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Suggested Citation:"4 Methodology." National Research Council. 1993. Demographic Effects of Economic Reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2228.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methodology." National Research Council. 1993. Demographic Effects of Economic Reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2228.
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Suggested Citation:"4 Methodology." National Research Council. 1993. Demographic Effects of Economic Reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2228.
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Page 36
Suggested Citation:"4 Methodology." National Research Council. 1993. Demographic Effects of Economic Reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2228.
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Page 37
Suggested Citation:"4 Methodology." National Research Council. 1993. Demographic Effects of Economic Reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2228.
×
Page 38
Suggested Citation:"4 Methodology." National Research Council. 1993. Demographic Effects of Economic Reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2228.
×
Page 39
Suggested Citation:"4 Methodology." National Research Council. 1993. Demographic Effects of Economic Reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2228.
×
Page 40
Suggested Citation:"4 Methodology." National Research Council. 1993. Demographic Effects of Economic Reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2228.
×
Page 41
Suggested Citation:"4 Methodology." National Research Council. 1993. Demographic Effects of Economic Reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2228.
×
Page 42
Suggested Citation:"4 Methodology." National Research Council. 1993. Demographic Effects of Economic Reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2228.
×
Page 43
Suggested Citation:"4 Methodology." National Research Council. 1993. Demographic Effects of Economic Reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2228.
×
Page 44
Suggested Citation:"4 Methodology." National Research Council. 1993. Demographic Effects of Economic Reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2228.
×
Page 45
Suggested Citation:"4 Methodology." National Research Council. 1993. Demographic Effects of Economic Reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2228.
×
Page 46
Suggested Citation:"4 Methodology." National Research Council. 1993. Demographic Effects of Economic Reversals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2228.
×
Page 47

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~ ~ ~ Is ~ ~ designing ~ Isis of manage, and Brsl ad second bind Abed the allowing: . . ~ wbal types of models ~ A~i~me palings of s~i~mpTe counts of events, ~i~ AWNS ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~S~ ~$ ~ ~ ~C , boa 10 i~n1~5 time patents of change, enter Conic ~1~ into models. and control ~r secular cabbies Abe Smithy ~C1 file demos Magic outcomes; ad ~ Bathe ~ 0011~0 control far individual cbar~1eri~stics off Women ad chlld~n. Each of obese mnics is addressed bellow. at. Tb~is chapter also desscribe$ the Noses of mandate and f~rtilil~y and of mo!~al~ily and discusses hypothesis ~R ~ _ ~ ~ TYPES OF MODELS Tb~id~nt:ity 1be~sbort-ru~n enacts of economic variation on demographic out!come,, He would ideally use long time series of both economic and demographic data and a11e~mpllO ascertain sim~il~ri1:ie~s~i~n patterns of charge. TVe~ba~eindeed been able 10 assemble lime series ofeconom~ici~nfonnal~ios Agatha shadow levelfb, our seven study counties (see Appendix A),bulin most developing countr~ie$,and in sub-Saba:ran A Urchin p~icular.reliable time series are not available on~marr~ia~es, bidbs, or deaths Vi1~1Fegistra

tion systems 1ba1 decoy Saab demographic events ~ ~none~isenl~ or operate only plainly' and 1~ baas not gem periodic Surveys or censuses of su~sci~en~tly good quells and I ~pp~~pd~ queEsti0~s ~r us lo piece 10~e~r lime Writes. 6~u~n~e~ly, ~tbe Demog~b!ic add H~e~1b Sues (DOSS) conducted lion 1bb late Pesos in Bee coun~ies~th~e brave cb~os$en ~r sandy Decide sump ciao i~i~v-iduAl~l~e~el~ Ion. so Bat He cab ~1~ in time ~ Ins 5fS~1 m~iage~ beg Chilean $ births, ad bar chl~l~n'~s degas ~ In base surveys, women aged 15-49 Pierre asked i~ut~tbe~i~r dews softens into [~1 manta union, Eta dales of Me bibs of ~ ~eir~i~chil~n, able ages gala Edema of such as education. ~Sucb survey dare on ~i~ali~E~odr~p~os~es. groove 1bi.ng, only a limited number of de~ogr~h#d ~so~utc~s scats be s~ludi~d~; for example, no iron is av~l.ible on adult morality. also, We ~ am .~, . ~ acted by flee ~usu<~ problems Of Calls. c~rs.~.~s~soci~l~d limb ~t~~sreclive dale. popover is Dame Ois~s~s. the c~o~mro~sl~on 01 women an~ c~lluren Elan .. . ^ 1be Consoled awe sexes abodes soss~ must use ~ multi ap- ~ac~b tab tams imp c~0~s~i~io#~tbc~expos~u~e~bf ~e~0~= or child to Me risk of Me demonic outcome fiats Barb c~e~d~ Scrod. Stab ~ mu~l~- v~^ ~~b also bag Me idv~~e Of ~ ~ov~id~i~q anion on Me The basic appnDac~b~e~se~sfor~!lfb~r~of~fhesdd~mo&~aph~ic~ou$~io~6s~i~s estimate 11~ tables widb Regressor Obese regressors~i~nclude the Scot nomadic vadable~s of conce~i,~as~el1 As~con~o~l~s for~samplcEcon~po~s11ion, Limb ~ili~be discussed later ~For~maniage~,~rsl bi ~ ,~a~d~second bi age me analyze file probibi.lib~e-s~sof events~oc~ni~g by 6~in~gsa d!i~scne~1ime bazerd~ modd<l1bal~i~s baseds~on~l~ogis~lic ~eg~es~sio~. Par chil~d~s~mo~Jity, ate Laze tbe~aes~al~ib~ic~b~events~occ~r bye u~s~i~Poi~s~son~regtes~sion. Both pnoc~d~res~ppl!i~d to a pa~!icul~a, outcome should y~ield~tbe~$ame subs tine results,Ein~d tbe~choi~Je~b~ Been them ~i~s~ssenti!ill:y one~dfstbe pre~ Once oftbe rese~xcber(J?ussell and Cu1~.ane,1993~)~ bill the case of~o~u~ anilys~i!s~bf~m~ni~ge~ ~e~u~se~lbe survey inib~m~lion to aSce~!n the calend~years id bide an indivisdu~oman was a!1~dsk of being manied for~tbe B~t~li~!e: Add Hotbed or not she ~1 She Audio B ~ in~=ation abut the dates ~a. sold slips of tag says, ~ well al. 2 I:: is Wound ant cans/= to Me h$\ of Tsar maria or gig bias ~ ~1 time fir a driven calendar ~ Ins ~ We ~10 or tbc be of 1b~ Cumuli part, ~b~bev~ is ~ Ha ~ ~# fiat child or lee beginning of 1bc cutout faded. ~b~icbever is ~later: and In of a child to c ask of dying in ~ gives aria Ins at il$ blab or the ~gi~ing of the Currant ~. bic~bovc: is later.

* go aged ~ yam. ~~c ~ ~ S#-~ 3~ in Abut years Bob up of e!xpo$u~ Bar each coma. gad ~ ~ ~ I I, ad he use ~ di~6c~~dme~ b=~d!~del ~ pastime ~ eats of m~~congmic #~ ~ massage, ~ ~o discuss ~ ~ nex1 secd~- Tbc ~ co-~ilali!on is e~s$en~1~y Me Same Try We =ilys~i~$ of 5TS1 and acted births; but Air Me analysis of child Mali me usse moan as Me unit of anaJy!sis ad cb~ac~= children by! tbei~ge~s I months badge risks of modify cue c~sider~l~y amp many ~: mocha inane ~{S1 year of life- using monlb~s to !~asu.= both caged lime and 1be length of exposure to Me risk off dying in He Mission remission models. of child modality tab beg fit allows us ~ loams more accu~1ely bold eels Boom to ~e ad of do fin gland veals aging ~h~:~cb cconomsl5c ECONO~lC Vi~1ABLES AND S~C[LA~ THREADS In boa 1~ d1~sc~ti~ baas ad Me Poisson models, 1~0 poaches graphic events and 10 e~stima~ ~1~1ionsb!i~ps bang these Seals Aced Sacs tUalIonS in mac~ec~omlc 1n~1ca10rs: (l) Time enacts area estimated using dummy variables 6~ eabb calendar yew gel ~ a lined #ends Id (2) Scot comic indicators Me Feted directly imp Me ~~s$i~on~s 1b~1 alto ~.:nclude a are cozened bbob1 C0!~Ol,l~!ng Bar Bed ~d cease Ace do clot ~110 confuse oboe venisons in Me pollen of ove:~ts or sb~o~-1e~. C~ct$ of economic conditlon$ son these events Aim long cbs~e$ an society Id Me economy Act do pot die fly ever idle our Koalas. ~ use only a l~i.n~ mad Aver ~ ~ bi~e~c~o~g~ar~ion b=~= Her bevy go stung e~oc~li~^ bboul Me owe and Use g:~.v~on 1be co~p~le~il, of our models, i~nl,~ucin~ ~ bile lea sword fir limit our: ~:re~y limited Agrees of Madam. we same ecso~o~mic bibles ~ used far analysis ~ ~mard~s, b:~:~bs, aged child deaths (see Able 4~1 ~r a list). devi~io~f~ land ~ y~arfofa do~ a Edge ~ ]~ vita often economic v~dabie~.:n yearr(~nol~g~, Me p~v:iousyear7-~1~14g one),~nd the yearbefo:re ~ ~ ~ 2(lagt~o). Tb~is:mod!elisesl~i~m~d separably F each de~mog:raphic variable,cach economic v~dable,eacb LOUD and,for as may count -sable. ~_ _ _ ~_ _ _ ~_ _ _ ~_ _ _ ~_ ~r _ ~_ ~ ~ ~= ~ ~ ~b## ~t de Dally (~993) ~ ~ discussion. praise ti~i~gofu~iO~ ~atk~ in Afica See

TABLE:4-1 Economic Variables Usedin or~li~ An~y~se$ ~ Seven! Subs Icy Counties ~7 ,. . . `~01c Boned Ghana Kenya ~ Seam Ago Luanda R~1 COP ~( CAPE . . (CDP) X ~X X X X 4_ ~ ~X ~X X X X Was of to) X X ~ ~X ~% ~08 Output ~ ~X (^I~')S X C^oa~OC) ~X Cog X ~\ X C6~ (~C=) X G~uddd ~gas (~) '^ .X P~=lcum ~0~) P~ha ~ (WPP~) X X ~X ~ ~ ~ ~ . < P^8 , ~oa(~OC) X ~X X ,^ ~ ,o:~<e (~0r X' ~ ~X ~ S ! ~: ~X >~hd~ ~p~. . ~ ~ ~ ~: ~~nl~iq<~ of y~d~l~< ~d $pu~e$ gf -< ~ ~iv~ i~ Sp~ix A. i~cs~lyp~ic~al~Iy yields be~er ~ts end bec~iuse ~ecoefisc~ichlson ~eecon~i~c -v~~i~bles can beinte~p~ ed as el~asb~ities,~:i~enibelog~ithm~i!c~nal!~ o~f ~VS di$cu~s~stbis~ ~ _ rin~later!secl:io~ of-tbi~s . ~. , ~, ~ . ~e ~. _~ ~_ ~^_^~ chap~r , , , we use1aggea valueS of ~eco~som~ic variables for tbc t~o pre~vi~ous years, as ~el~1 as ~e Cu~en~t value. because tbc bis~rio~ li~te~u~ and com mon sense~s~ug~gesiLb~lchangesinlbe~macroeconomy may not tee per ceived or experieng~d atibe mic~o lev~el for s;~ e time (see Cbap~r 3~. )4o~ove~ d~ may beso~l.agassocia~d wi~ abiologicalorbob~vior~ ~x~e ~)a ~ en ecoeon~csbock;~ e ~s ~and

As ~5~ - '?~ ~ ~ ges~:~] Be: of ~:~:~e month~s 1:~v tha inevitably' be I-~:~d'. ~'~,l'lltv wIll almOs:t I~ ~ ~ Ia~ stmeture ~er ~d000S the de=~es 0t ~ i~ t5~ =~$, SO \\YO d~ec:~d :o =~o t~y 0?~ t~0 ~s m~r ~ y~ and to m~e no I: to test ~r the X: of I'm that t5->? ~; 091~$ ~6 j0~S l~ ttC CCO~> 636 0~? tS 0t t60 $~0 I?. 3~ :? $) ~n 0~ ~ ~ be: ~ ~ 0~ :0 ~ ~ :0 ~-id 86 i ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ ~ :8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t~ ~ ~ ?9 t ~0:~0 it: model, rathe~r to= I~c,1~l,~= seVera.l 'economic 1~s at -~: and a!~ _ A: i~= t~ t~ 00~.~0 ~ l60 p~.~.~\ ~?~ ~ ~ t58t to ~.~: t~.~?5 mp ~ 4c t! ~ m ?-~ ~ :~:~ ~ ar; ~ :~ ~ m a:?~ ;y ~ ase ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o~ ~ ate d. ~ 5?0 t0~pt tO-Od10?O 0~?8 ~= ~= woul6 5e t??~" ~ 538t 03~ ~ ~: ~l ~$ is: t58t t50~ ~ ~0 0~ ~?0 t: it? ~ ~6 =) e~:~8 ~ 6390 i08~.6 8:~gK ~{ 870~0 0[ ~?- 000?~: 9-~ 6~3 ~?0~ ~Ot 3~C ~; ~C =0 ?~t t~t ~ ~:~ - ~6 tt~ 3~??~3 536 t~ 50 ~?~6 ~= ~ 3~\ $~3 0[ 0 6~8 6sta ~-r t:he 25 -~?~ pwce6~ng tt~e co?~?7s 0~5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ;:;~e :m ~ ;~!: -t ~? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~e pe:~: od ?~: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W were ~m ~ 970 to tt~ V~= t:~ t~0 ?~:~ - ~?\ i~ 0-?~5 00~ - y ~ ~t'W ~$ 816~0· iD t5C t36~05 l~ ~t ~ t~3t pt?W?~t ~ {~?~- $~?- t{~<?0 ~=) 0~ [~{ 0305 98~t 0; t~0 .~$ ~6 03~ 0.~?~: :~ CONTROt, VAR:~:~-~S 3l g0~[8l g00?8~ {~ j~0i~g ~0 =:~)?5~5 pi3~ ~?~3 ~60~Wt ?~0 ;~:! [~r - - ha:~c t~wr~ st:~c ~ of the ~? ome:~r ~ ~ a?~:~! W i> tt~ \: 880 7 ~ '~ 3~ ~ 0?0 (??~ 0t [~)7 0~?~?~-=6 ~; 0?~= 't0~§~:~W~ 0; ~0 05~¢~[ 0x amp~1 ~ the~r ag~ - b~:~ o~ ~ - leng~ of pmv ~ ?.~X?5 6~t }~ ~.. ~ have contro!~d ~ ~?Wl07$ ~3t a~ct 5a'=~9iW 0~0$?tt 0~?.` ~ &'0 ?~: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tt:0 =~? ?~} ~ ~ 8~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t~ ~0 8) ~ $? ~ ~ * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :~ ~? ~ ~0 ~ 0??, ~ _ : - {? w : f -fi~cts of~?. th-e probetf:)S?tIe~ o: >urv:~n ~ s~: :~ ~ ~ ~e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ re t: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ?~:\ ~ -~l SOr ~ ~: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3~ ~) ? - ~ ~ ~ ~ t~ ~ to ~ 073t ;) ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' ?~= ~ tt W 7.~:~ 0[ tt:0 d~m ~ r~h~: ~ ev ~ c~t ~ ~r~ 5~ 00 ?~6 6: ~ ~ ~ tt~ {: ~ t~( .? ~) ?8i~.(0 0ts>t 61nt~, -?~34.~,6 ~) Ct i);6 ~Or(~))t~9~ ttC ~= ?',,? Ot ~¢ C~t1~~ )(~( ~?~8f33$ =~6 0; *6)ft* 62~$f* tt:33 3,'£~-0 ~[ tl~j~ ~it°£~.= 5079gr33~$ ~2~$` {;S~C,5(S 3),50 ~ O1Nxen cfu*r~ ~;*~:xest \n ec-onom;?0 e~ctS*> some ~o wt~t m~r ~ ~;t* ~ mo~ ~ 3?6K3~> t~ ~=, 0t =,; 5i, 873335~ ~ ~ ~\ ~ ~$of 0?~: =~3r.~ : $:~ ?3xt40~\ .~. ~ ~ *l 8~ 64 =.* . ?~) :Sf ?~.~) ~ ~ ~: tf ~ tt t - Y p' C, ~ ~ [. ?= ~ ~ ~ ~ :~ :S .~ ~ ~ C?:~ pOf ~ ~ It; ~ ~ 8S ~ ~ t? ~ cussed I.~.l . }:~ ~C =~$~:S p~:~6 ~:~ ?~¢ ?~f ~ ~ ~ Q'~:~,: ~f: ~ ~ ~ 6~, ~f:t ~ 4~??X g.~? ~S?~<Si 3~(Xi>~? ~,~f~?-f~; ?~ff ~?~??'.) t??'.x ~i ?~X~*~X i4988~ 8:~ ~y$?¢ at~ ;~7i:,2?~f-$i~= ~; <?~0f~ t `~ ??<Y~0 ~?~X:6 t{~: - ~?.;.~x?'.. - x .~.$ ~x. tt~: \~:~$ (~?~ 3?~ l 9(f ~f *~f )~f~ ? ~ft ~¢ ?.~?,-?~ ~ ? ~8?~;3,.~???~) ?.~ 5. ~ ~;~;0 ~ x$f t~f ~ p/~?X~¢ ?~, ~3 ~f; =?~87:7 ?~¢ ~3 ~ ~88) ~ ~$~0 ~~

By :~ ^ tolled ~r any- other actors. ~ experi~ment~d Mob owes c~0~1~1~s tab am Queenly i~clu~d in models of ~e demographic outcry ~c~onside~d beg. but Hair inclusion had only m~ina1 enacts on 1be resells about time pal- te~=s or economic Is. any dramatic dl^re~ce$ in results yielded by ^~ Is. O~erw~isc, ~t Me sag of Pimp, the results a~ not pond. He con1~ls Aide Blob we se~pe~m.e~lod ~1~ into 1:WO~ basic scEa16 ries: 1bose tab change slowly over time and Eloise abut may ~ cb=ge rapidly. IN tbe c~1e~g~0f contra Cage Lowly over times IS On~::1b~ ~3) Eta education off He It the Hand in all ~ the demonic ou$c~omes~:~ over age airs all of He study obu~t~ie~s~,~ Omen gab exposure ~ risk of events in chief edgy yes if abeam ~ply~si~ss~o~ld be d~i~sp~opo~ison~a~l~y leash changers in tbc demonic bebav:~ors$ kayoed He inclusion o1- a gene . . · . violable 1~ our analyses. ~ He camp of Locals ~ ~- City Her time ~ Avow me Died airs He amorality an~ly-sis. Ogre lathe suit of the previous child bow to He Sober of Age child ~i~g~!c~on~s~id~re~d~ ~1 may Alps remove in~1e~0usebold~ heterogeneity and abuts make ~ ~pI~usi~bl~e our a$~sumpcion of the i~depe~ndc~n~cC of morlili~ of chi~l~d=n of He shame ~mo~ Anon is be lends ~ Ale p~v~io~s big integer, Ibid cooler He ecus of 0 on child >~ Suppose. for ewe, tbateconom~i~c variables tc~t~mo~al~ily~i~nd!is~clly~(by~i~!Oue~ncinG~lbsO~durat:ion of be ~p~e~vious~b~b in~<vil)~.as cellists d~i~sc~lly~(by cb~ngingE~s~ource~ ~vailabil~ity).s analysis oft eats ofeconomic variables on~i~mo~al~i~ty ~tdisd n~olcon~s thrill for ~1~ ~m!igb1 abort ~ ro~Ialiso~ship Be ~o~ld~ provide no ~in~si~gb~1 :~.n10 #. ~age. #~ pervious ~1< ~ln!te#~l~0~1~l!n pn~C~l~piC~ 411 10 Cl~SllB2Ul!SD bile ACT and indict acts; bo~evc~ Me results could be misleading fief ~impo~an1 de~le~in=~ls of gab bias spa ad molt. such as m~e~m.hl be~lb. sag, ~ u~nobserv6~e to Ate =~searc~be~r. Finally. gem are ages controls abet may He eS~d~ogepous to the Dale (e.~, the birth gear of We c~hi14~) - I've i.~ue~ce ob~il~d morality. so ~ tab ~res~l~ling~c~cie~ls ma be m~isl~ad- ing. ~ ~11 list of Me cools included for e~perime~n~1 pu~o~ses ~r each coquina ~orl~lity ~nalys-i~s is provided in ~ fluter secl:ion. ETHODO~LOGY FOR A~LY~S1S OF The p~ce~du~s used ~ 1be analyses of manage, first bight, and sec- ond bags ~ e$~D6~ly ~ saw Aim dittos only a. , . ~ t ~ ~ ~lDl~On 01

=~ =~ By: sw-~ ~ 't'bC ~d~0~t N?r2tK1.~l,;3 Th'0 b38t,0 =~l Crijtt;~S ~C iOg ~ oc£iu,=3,~g, as ~4 ~ ~ 8, |~ _ At;: ~ ~,~ ~ {N ~ ~ ~ By; i< ~ rS.:i a~ I, tow ,.0 tt~ 03$g -by =3m3.~ :~ ].8 t~0-~l,]~\ tt3~t ]~6,*~-\t~3,] 6 ~ gamy ~ 'g{\t0~ ~t Char {.8 ~6 3t ~ 8~ ~ ~ * ~ ~t 6 ~ ~S ~ ~ C~ junC ·~0 C[ y03 ~ 3~6 ~ 0~' \~ t~8 ~ ~;0t 0t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~t)~;~ 8~ 03;~0 ~ ~ · ~ ,~ ~ ~ Or ~ 0[ 0~Cr10;~ 3880C Hi ~ 0~ ~ Sp=~C I;-~t03[5 806~ its ~0 en-Ct O ~C t=06 Tn ~ second s~e :~: ~ =~'ysl's t~ :~:~s of economic tndIcat~ gig :~ ~ ~ ~ trait ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ =~ ~ ~.5 ~ t] ~ Char ~t 0. 0~8 0:[ r "x .x ~ specie ~.~c caten,0=' yearly :~:s The ~:~t At- Iast te~ ::n the ~e entail l~t :~*t ~ ~'0~ ~<.~= ~ ~ ~ ts ~e tog=~m ~ ~e firm of ~e =~C x, 1,;~n, dvea..~* it; ~ I; jilt /~ ~6,205 ~gg¢~ ~= ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <~ ~ O=~¢ Raw MA ,,,` ~ ~ As mo~l ~,61~h 1S knows as ~ diSc~'=~e ha,73~ =,~} $; $* l982~ =6 -I Ct ~ I* 35;~;~S ~ ~ ~ apt :~¢ ;^S 1S 6~y0~ -it ~ ~06~-id* {~60er65, t50 ti=C ~= x~ a~ assumed ~ heve ~e same e~.~s on ~e Iog owls of ma=~e .a,! $'~ - ~o seems reaso.~ ALEX- -~e ~$ OO ~ C~tS ~ ~1C l~tS ~8t 8~ ttC=~S p0~ ^) ~ 00 ~t 00t ~ ~ ~ ~ Axe x~ ~ Bet ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0~6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :~:g~r~, aft: ~ ~g ~ ~ ~e p=~m of mam~3,~$ ~ =e unt,1~.ic1,~ to 6,0~ VC3~ ~~xVg ~ ~ (w~r ~ t~ Craft 07 Axe t~x~x=-Di3~ xx; Ax Alp; r(~r°~< t$;3r**~= $~ 3~0 ~ ~t 306 ~t=~= (~9 ~J¢) Amp ~6 t~\ I'm ttig t~;~[x~) 63,806 ~ tt~ A<< ~ ~$j cc~ ?- 0 : i* A :* 7A* * 3'X'A:*A] 26~30 >0A~.*X*8* ~ i<X.= t3,.~65*(A, 8: s;plr5,~¢ =~ `~= ~¢ 8~*~;~5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 29 =~6 ;~Cc~ 26~ 30 >~39 Gil rS C$~* ~t tt ~ 3~A3~\ SO ~ O;; ~ 53-$ x t60 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~p $ ~Exit ~ ~x~ ~ (x~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ }Cr ~ ~ ~ ~ ok* ~ =6 ~ ~ fix ~ Em* S) ~ O~ ~ SC~ A 76 b(o~h-tnteo~t3;l ;dcr~mom<Xc$ [.e~<x`^ to ~C*c~p~-~=s =e ~ btr~ ~ )=~ :0 (sf t~ c~ond :#C)g ¢~fA amp ~s m~t. to age 0#~X :~:~Xt 30 0t I'll (0o=~r$~o361.~ \~,x r 650~¢ ** ~$ 3#C~ ~= =~ - rid ~t ~tc 0~.x MA ~'.5 0: ,C,3 ~= X. x;.' aim 0~; 05$g,~r~rIX~ ~ c ~b WO*t,~3,71.*, I., rungs ~ =~, .8= 3$~d t£r ~ {o~33p< - ox. #X 0; SCAM ='=~: I'm EAR )~; 6~t I'm ~t *C)'~\Cr)g arid ~ am I< ,r]A~ ~ 6S8.~C-~ (~ 5 0 p~#~g3~$ 3.~(J $~;~ ~3~0~C~#~;~ >; ~x=~ =,r<4, ~.XA ~ 'l 990:) God ~ 6~^'~) ~Ct6~# X ~.~\ mar 50~ ~ Cry x ~C (~= ~=r}} =6 0 na,0~) 199A->)*

~SG, Tb:i.s modal is es~ma~d using ~ ~eigb~d~ l~o~is~1ic~ areas ~7 ~ pi~e~ise~linear age Seamed fs~ Promos hi. Ulna 1bc maw u~s~ual~app~~b~ 1be c~clent on the . . . ~1~C! 1, co~s~nd~n~g dummy (ample for all age ~~ can ~ indexed as Abe levels of ~ Saks Of meat me co~sspondi.n~ ages. It dons, Aeon pi~e~:~se~-l~l~ne~!~8bles ~ used eat Client can ~ sited as the salad ~ Me Edgy dads! Of me me ~b~~ in tba1 d~tio~. Tb~e ~. ~ a~v~nt~e of 1~l!ss~ Repros over me u!sLhI ox lass ~at, abhor 1h~ assuming ~ C~O~S~1 bawd in cabs We categoric tbo hawk -is Rioted 1os incise (~or ~onibl!v by assumed lo base ~6beh Soled beam ~S time of Came c~b=~ds~dcs of able gown at me time of to sexy But ~ Ads 1~1e TO Insults Mom models gu=an~lee that it Has ~levan1 Air past Capes including educ~l~.on as ~ cony He Spoked only Ruben Hey am subsl~- A~s mentioned Elmer wage Sable, 1be Isis Ads done steely far ad ~1~ Gotten. Eileen b~ intense i) the dial ems of . ~ .. ~ . ~ ~ ~ ., I, economic amps in tbe~se God. ~ . .. . , ,,., , , . , a, , , . . ma, Careen age 10 -Ibsen He Assam exposure lo abbe IS oat mammae also . . , . at ~!,~ ~ ~ . . ,~ at. ~ ' I ~ ~ , sat !! ~ '! S ~ ~! ~ ~ ~ :!,: A, S~:~,.~!s, blah braid, add tbb~ti gas of~.~or brsl or$econd~0 add. because n)~don b.is~ori~es gem nolcollec~d assay of He ARES, He use ~ goings .. ^ esi~densce atone 12to $pl~itlbe ~lsimplei~to urban and rurhIs ~ pies of Omen. C~l~e~dy His vocable is impeder as ~ proxy for He ~oman'~s silence ~1tbe~1imes of male gad ~e-~:rslt~o bibs, butit ads the U~nfo~u~nale~ly, even tb~is in~fo~nnal~io~ gas not For He His of facility we consider Sly Best and second blabs c=~e~umbe=~ofbi~bsdec~line ~pi~dl~y~$bi~nbo~of~:is~n~ascs,and cau$eof~e$eve~condilion~ilycons~:nts~plied~bi~#o~rbi~b~s (far en ~ ale. only ~ Roman Ho bas already bad exactly too climbs can early years of our analysis, ~e~dys~1960$, Abe oldest DIPS response dC01S, ag~d~45~49 Time of be surveys, Gould bee been onlyin their sepa~1e~ly because me .for early twenties. EVE an~y~ze Brat and second~bi~b~s ~'- . . 113, . .y Essex

I:? =~ ^~O ~ ail- ~ ~. Alerts O D OLO GY FOR AN A~LYS1S O~F~C~HlED!\lO RTALlTY The procedure ~sedibra~lyzi~g abed mo~ili;l~y.Po~is~so~n ~re~ssion,is broad S1<pS oflbe analysts creche same. I~Etbc~ 5IS~t~S1<p, dummy variables rap~o~sen~l~calendar years arid a v~dible~fbr belie Heard Reincluded ~n~tbe~modelFinYbe$ccon~ds$<p,ibe~<ale~da~ye~v~4dables~orereplaced by Me corresponding view of on~e~0f~lh~ econom:icin~dic~- rs~,~pl~us the value of ~ ~:i~d~i~cap~rforlbe~prey~.o~u~t~o yea~s~l~g~s~on~ Ad 1~0. Poisson reg~ss~ion is essentially ~ melb~odo~logy ~ album ~ul~bv~r:iale Dialysis ~ counts of Ices, in His case, of Shield damps. The god assumes she unde!dvin~ risk Ha hazed of 1be advent occurring in some ~ = ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ , . = . ~ maggoty of. of~e~>po~surp~isnE1b~is caso ~n ~gg~gToup~ptchildren~. lain oar ~odel,~th~e~1~r~l~og~<ri~ ~ of We bsazard,~,fb<~ ~ser<ati~op {of4ge group ~is~ssu~edlo bee by additive exprp~ss~i~on~i~cl~dipg Me base hazard for Me ace~roun ~6,,,,E and sac c~bc$s ofaseriesofothse~rv~riJbsles ~ ~ ~ a, it.. tab are assum~edio~i~nnuen~ce Me bazord: 1~) ~ ~ + ty elbali.n our model ~eeD>~1~s~0f Be v~r~bb)es ~ <~ assum~d~not ~ vary Dim at. TO expected noun Roof evens orders ~6 observed ~r !~ndiv~idu~s Tab ~ p<~i~gu~l~r set off cb.ar<~leri<1icsin dg~atio~-opexposurc campy a. mill be 1be buzzed mult~i~pTied be ice c\~osurel~i~e o~fs~ascb i~ndi~id<~{isin gee mu. ~... ~: . E S .: ~ expels ~ Cameos Ha. ~ f·~ ~ Yields = ~ . ~ . ~ , ~ a .~ ,~ as. Ha. =~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ . ~ ~ , co.~rlerlsllcss ~ Then ~i~nclocadthm$add sub+~cl:ing1be Frst~lehn on ~erigbt~ ^~m~botb . . , , SHIM yes Yates .~$: =+, The lo~thm of the ~~ tam a. ~ ^ '~ refaced lo as thee -wet,' wbic~b S1~nsd~rdizesc~ellcount:stb~varyi~ng e!xpos!u!~tim~e~s. 1~ our application, me aroi~nle~sled pd~m~dly in vadal:ions ov~e~r1~i~me. Tb~u$tbe voidable ofineresliscalendar1:ime; model to 2110~ for vadalions Hotbed faders ~l~m~ig~bl conceal or

I cod the unde~dying rel~:ion.Sbi~ps summed as bus the model can be -:= +~7 + .+~ far ~i~dividuils of cool cbaracleri~stig~s ~ Id age ~ in cale~nd.ac ye a, obese f iS conti~u~s time to Septum as constant relet of change 1h ~ second sop of Me ~alysi.s. 1be exacts of to cal~ndar~ye~ dummies. if, me go Spliced by t~ ems of 1h.c currant Id lagged values of pee of ~tbe eco- no~n~ic indicalors,as~i~ndi~c ^ d in tab discussion oftbosanal~ysi~s of~nd~ge ^ and ~1e~ili~y. Jugs as in ~$ physics, we sag slot Instep primarily in the come cients on 1b~ v~esc10r of ~cpot~} v~ibl~<s ~ and tip snot ~ ~em. gable, bo~e~vor, mat no,< of Age cs^S<ie~l!, fig Age m~od~l~v~e~s limb a. ~g eypo su~ cater (age of child) Brags is is assumed ~ able c^~1!S of Me ~v~ 1iona1 em on Ace brazed access ~1 age chicories. Me dale me SC1 Up far Poisson an~y~s~is by C-Oup~ling advents (Marsh) Id expose lime ~n each cell off a macros dewed by aide 4, firms as Id ~ vector of coeval viable at. ~ 6~iss~son model assumes test tile be does -~1 : ~ : . ~. Yam ~i~1bt~ Is c~te~god~s~y, So ye died to mops <~1~g~e~s raisin blob tab moldy I can be ~g~4e~d as <~ss~nti~lly copslaq1, forever, ~c Alaska Abe atop Me ions account type ~4~ dis~to~io~s~, ~be~by <~sd~i$pro- po~onat~s~u~bC: of dealbs may be Cap d at I< ~12~ mon1bs. Me age <1 in ~ Day ~r ~1~# cb~il~n nacho mad ~ gem mom 1 monib ~<o~iE~23~ ~oplh~.sE Add in years far chidden tripe ^r age 2~ yew. grieve<; in Is sp^gys, a~$pb~s~*ial p~po~iq~E~of depths gore pomades ~b~avl~gg~<d~s~t ~< 1 yam. ~i~- op1 ~g modish by spppiCpsd. 1g po~ls~ana Id My ~r ~hicb the lager pablum ~s~i~po~ We aged ~ ca~god~e~s~p~s, l flog mobs, 4 ~q 9 moons, TO 10 15 opus (box asked the 12~mop~ Vapors over lbeir likely cggg~ of <~e values)' Ts6 ~ 23~mon~hs, ~24 !° 35 Moslems' 36 to 4~7 m so and 4p ~ ~ 5~9 Ins. In we fining cowing :~. fib ~$u~b!s-1~iaT ~ num- -~ of Is ~ ~ <~c~ ~1 yaw deco_ gum Id Slob calories Cello a single ago ~ lo to 23~ months. As me~op~d~lie~ Abe reason ~ mamas insoles Of yew ~~ used to me~asu~ ~ bulbs Andy e~~su~ to 1be Kiosk of dumb is tba1 tag disk of dew in Ace edgy ones and ye of lid changes dilly. Risks of mange and ~i~lily abode moot slowly~as e>~su~ cb=ges. 1~n our modify morals, we have assumed 1bat the exacts of 1be ecus Comic and other c-~1 vari~le$ me pr^-i~on~ amass explore 1be Bestial ~im~rlance of damp ~ children. ^,~. aces groups. consign, me hoe Bled 1be m~-

6~C ~~ ~ S~-~\ ~ Wily models sep~=lely far aspic age Sups to He Obeyer 1be ~la~on- ships bulb economic cb=ge drier by age Soups They Enemy do n~ guilty, so only the ~ results by He Hat am s~ig~n~i~.c~t and of interest He Mooned in Cater i. All noted Lyle He end ~ including ~ number of conl~bl Me cb=~eri$tics of the child and then motbe~cs tbat Bean included bean selec~1e~d by ~lti~ng ago pre~li~<i.~iry models far each codhiry: Abe Rag model included iba1 me gear to is ~'physioJ~ogiciI~,v~dables,su~cb as sex oftbe child,~ge of Me ~otb~r<<20s, 2034 %35 ye~,inler~ctions of bind orde~rfl, 2~4, 5+) gild su:rviv~1 of ~ previ~ouschi~l~d~fortbel~sll~vo c~ategorie$oTbi~b.b~ddY),i~nleract!idusof bight order Limb 1be le~Gtb Of We p~vidus bide in.1etv~ (~24, 24-47, 248 mc~ths:once~a~ain f0rtbeIas1t~0 outcomes ofbi~b orders. These physic ol!o~i~c~ variab~1es~l~pic~l~ havesien1~can~1~u~ct$ in ~nal~sesofi ^ nlind ~ ~ . ~ ~ child Molly in developing counties (see, for Temple Hobc~ et al., 1985~. Me second p~Jimin.ary moan included vehicles Lam -abler Brat moan ~1 bad si~ni~c~~t enacts pilots i~ndlviduxl~l6~vel soc:~.oeconom-ic videos. such as education (us ~ fly coded as deduction versus so ~ ~ batik me chases of Botswana gad ~in~ya as ho edu~:~.ob~,~p~.:ma~y educil~i~< glove 1b~n psdmary); ethnicity (Akin for Ghan iditim~alel~y dropped), L!uby~Lub Onyx He ~ 6~ ~ ~r ~^ ~ . , , , ~ ~, . . ~ ~ . _ . nova; and 1n one chases ~!l~gerla,reglon onto cay (~o~h)~# Odds igloo, these <~dibless~=ssel~c~d~bt~c~iuse of ~e:~:rgene~( impo~ce~ib edict Look on ~o~al~i~ and House preliminary i~sp6cdon of ~tbe~ drill. iddic~d Abode vamp Arm id ~ ^= I. nary moddl.as molly of~tbesl<~i~inl~variablesaspos!slo~glvenTec~mca constants, ~tei~clud~d. Tible~4321isls gables fbre~cb dsoJ~bt<y. A.sin me an~ys~is~Of m~hi~g~ gad ~TS1 and sechn~d.b~l~bs,bo~+ep for the stake of b~irsimo~.~ in Cbi~ler i me rnest~ntthe~sd-l~ts~ofibe a~alYs~i~s ~ou~e'#h~- ~ ~ ~6 ~ _ ~ ~ r . ~ ~ ^ ~ omits may mask some of He reacts of ch#~ge~$~i~b economic conditionals. Far example. economic doc~li!de imbued scat ~ Anew Be -intervals be tee bias, a dd~vsel~~ent Cat m~igb1~ expected ~ result in Eclipses in c~biJ.d modality. However is discussed en Beta ~ include Be length of to previous birth i~te^al. i!n 1be mob equil~i~On mains ~ An ques . , lion.7 As in He case of He ~ Ed Pliny ~alys~is, He Usually Tab uncon~tmI~lcd model as bang the ~dv~ of p~ril~li~g ~ closely He b~islor~i analyses of Mote events.

TABLE 4~2 I~ividuaI-~vel Y=ibbles Used mien He ~ortili~ An~y~sis for Seven Subs Arcs Coasts sub Bo:~a O~b~a Kcoy~a Bipeds ma. . USA ~ ~X X X Old Her X BE -~ ` ~v ~ ^ ^ ^ 2-4' {bob p~VlO~S inl~v~ i+- ~ pi0V!~S ~1 . X ~X X ~-# ~ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ X X X X X X ~X 2~*4 ~ :m~um ~vious in~31 ~X~ 5+. med~i~m p=Sv~io~s i~l~1 :~4 ~ - ^ ^ .^ p=~:lOUS . . tbild di~d X X ~X X ~X X ~X 5+ ~ <~io~.s c~b~ild di~d X X X ~X X X X ~o~caJon ~X ~X X X X X ~m~~ X X X ~ X X X ~dsti ~X X ~X~ . : ~bnici~ S^b#- X A~ac~e X RQ~ ~, ^~ (mon~s~) ^ ~v ~v ~v ~ ~^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1~3 ~x X x ~x x ~ <-9 X \ ~X \ ~x ~x i~li ~ x 10~S X X ~X s ~ ^^ `, ~ 1 ~^ ^ . ~-35 x ~x ~x x x ~x x 3-~47 x x x x x x x 48~39 x ~x ~x ~X x ~x ~ ~gi-.

~ R6~ ~ S~-~ ~^ not dir s~ubst~tially ~l~e~e~n ~modeI:s Limb and about these con-1 vari- ~les. Me ~ cams in which hey do ~ Coned in ~ 5. sis Ale ~ i~nleres~d ill Me di~=ntia1 enacts of economic togs its urban and ~ra1 Baas. ACCOFdinG1/ abed possible (cabana, ~Nig~da. Send and ~go), He at models S<s1 far Be total sample of chil~d~n$ than separably far Chile Sign upon Bass and child in ~^ ~as. collect Diction hoes Mom each mower as ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~\ experience to the appropriate c~tego~ of residence, me bad 10 couple 1be bi~dale of the chilled ~itb i~ation ~ how many years the motor bad Thus, dial 1b~ USA lived in ber Bung residence at 1be time of He survey. and Rag samples, me include only chi~l~d:~n Bose mower bid IDOL moved stance their bibs Ed assigned bell locales to the child<. For Bots~in~. ibis calcul~1i~on was not po~s$i-ble Dowse the qu~ost:ion about 1~38~ of since ~ ~a~ -~ number off urban Welles. fiat was nol possible 10 do tbc analysis se~p~ateIy child~enin urban a~a~s,and~be~ru~alchildr~n dom~i~na~d beg 101~ scruple ~10 THESIS TESTIS ~ AND l~TE~el~l~rAT10~ OF RESL1;FS Far Web of the dom~bic outcomes-me, Ant Id second bias. and child mo~:ality-~e Cad for Be ~ll~o~i~ng in the Oat stage of tb~e analysis: 1. Tbe sigsi~5cance of~i~ncl~udin~ 1be trend lean <?~) ~ithout~i~nclad~ing Me specific cole~dar~ye-ar C~>C1S IA~ Tbe nulltypolb~sis~is~not~nd.8 2. Tbejoints~ig~Oc~nco of~ncludib~lh~especiC~ccilenda~ye~ref~cls butnot~.d Ace. Tbe nullbypotbes~lsis no year-lo-~yearvariat~ion. 3. The joint sign~iOcan.ce of~ncJudis~ 1be your eD>c1$ when 1be good term is also incl~uded.7 Tag nullhypo~esI$is no year~10~year V~d~li~O~ net of He hand . Tbe estimated trend coefficient and 1be probability values for tbe above ~ree~signi~c~nce test a=~pres.en1~-d in He ~rstlibl~e for each comely in Cbapte~r3. Also presenled~cm 1be ~rststag~e of He analysis arc graphs for scab ~,~ ~.^~- cha~ He y-~to-year variation in He patted values of to dependent: vadab~le of He particu1areq~uatl~on,based onlbe models used 10 COndUC1~ 1h~ ~c ~c~$ of our albeit is on v=~1ion around mad anger ~n the mad itself Us, He . , . trend cs~ti~a~s silver i~n this ream s~bould :no1 n~$sz~1y ~ if &$ ~$1 retime of un~rl~y~ing d~Eog~=phic oboe. Sag ^p~nd:ix B air a discussion off tab data quality i$S~CS . . . ~nvo~ve~. 9Wbcn t~ wand is lncl~d~d, one of :~he c~l~n~yc~ dummy v~ri~lo$ is omitted

second 1estlisled above. These Diced values are no~nilized ~7 ~ as_ .~ ~ ~ _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ Is ~ #2 -~~ Van ^~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Its zero. Similar grabs of Me ye=~lo-ye~ variation of Me novelized values of Me log~i.~ms of Thai gross domestic product (ODP) per coin am pa sensed far Web county, so ~ a visual comp~i~son of v~alion of Me economic i~ndic~10r Andy of 1be .dem~o~ic ou~dmes can be ma~de.l° lain , ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ . ~ gel cases of mat and Jollily. in blab We priced values a~ of the log odds ofibe events occupies, positive con~1~lon of tile palmers is expec~d~tbatis,i~provome~1sin economic conditions a~ expec~dio be assoc~i~d ~ inc~asesintb~ probabilities otgelling manded and giving birth. In 1be case of mo~i~,in Blob the p~di~cted values ~ of the Iogar~i~ m off the dig of dying, Relive con~l~d~os As expected, tba1:is, i~p~ovem~nts~i~n 1be economy sod be ss~soc~i~d Aim declinesin child morud~i1~ In ~esecondstage ofeacb oflhe ~neIys~e~s,~l~ogadlDmsofeconom:ic ~ind~lc~ors and ~e~irlagged values ~ substituted for He c~end~yeareL ICES in He ~g~s$~ions,~b~1~bconli~n~uctolnc~lude Ace ~nOv~i~b~l~e. Sepa- ~1eequalio~ns ~e~stim~ed fo~reac~b de~mograpb~ic oulcomeine.acb county byeac~becon~omic~i~nd.icalor Tile j~Oi:~1 signi~canceoflhecoefi~cie~ntsof1be c~un~nt ~dl~ed~al~es~:of~eacb economic~E~dible bow asa~no;up~hOin Also~nepo~d each of He coe~l~c~l~e~nlsson :~e~cun~n~1 ~o Egged econ~om~i~c:indica10rs, Whetter or~nol~the~y are 1~nJ~lv-xC~u~ly slgnlTl~n~1y~ fluent from zero, and file sum of the three coetEcie~nls. The individual coeficien~lesti~m~ssbould be inle~p~e~te!d limb p:~1care becausetbe esti- mate~s ~eli~kely 10 benegativel~ycod~l~ted ~i1beocb otber.giventbe~ strong autocon~l~ioni~nibetimespripsofthpeconomi~c variables. \~eve~beless, some expl.an~ion of 1be melt of ib~cooficie~ntsisin older. I~nibecase~s of marriage~nd~:rst~and~second~bi~b~s ~fbre~x~a~pl~e,~ coeficientof~o~o! ~ould~i~!di~c~t:A 100 pe~en!l~in~c=~$e~i~n~e~conomicindic~te~sults in a 5~oe~ebl~inc~asein ~es~odd$Eof~e~1~orridd origins bir~.l-2 In {VS gun Dam ~co~-~by^co~n~y ~v~is~ sof~Eec~onomlc conditions s . , ^ . e ,~^ . , :^ ^ _ __ ore andlbeprese~ta11~0n olive Desalts 01~EOUr 8081yS~ls. 1~r cues tar fib =$uil$ ~ gad \r -6 ad ~!1 spas. as wc11 as ~r c tall pa, tat As of ~r comity UPS aSt ~ ~ ~ C0~!1~ 'a 811 gags, . . 1 it could ~ tab ~c epoch Yes Could baa sit ~1$. ovEen if ~c a~ loo celend~r-ye~ Oat. ^ ~Su~o~ ~1 q~ the ~o~babil~ity of 1#vid=~1 ~ aging Mind in byte i, is .10~. Tan tbc Ads [~/(I ~ if,)] am 0.~111~1 A ~ ~:1 ~ in Be odds to 01167 implies }misuse ~1 He =~lity ~ IS 6~; = .01~, Den 6~: Could ire to .010~5.

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This book examines the effects of economic downturns in recent decades on first marriages, first and second births, and child mortality in Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo, and Uganda.

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