National Academies Press: OpenBook
Page i
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Naturalistic Driving Study: Alcohol Sensor Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22230.
×
Page R1
Page ii
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Naturalistic Driving Study: Alcohol Sensor Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22230.
×
Page R2
Page iii
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Naturalistic Driving Study: Alcohol Sensor Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22230.
×
Page R3
Page iv
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Naturalistic Driving Study: Alcohol Sensor Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22230.
×
Page R4
Page v
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Naturalistic Driving Study: Alcohol Sensor Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22230.
×
Page R5
Page vi
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Naturalistic Driving Study: Alcohol Sensor Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22230.
×
Page R6
Page vii
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. Naturalistic Driving Study: Alcohol Sensor Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22230.
×
Page R7

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2015 www.TRB.org The Second S T R A T E G I C H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M REPORT S2-S31-RW-2 Naturalistic Driving Study: Alcohol Sensor Performance Ryan C. Smith, ZaChaRy DoeRZaph, anD Jon hankey Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Blacksburg, Virginia

Subject Areas Data and Information Technology Highways Safety and Human Factors Vehicles and Equipment

The Second Strategic Highway Research Program America’s highway system is critical to meeting the mobility and economic needs of local communities, regions, and the nation. Developments in research and technology—such as advanced materials, communications technology, new data collection tech- nologies, and human factors science—offer a new opportunity to improve the safety and reliability of this important national resource. Breakthrough resolution of significant transportation problems, however, requires concentrated resources over a short time frame. Reflecting this need, the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) has an intense, large-scale focus, integrates multiple fields of research and technology, and is fundamentally different from the broad, mission-oriented, discipline-based research programs that have been the mainstay of the highway research industry for half a century. The need for SHRP 2 was identified in TRB Special Report 260: Strategic Highway Research: Saving Lives, Reducing Congestion, Improving Quality of Life, published in 2001 and based on a study sponsored by Congress through the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21). SHRP 2, modeled after the first Strategic Highway Research Program, is a focused, time- constrained, management-driven program designed to com- plement existing highway research programs. SHRP 2 focuses on applied research in four areas: Safety, to prevent or reduce the severity of highway crashes by understanding driver behavior; Renewal, to address the aging infrastructure through rapid design and construction methods that cause minimal disruptions and produce lasting facilities; Reliability, to reduce congestion through incident reduction, management, response, and mitigation; and Capacity, to integrate mobility, economic, environmental, and community needs in the planning and designing of new trans- portation capacity. SHRP 2 was authorized in August 2005 as part of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). The program is managed by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) on behalf of the National Research Council (NRC). SHRP 2 is conducted under a memo- randum of understanding among the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and the National Academy of Sciences, parent organization of TRB and NRC. The program provides for competitive, merit-based selection of research contractors; independent research project oversight; and dissemination of research results. SHRP 2 Reports Available by subscription and through the TRB online bookstore: www.mytrb.org/store Contact the TRB Business Office: 202-334-3213 More information about SHRP 2: www.TRB.org/SHRP2 SHRP 2 Report S2-S31-RW-2 ISBN: 978-0-309-31492-3 © 2015 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Copyright Information Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copy- right to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. The second Strategic Highway Research Program grants permission to repro- duce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, or FHWA endorsement of a particular prod- uct, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing material in this document for educational and not-for-profit purposes will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from SHRP 2. Note: SHRP 2 report numbers convey the program, focus area, project number, and publication format. Report numbers ending in “w” are published as web documents only. Notice The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the second Strategic Highway Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical committee and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the second Strategic Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve- ments of engineers. Dr. C. D. (Dan) Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. (Dan) Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisci- plinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transporta- tion, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the American Asso- ciation of State Highway and Transportation Officials. It was conducted in the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. The project was managed by Kenneth L. Campbell, SHRP 2 Chief Program Officer, Safety. This research was made possible through the various and vast contributions of many individuals at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI). In particular, Jon Hankey and Zachary Doerzaph provided expert review throughout the research process. They helped with research design, execution of the project, and evaluation of the final results. The six-member VTTI data reduction team performed a superb job of carefully evaluating video evidence from SHRP 2 trips to make determinations of in-vehicle alcohol intoxication and the visual identification of substances that could trigger the alcohol sensor. This effort was led by Julie McClafferty and Timothy Walker. Research Associates from the Center for Advanced Automotive Research at VTTI also made significant contributions. Tom Gorman helped with the research design and played a critical role in Phase 1 of the overall research effort. Miao Song helped code the alcohol-detection algorithm that allowed for valida- tion against SHRP 2 trip files. The Center for Technology Development at VTTI provided the engineering background for the in-vehicle experimentation, including the design and development of the mechanical breather, the Boozooka. SHRP 2 STAFF Ann M. Brach, Director Stephen J. Andrle, Deputy Director Cynthia Allen, Editor Kenneth Campbell, Chief Program Officer, Safety Jared Cazel, Editorial Assistant JoAnn Coleman, Senior Program Assistant, Capacity and Reliability Eduardo Cusicanqui, Financial Officer Richard Deering, Special Consultant, Safety Data Phase 1 Planning Shantia Douglas, Senior Financial Assistant Charles Fay, Senior Program Officer, Safety Carol Ford, Senior Program Assistant, Renewal and Safety James Hedlund, Special Consultant, Safety Coordination Alyssa Hernandez, Reports Coordinator Ralph Hessian, Special Consultant, Capacity and Reliability Andy Horosko, Special Consultant, Safety Field Data Collection William Hyman, Senior Program Officer, Reliability Linda Mason, Communications Officer David Plazak, Senior Program Officer, Capacity and Reliability Rachel Taylor, Senior Editorial Assistant Dean Trackman, Managing Editor Connie Woldu, Administrative Coordinator

This report analyzes the performance of a passive alcohol sensor included in the head unit of the data acquisition system used in the SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS). Driver impairment is a critical issue in traffic safety, and the ability to identify alcohol-impaired drivers would be valuable for users of the NDS data. The sensor responds to the presence of alcohol in the cabin air. A positive sensor reading can come from many sources: alcohol from the breath of a driver or other occupant, an open container of an alcoholic bever- age, aftershave lotion or perfume, windshield wiper fluid, and even some fast food. On the other hand, open windows may dissipate alcohol from an impaired driver’s breath before it reaches the sensor. Thus, the sensor can produce a positive reading when the driver is sober and can produce a negative reading for an alcohol-positive driver. The objective of this report is to evaluate the sensor performance under several scenarios with known driver alcohol levels and to investigate the feasibility of developing an algorithm to identify poten- tially alcohol-impaired drivers based on the sensor output. The SHRP 2 NDS is the first large-scale study focused on collision prevention (as opposed to injury prevention once a collision occurs) since the Indiana Tri-Level Study (Tri-Level Study of the Causes of Traffic Accidents: Final Report, DOT HS-805 085, U.S. Department of Transportation, May 1979). Vehicle use was recorded continuously during the SHRP 2 NDS. Information on vehicle travel, or exposure, can be extracted at the same level of detail as for safety-related events, such as crashes and near crashes. Hence, the SHRP 2 NDS is the first large-scale study to support detailed estimates of collision risk. Moreover, crashes are a leading cause of nonrecurring congestion, so collision prevention has added benefits in terms of reduced delay, fuel consumption, and emissions. The NDS provides objective information on the role of driver behavior and performance in traffic collisions and on the interrelationship of the driver with vehicle, roadway, and environmental factors. The SHRP 2 Safety research program was carried out under the guidance of the Safety Technical Coordinating Committee (TCC), which was composed of volunteer experts. The Safety TCC developed and approved all project descriptions and budgets and met semiannually to review progress and approve any program modifications. The Oversight Committee approved all budget allocations and contract awards. Assistance was pro- vided by expert task groups, which developed requests for proposals, evaluated proposals and recommended contractors, and provided expert guidance on many issues, such as data access policies and procedures. The decisions and recommendations of the govern- ing committees were implemented by the SHRP 2 staff as they carried out day-to-day management of the research projects. F O R EWO R D Kenneth L. Campbell, SHRP 2 Chief Program Officer, Safety

C O N T E N T S 1 Executive Summary 2 CHAPTER 1 Background 2 Overview 2 Background 5 CHAPTER 2 Research Approach 5 Mechanical Breather Approach 8 Naturalistic Approach 11 CHAPTER 3 Findings and Applications 11 Algorithm Considerations and Development 12 Mechanical Breather Boozooka Validation 14 Mechanical Breather Gold Standard Data Results 16 Naturalistic Test Data Results 19 CHAPTER 4 Conclusions and Suggested Research 19 Alcohol-Detection Algorithm Accuracy 20 Recommendations 21 Overall Conclusion 22 References 23 Appendix A. SOL-Eye User Interface Screenshot 24 Appendix B. Operational Definition of Behavioral Cues

Next: Executive Summary »
Naturalistic Driving Study: Alcohol Sensor Performance Get This Book
×
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

TRB’s second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-S31-RW-2: Naturalistic Driving Study: Alcohol Sensor Performance offers a glimpse into alcohol-impaired driving through the inclusion of an alcohol sensor in the Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS). The S31 Project developed and evaluated an alcohol-detection algorithm using the sensor through two approaches: an experimental in-vehicle testing regimen and an examination of a subset of SHRP 2 NDS trips.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!