Sovereign Immunity for Public Airport Operations (2015)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

ACRP LRD 24 Sovereign Immunity for Public Airport Operators B-1 APPENDIX B—CHART OF AUTHORITIES Jurisdiction Legislative Authority Discretionary/ Governmental Function Exceptions Other Exceptions Punitive Damages Damage Caps Process for Claims Alabama Ala. Const. art. I, § 14. Ala. Code §§ 4-3-7, 4-3-11. See also Scotti v. City of Birmingham, 337 So. 2d 350 (Ala. 1976) and Gaines v. Huntsville- Madison Cnty. Airport Auth., 581 So. 2d 444 (Ala. 1991). But see Wilson v. Thomas (In re Thomas), 110 So. 3d 363 (Ala. 2012). Ala. Code § 4-4-4. Ala. Code § 6-11-26. Ala. Code § 11-93-2. Ala. Code §§ 41-9- 60 to 41-9-74. Ala. Code § 41-9- 65. Alaska Alaska Const. art. II, § 21 Alaska Stat. § 9.65.070 See also Adams v. Alaska, 555 P.2d 235 (Alaska 1976). Alaska Stat. § 9.50.250. See also DOT & Pub. Facilities v. Sanders, 944 P.2d 453 (Alaska 1997). Taranto v. N. Slope Borough, 909 P.2d 354 (Alaska 1996). Alaska Stat. § 9.50.280. No cap. Alaska Stat. §§ 44.77.010, 44.77.040, 44.77.070. Arizona Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 12- 820 to 12-826. See also Tucson Airport Auth. v. General Dynamic Corp., 136 F.3d 641 (C.A. 9 Ariz. 998) Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 12-820.01. Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 12-820.04; Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 12-823. Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 12-820.04. Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 12-821. Arkansas Ark. Const. art. V, § 20. Ark. Code Ann. § 21-9- 301. See also Fuqua v. Flowers, 20 S.W.3d 388 (Ark. 2000). Loge v. United States, 494 F. Supp. 883 (W.D. Ark. 1980). Ark. Code Ann. § 21-9- 203. Ark. Code Ann. § 21-9- 203. California Cal. Const. art. III, § 5 Cal. Gov’t Code §§ 815 – 818.9. Cal. Gov’t Code § 820.2. Cal. Gov’t Code § 818.8. Cal. Gov’t Code § 818. No cap. Cal. Gov’t Code § 911.2. Colorado Colo. Rev. Stat. §§ 24-10- 101 to 24-10-220. See, e.g., Shootman v. DOT, 926 P.2d 1200 (Colo. 1996). Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-10- 114(4). Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-10- 114(1), (3). Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 24-10-109. Connecticut Conn. Gen. Stat. § 4-160. Conn. Gen. Stat. § 4-165. See also Columbia Air Servs., Inc. v. Dep’t of Transp., 977 A.2d 636 (Conn. 2009); Fidelity Bank v. Conn., 348 A.2d 633 (Conn. 1974). Conn. Gen. Stat. § 4-165c. Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-64. Delaware Del. Const. art. I, § 9. See also Roberts v. Delmarva Power & Light Co., 2 A.3d 131 (2009). Del. Code. Ann. tit. 10, § 4011. Del. Code. Ann. tit. 10, § 4013. Del. Code Ann. tit. 10, § 4013.

ACRP LRD 24 Sovereign Immunity for Public Airport Operators B-2 Jurisdiction Legislative Authority Discretionary/ Governmental Function Exceptions Other Exceptions Punitive Damages Damage Caps Process for Claims Florida Fla. Const. art. X, § 13. Fla. Stat. § 768.28. See also Commercial Carrier Corp. v. Indian River Cnty., 371 So. 2d 1010 (Fla. 1979). Seguine v. City of Miami, 627 So. 2d 14 (Fla. 1993). Fla. Stat. § 379.2293. Fla. Stat. § 768.28(5). Fla. Stat. § 768.28(5). Fla. Stat. § 768.28(6). Georgia Ga. Code Ann. §§ 50-21- 20 to 51-21-37. See also Stryker v. City of Atlanta, 738 F. Supp. 1423 (N.D. Ga. 1990). S. Airways Co. v. DeKalb Cnty., 118 S.E.2d 234 (Ga. Ct. App. 1960). Ga. Code Ann. § 50-21-21. Ga. Code Ann. § 50- 21-30. Ga. Code Ann. § 50-21-29(b). Ga. Code Ann. § 50-21-26. Hawaii Haw. Rev. Stat. §§ 662-1 to 662-19. See also Awakuni v. Awana, 165 P.3d 1027 (2007). Haw. Rev. Stat. § 662-15. Julius Rothschild & Co. v. Haw., 655 P.2d 877 (Haw. 1982). Awakuni v. Awana, 165 P.3d 1027 (Haw. 2007). Haw. Rev. Stat. § 662-15. Haw. Rev. Stat. § 662- 2. Haw. Rev. Stat. § 662-4. Idaho Idaho Code Ann. § 6-904. Tomich v. City of Pocatello, 901 P.2d 501 (Idaho 1995). Dunbar v. United Steelworkers of Am., 602 P.2d 21 (Idaho 1979). Idaho Code Ann. § 6-926. Idaho Code Ann. § 6-911. Illinois III. Const. art. XIII, § 4. 745 Ill. Comp. Stat. 10/9- 101 to 10/9-107. 705 Ill. Comp. Stat. 505/1 to 505/29. See also Village of Bloomingdale v. CDG Enterprises, Inc., 752 N.E.2d 1090 (Ill. 2001). Harinek v. 161 N. Clark St. Ltd. P’ship, 692 N.E.2d 1177 (Ill. 1998). Wrobel v. City of Chicago, 742 N.E.2d 401 (Ill. 2000). 705 Ill. Comp. Stat. 505/8(d). 705 Ill. Comp. Stat. 505/22. Indiana Ind. Const. art. IV, § 24. Ind. Code §§ 34-13-3-1 to 34-13-3-25. Ind. Code § 34-13- 3(7). See also City of Indianapolis v. Duftitt, 929 N.E.2d 231 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). Ind. Code § 34-13-3-4. Ind. Code § 34-13-3-3. Ind. Code § 34-13- 3-6(a). Ind. Code § 34-13- 3-8(a). Ind. Code § 34-13- 1-1. Iowa Iowa Code Ann. §§ 669.1 to 669.25. See also Walker v. Iowa, 801 N.W.2d 548 (Iowa 2011). Iowa Code. Ann. § 669.14. Iowa Code Ann. § 669.14. Iowa Code Ann. § 670.4(e). Kansas Kan. Stat. Ann. §§ 75-6101 to 75-6120. See also Cessna Aircraft Co. v. Metro. Topeka Airport Auth., 940 P.2d 84 (Kan. Ct. App. 1997). Kan. Stat. Ann. § 75- 6104. See also Robertson v. City of Topeka, 644 P.2d 458 (Kan. 1982). Kan. Stat. Ann. § 6109. Kan. Stat. Ann. § 75- 6105. Kan. Stat. Ann. § 75-6106.

ACRP LRD 24 Sovereign Immunity for Public Airport Operators B-3 Jurisdiction Legislative Authority Discretionary/ Governmental Function Exceptions Other Exceptions Punitive Damages Damage Caps Process for Claims Kentucky Ky Const. § 231. Ky. Rev. Stat. §§ 44.070 et seq. Ky. Rev. Stat. § 44.073. Ky. Rev. Stat. § 44.070. Louisiana La. Const. art. XII, § 10. See also Hebert v. Adcock, 55 So. 3d 1007 (La. App. 3 Cir. 2011). La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 9:2798.1. La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 13:5101. La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 13:5106. La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 13:5105. Maine Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 14, §§ 8101 to 8118. Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 14, § 8104-A. See also Estate of Fortier v. City of Lewiston, 997 A.2d 84 (Me. 2010). Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 14, § 8104-B. See also Tolliver v. Dep’t of Transp., 948 A.2d 1223 (Me. 2008). Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 14, § 8105. Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 14, § 8105. Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 14, §§ 8106, 8107, 8108, 8110. Maryland Md. Code Ann. State Gov’t §§ 12-101 to 12- 110. See also Gardner v. Md., 549 A.2d 1172 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1988). Md. Code Ann. State Gov’t § 12- 104. Md. Code Ann. State Gov’t § 12-201. Md. Code Ann. State Gov’t § 12- 201. Md. Code Ann. State Gov’t § 12- 104. Md. Code Ann. State Gov’t §§ 12- 106, 12-107, 12- 108. Massachusetts Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 258, §§ 1–14. But see Karlin v. Mass. Turnpike Auth., 506 N.E.2d 1149 (Mass. 1987). Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 258, § 10. Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 258, § 2. Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 258, § 2. Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 258, §§ 3, 4, 6. Michigan Mich. Const. art. VII, §§ 1- 17. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. §§ 691.1401 to 691.1419. See also Codd v. Wayne Cnty., 537 N.W.2d 453 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995). Mich. Comp. Laws § 691.1413. Mich. Comp. Laws § 691.1413. See Casey v. Auto- Owners Ins. Co., 729 N.W.2d 277 (Mich. 2006). Mich. Comp. Laws § 691.1411. Minnesota Minn. Stat. §§ 3.732- 3.756. Minn. Stat. § 3.736. Watson v. Metro. Transit Comm’n, 553 N.W.2d 406 (Minn. 1996). Minn. Stat. § 466.03. Minn. Stat. § 466.07. Minn. Stat. § 3.736(3). Minn. Stat. § 3.736. Minn. Stat. § 3.736(4). Minn. Stat. § 3.736(4). Minn. Stat. § 3.736(11). Mississippi Miss. Code Ann. §§ 11-46- 1 to 11-46-23. See Miss. Transp. Comm’n v. Montgomery, 80 So. 3d 789 (Miss. 2012). Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-3. Miss. Code Ann. § 61-3-83. See also Pratt v. Gulfport Biloxi Reg’l Airport Auth., 97 So. 3d 68 (Miss. 2012). Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46- 17. Miss. Code Ann. § 11- 46-15. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46- 15. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-7. Missouri Mo. Rev. Stat. § 537.600. See also Allen v. City of St. Louis, 117 S.W.3d 707 (Mo. Ct. App. 2003). See, e.g., St. Louis Flying Club v. St. Louis Cnty., 866 S.W.2d 929 (Mo. Ct. App. 1993). Mo. Rev. Stat. § 537.610(5). Mo. Rev. Stat. § 537.610(5). Mo. Rev. Stat. § 33.120(1).

ACRP LRD 24 Sovereign Immunity for Public Airport Operators B-4 Jurisdiction Legislative Authority Discretionary/ Governmental Function Exceptions Other Exceptions Punitive Damages Damage Caps Process for Claims Montana Mont. Const. art. II, § 18. Mont. Code Ann. §§ 2-9- 101 to 2-9-114. Mont. Code Ann. § 2-9-111. Mont. Code Ann. § 2-9- 105. Mont. Code Ann. § 2-9- 108. Mont. Code Ann. §§ 2-9-301 to 2-9- 318. Nebraska Neb. Const. art. V, § 22. Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 81- 8,209 to 81-8,239.11. Neb. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 13- 908. Neb. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 13.910(2). See also Shipley v. Dep’t of Rds., 813 N.W.2d 455 (Neb. 2012). Neb. Rev. Stat. § 13-910. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 13- 919. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 13- 905. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 13-919. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 13-905. Nevada Nev. Const. art. IV, § 22. Nev. Rev. Stat. §§ 41.0305 to 41.0309. Nev. Rev. Stat. § 641.0322. See Granite Oil Secs. v. Douglas Cnty., 219 P.2d 191 (Nev. 1930). Nev. Rev. Stat. § 41.035(1). Nev. Rev. Stat. § 41.035. Nev. Rev. Stat. § 41.036. New Hampshire N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 541-B:1 to 541-B:23. N.H. Rev. Stat. § 541-B:1. N.H. Rev. Stat. § 491-8. See also Op. of the Justices, 126 N.H. 554 (N.H. 1985). N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 541-B:19. N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 541-B:14. N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 541-B:14(1). N.H. Rev. Stat. § 541-B:1. N.H. Rev. Stat. § 541-B:19. New Jersey N.J. Rev. Stat. §§ 59:1-1 to 59:14-14. N.J. Rev. Stat. § 59:2-3. N.J. Rev. Stat. § 59:2-3. N.J. Rev. Stat. § 59:8-9. N.J. Rev. Stat. § 59:8-8. New Mexico N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 41-4-1 to 41-4-30. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 41-4- 7(A). N.M. Stat. Ann. § 41-4-7(A). N.M. Stat. Ann. § 41-4-7(B). N.M. Stat. Ann. § 41-4-5. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 41-4- 19(D). N.M. Stat. Ann. § 41-4- 19. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 41-4-16. New York N.Y. Ct. Cl. Act § 8. See, e.g., In re World Trade Center Bombing Litig., 957 N.E.2d 733 (N.Y. 2011). Wang v. N.Y. State Dep't of Health, 933 N.Y.S.2d 503 (Super. Ct. 2011); Barrington v. N.Y., 806 F. Supp. 2d 730 (S.D.N.Y. 2011). N.Y. Unconsol. Law § 7107. N.Y. Ct. Cl. Act § 10.3, 10.4. N.Y. Gen. Mun. Law § 50. North Carolina N.C. Gen. Stat. § 63-50. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-291. See also Rhodes v. City of Asheville, 52 S.E.2d 3711 (N.C. 1949). See, e.g., Vaughn v. Cnty. of Durham, 240 S.E.2d 456 (N.C. Ct. App. 1977). N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143- 299.2(a). N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-293. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-295. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-299. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-299.1. North Dakota N.D. Const. art. I, § 9. N.D. Cent. Code §§ 32- 12.2-01 to 32-12.2-18. N.D. Cent. Code § 2-02-09. N.D. Cent. Code § 2-02-06. N.D. Cent. Code § 32-12-1-03(3)(d). See also Lang v. N.D., 622 N.W.2d 238 (N.D. Ct. App. 2001). N.D. Cent. Code § 2-06- 17. N.D. Cent. Code § 2-02- 09. N.D. Cent. Code § 32-12.1-10.

ACRP LRD 24 Sovereign Immunity for Public Airport Operators B-5 Jurisdiction Legislative Authority Discretionary/ Governmental Function Exceptions Other Exceptions Punitive Damages Damage Caps Process for Claims Ohio Ohio Const. art. I, § 16. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 2743.01 to 2743.01. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2744.01. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2744.02. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2744.05. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2743.02. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2743.16. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2744.04. Oklahoma Okla. Stat. tit. 51, §§ 151– 172. Okla. Stat. tit. 51, § 162(B). See also Ex Parte Hous., 224 P.2d 281 (Okla. Crim. App. 1957). Okla. Stat. tit. 51, § 155. Okla. Stat. tit. 51, § 155. Okla. Stat. tit. 51, § 162(D). Okla. Stat. tit. 51, § 154. Okla. Stat. tit. 51, § 154. Okla. Stat. tit. 51, § 157. Oregon Or. Const. art. IV, § 24. Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 30.260 to 30.300. But see Norgaard v. Port of Portland, 196 P.3d 67 (Or. 2008). Or. Rev. Stat. § 30.265. Or. Rev. Stat. § 30.269(a). Or. Rev. Stat. § 30.271.1. Or. Rev. Stat. § 30.275. Or. Rev. Stat. § 30.370. Pennsylvania Pa. Const. art. 11, § 11. 1 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 2310. 35 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 7704. See also Page v. City of Phila., 25 A.3d 471 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2011). 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 8524. 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 8546. 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 8528. 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. §§ 8523, 5522. Rhode Island R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 9-31-1 to 9-31-13. R.I. Gen. Laws § 37-22-11. R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-31-2. R.I. Gen. Laws § 9- 1-25. South Carolina S.C. Const. art. X, § 10. S.C. Code Ann. §§ 15-78- 10 to 15-72-220. See also Multimedia Publ’g Co. of S.C., Inc. v. Greenville-Spartanburg Airport Dist., 774 F. Supp. 977 (D. S.C. 1991). S.C. Code Ann. § 15- 78-60. S.C. Code Ann. § 15- 78-120(b). S.C. Code Ann. § 15-78- 120(a). S.C. Code Ann. § 15-78-100. S.C. Code Ann. § 15-78-110. South Dakota S.D. Const. art. III, § 27. S.D. Codified Laws §§ 21- 32-1 to 21-32-21. S.D. Codified Laws § 21- 32-20. See, e.g., L.R. Foy Constr. Co. v. S.D. Cement Plant Comm’n, 399 N.W.2d 340 (S.D. 1987). S.D. Codified Laws § 21-32- 16. S.D. Codified Laws § 50-7- 14.1. S.D. Codified Laws § 21-32-2. Tennessee Tenn. Const. art. I, § 17. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 9-8- 301 to 9-8-310. Tenn. Code Ann. § 42-4-102. Tenn. Code Ann. § 42-5-107. Tenn. Code Ann. § 9-8- 307. Tenn. Code Ann. § 9-8- 307. Tenn. Code Ann. § 9-8-108. Tenn. Code Ann. § 9-9-307.

ACRP LRD 24 Sovereign Immunity for Public Airport Operators B-6 Jurisdiction Legislative Authority Discretionary/ Governmental Function Exceptions Other Exceptions Punitive Damages Damage Caps Process for Claims Texas Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 101.001 to 101.109. See also Mogayzel v. Tex. Dep’t of Transp., 66 S.W.3d 459 (Tex. App. 2d Dist. 2001). Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.215. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.023. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.023. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 101.101, 101.102, 101.106. Utah Utah Code Ann. §§ 63G-7- 101 to 63G-7-201. Utah Code Ann. § 63G-7- 201. See, e.g., AIG Aviation Ins. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 885 F. Supp. 1496 (D. Utah 1995). Utah Code Ann. § 63G- 7-603. Utah Code Ann. § 63G-7- 604. Utah Code Ann. §§ 63G-7-401, 63G-7-401, 63G-7- 501, 63G-7-502. Vermont Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 12, §§ 5601 to 5606. Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 5, § 201. See, e.g., Johnson v. Agency of Transp., 904 A.2d 1060 (Vt. 2006). Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 12, § 5601(b). Virginia Va. Code Ann. § 8.01- 195.1. See also Gray v. Va. Sec’y of Transp., 662 S.E.2d 66 (Va. 2008). Va. Code Ann. § 8.01- 195.3. Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-195.3. Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-195.6. Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-195.7. Washington Wash. Const. art. II, § 26. Wash. Rev. Code Ann. §§ 4-92.005 to 4-92.280. Wash. Rev. Code Ann. §§ 4.96.010 to 4.96.050. Wash. Rev. Code Ann. §§ 14.08.120, 14.08.330 See also Afoa v. Port of Seattle, 296 P.3d 800 (Wash. 2013). Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 4.92.090. Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 4.92.050. Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 4.92.100. Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 4.92.110. Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 4.96.020(2). Wash. Rev. Code Ann. § 4.96.020(4). West Virginia W. Va. Const. art. VI, § 35. W. Va. Code §§ 29-12A-1 to 29-12A-18. W. Va. Code §§ 14-2-1 to 14-2-29. W. Va. Code §§ 55-17-1. See also Van Gilder v. City of Morgantown, 68 S.E.2d 746 (W. Va. 1952). W. Va. Code § 29- 12A-4. W. Va. Code § 29-12A- 7(a). W. Va. Code § 29-12A- 7(b). W. Va. Code § 29- 12A-6. W. Va. Code § 29- 12A-8. W. Va. Code § 55- 17-3. Wisconsin Wisc. Const. art. IV, § 27. Wisc. Stat. § 114.11. See also Scott v. Savers Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 663 N.W.2d 715 (Wis. 2003). Wisc. Stat. § 893.80(6). Wisc. Stat. § 775.05(4). Wisc. Stat. § 893.82(3). Wisc. Stat. § 893.80(1)(a). Wisc. Stat. § 893.80(1)(p). Wyoming Wyo. Const. art. I, § 8. Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 1-39- 101 to 1-39-121. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1- 39-102. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-39- 104. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 1-39- 118. Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 1-39-113, 1-39- 114, 1-39-116.

ACRP LRD 24 Sovereign Immunity for Public Airport Operators B-7 Jurisdiction Legislative Authority Discretionary/ Governmental Function Exceptions Other Exceptions Punitive Damages Damage Caps Process for Claims American Samoa Am. Samoa Code Ann. tit. 43, §§ 43.1201 to 43.1235. See also Tauiliili v. Am. Sam. Gov’t, 13 A.S.R. 2d 61 (Am. Samoa 1989). Am. Samoa Code Ann. § 43-1201. District of Columbia D.C. Code §§ 2-401 to 2- 431. D.C. Code § 2-401. D.C. Code § 9-801. D.C. Code § 1-206.1. See, e.g., McKethean v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 588 A.2d 708 (D.C. 1991). D.C. Code Ann. §§ 2-401, 2-402, 12-301, 12-309. Guam 5 Guam Code Ann. §§ 6101 to 6106. 1 Guam Code Ann. § 405. 5 Guam Code Ann. § 6102. See, e.g., Sumitomo Constr. Inc. v. Gov’t of Guam, 2001 Guam 23 (Guam 2001). 5 Guam Code Ann. § 6105(a), (b). 5 Guam Code Ann. § 6301. 5 Guam Code Ann. § 6401. 5 Guam Code Ann. § 6201. 5 Guam Code Ann. § 6206. 5 Guam Code Ann. § 6208. Northern Mariana Islands 7 N. Mar. I. Code § 2201. 7 N. Mar. I. Code § 2208. 7 N. Mar. I. Code § 2211. See, e.g., Fleming v. Dep’t. of Pub. Safety, 837 F.2d 401 (9th Cir. 1988). 7 N. Mar. I. Code § 2204. 7 N. Mar. I. Code § 2202. 7 N. Mar. I. Code § 2202. 7 N. Mar. I. Code § 1101. 7 N. Mar. I. Code § 1104. 7 N. Mar. I. Code § 2202(e). 7 N. Mar. I. Code § 2205. Puerto Rico P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 23, § 336. P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 32, § 3085. But see Canadian Transp. Co. v. P.R. Ports Auth., 333 F. Supp. 1295 (D. P.R. 1971). P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 32, § 3081. P.R. Laws tit. 32, § 3077. P.R. Laws tit. 32, § 3077. P.R. Laws tit. 32, § 3080. P.R. Laws tit. 32, § 3083. U.S. Virgin Islands V.I.C. Rev. Org. Act of 1954 § 3, 48 U.S.C. § 1541. V.I.C. Rev. Org. Act of 1954 § 2(b). 33 V.I. Code Ann. § 3408. See, e.g., Centenaro v. United States, 211 F.3d 749 (3d Cir. 2000). 33 V.I. Code. § 3402. 33 V.I. Code § 3404 33 V.I. Code § 3409.