within fibers: A review Polymer Engineering and Science 12~5~:364. .

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Hierarchical structures are those assemblages of molecular units or their aggregates embedded within other particles or aggregates that may, in turn, be part of even larger units of increasing levels of organization. This volume reviews the state of the art of synthetic techniques and processing procedures for assembling these structures. Typical natural-occurring systems used as models for synthetic efforts and insight on properties, unusual characteristics, and potential end-use applications are identified. Suggestions are made for research and development efforts to mimic such structures for broader applications.

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