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118 A P P E N D I X A Abbreviations AC Advisory Circular ACIP Airport Capital Improvement Plan AIP Airport Improvement Program ALP Airport Layout Plan ACOE Army Corps of Engineers ADG Airplane Design Group ARC Airport Reference Code ARFF Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting ARTCC Air Route Traffic Control Center ATCT Air Traffic Control Tower AWOS Automated Weather Observation Station AZD Airport Zoning District BCA Benefit-Cost Analysis BMP Best Management Practice BRL Building Restriction Line CIP Capital Improvement Plan dBA A-weighted Decibels DNL Day-night Average Noise Levels DOD Department of Defense EA Environmental Assessment E&SC Erosion and Sediment Control FAR Federal Aviation Regulation FBO Fixed-Base Operator FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map GA General Aviation GPS Global Positioning System GSE Ground Service Equipment IFR Instrument Flight Rules ILS Instrument Landing System MP Master Plan NAVAIDs Navigational Aids NDB Non-directional Radio Beacon NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NPIAS National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems OFA Object Free Area Abbreviations and Terms
Abbreviations and Terms 119 OFZ Obstacle Free Zone RPZ Runway Protection Zone RDC Runway Design Code RRC Runway Reference Code RSA Runway Safety Area TAF Terminal Area Forecast TDG Taxiway Design Group TLOFA Taxilane Object Free Area TOFA Taxiway Object Free Area Terms Access Taxiway: A taxiway that provides access to a particular location or area. Active Based Aircraft: Aircraft that have a current airworthiness certificate and are based at an airport. Actual Runway Length: The length of full width, usable runway from end to end or full strength pavement where those runways are paved. Administration Building: A building or buildings accommodating airport administration activity and public facilities for itinerant and local flying, usually associated with GA fixed-base operations. Administration Space: The space including, but not limited to, space for offices, cafeterias, conference rooms, lobbies, waiting rooms, garages, parking lots. Advisory Circular (AC): A series of FAA publications consisting of all nonregulatory material of a policy, guidance, and informational nature. Aeronautical Chart: A map representing a portion of the earth, made especially for use in air navigation. Air Cargo: All commercial air express and air freight except air mail and air parcel post. Air Carrier Airport: An airport (or runway) designated by design and/or use for air carrier operations. Air CarrierâAll Cargo: A certificated route air carrier authorized to perform scheduled air freight, express, and mail transportation service as well as the conduct of nonscheduled opera- tions (which may include passengers over specified routes). Air CarrierâCertificated Route: An air carrier holding a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity issued to conduct scheduled services over specified routes and a limited number of nonscheduled operations. Air CarrierâCommuter: An air taxi operator which: (1) performs at least five round trips per week between two or more points and publishes flight schedules that specify the times, days of the week, and places between which such flights are performed; or (2) transports mail by air under a current contract with the U.S. Postal Service. Air CarrierâIntrastate: An air carrier licensed by a state to operate wholly within its borders but not permitted to carry interline passengers from out of state. Aircraft Approach Category: A grouping of aircraft based on 1.3 times their stall speed in their landing configuration at their maximum certificated landing weight. Aircraft Design Group (ADG): A grouping of airplanes based on wingspan.
120 Guidebook on General Aviation Facility Planning Aircraft Operations: The airborne movement (landing or taking off) of aircraft. There are two types of operationsâlocal and itinerant. 1. Local operations are performed by aircraft that: a. Operate in the local traffic pattern or within sight of the airport. b. Are known to be departing for, or arriving from, flight in local practice areas within a 20-mile radius of the airport. c. Execute simulated instrument approaches or low passes at the airport. 2. Itinerant operations are all aircraft operations other than local operations. Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF): The aircraft rescue and firefighting capability required at airports under FAR Part 139. Aircraft Tie-down: Positions on the ground surface available for securing aircraft. Airfield Capacity (Hourly): The maximum number of aircraft operations (landings or takeoffs) that can take place on an airfield in one hour under specific conditions. Air Freight: A system or service set up for the carrying of freight by air. Airmanâs Meteorological Information (AIRMET): An in-flight weather advisory concerning weather phenomena of less severity than that covered by SIGMETs, which are potentially hazard- ous to certain aircraft, e.g., those having limited equipment, instrumentation, or pilot qualifications. These advisories cover moderate icing and turbulence, winds of 40 knots or more within 2,000 feet of the surface, and the initial onset of visibilities less than 2 miles or ceilings less than 1,000 feet. Air Navigation Facility (NAVAID): Any facility used or designed for use as an aid to air navigation. Airport: An area of land or water used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft, including its buildings and facilities. (FAR Part 1) Airport Advisory Service (AAS): A service provided by flight service stations at airports not served by a control tower. This service consists of providing information to landing and depart- ing aircraft concerning wind direction and velocity, favored runway, altimeter setting, pertinent known traffic, pertinent known field conditions, airport taxi routes and traffic patterns, and authorized instrument approach procedures. Airport Beacon: A navigational aid emitting alternating white and green flashes to indicate a lighted airport or white flashes only for an unlighted airport. Airport Elevation: The highest point on an airportâs usable runways expressed in feet above mean sea level (MSL). Airport Environs: The area surrounding an airport considered to be directly affected by the presence and operation of the airport. Airport Imaginary Surfaces: Imaginary surfaces established at an airport for obstruction deter- mination purposes. Airport Improvement Program (AIP): A program administered by the FAA to provide financial grants-in-aid for airport planning, airport development projects, and noise compatibility programs. The program was established through the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982, which was incorporated as Title V of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (P.L. 97-248). Airport Land Use Plan: A generalized plan depicting proposed land uses within the airport boundary. The land use plan is a required element of an airport master plan. Airport Layout Plan (ALP): The plan for an airport showing the layout of existing and proposed airport facilities and structures.
Abbreviations and Terms 121 Airport Master Plan: Appropriate documents and drawings concerning the development of a specific airport from a physical, economic, social, and political jurisdictional perspective. The airport layout plan is a part of this plan. Airport Operation: A landing or a takeoff at an airport. (A low approach below traffic pat- tern altitude or a touch-and-go operation are counted as both a landing and a takeoff; i.e., two operations.) Airport Sponsor: A public agency or tax-supported organization, such as an airport author- ity, authorized to own and operate an airport, obtain property interests, obtain funds, and be legally, financially, and otherwise able to meet all applicable requirements of current laws and regulations. Airport System Planning: The developing information and guidance to determine the extent, type, nature, location, and timing of airport development needed to establish a viable and bal- anced system of public airports. Airports Closed to the Public: An airport not available to the public without permission from the owner. Airports Open to the Public: An airport open to the public without prior permission and with- out restrictions within the physical capacities of available facilities. Air Traffic: Aircraft operating in the air or on an airport surface, exclusive of loading ramps and parking areas. (FAR Part 1) Air Traffic Control (ATC): A service operated by appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic. (FAR Part 1) Approach Area: The defined area over which landing and takeoff operations are made. Approach Surface: An imaginary surface longitudinally centered on the extended centerline of the runway, beginning at the end of the primary surface and rising outward and upward to a specified height above the established airport elevation. Apron: A defined area, on a land airport, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers or cargo, refueling, parking, or maintenance. Avigation Easement: A grant of property interest in land over which a right of unobstructed flight in the airspace is established. Bearing: The horizontal direction of an object or point, measured as an angle, usually clockwise, from true or magnetic north through 360 degrees. Blast Fence: A barrier used to divert or dissipate jet blast or propeller wash. Building Restriction Line (BRL): A line shown on the airport layout plan beyond which airport buildings must not be positioned to limit their proximity to aircraft movement areas and impact on airport imaginary surfaces. Bypass Taxiway: A taxiway adjacent to an area that accommodates moving or parked aircraft specifically designed to achieve efficient aircraft passing movements. Capital Improvement Plan (CIP): A multiyear (sometimes single-year) schedule of capital expenditures for construction or equipment at an airport. Compass Calibration Pad: An airport facility for calibrating an aircraft compass. Conical Surface: A surface extending from the periphery of the horizontal surface outward and upward at a slope of 20:1 as prescribed by FAR Part 77.
122 Guidebook on General Aviation Facility Planning Critical Aircraft: In airport design, the aircraft that controls one or more design items such as runway length, pavement strength, lateral separation, etc., for a particular airport. The same aircraft may not be critical to all design items. Crosswind: A wind blowing across the line of flight of an aircraft. Crosswind Runway: A runway that provides for wind coverage not adequately provided by the primary runways. Environmental Assessment (EA): A statement prepared under the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), Section 102(2) (c). The EA represents a federal agen- cyâs evaluation of the effects of a proposed action on the environment. Regulations relating to the preparation of an EA are published in FAA Order 5050.4A, Airport Environmental Handbook. Exit Taxiway: A taxiway used as an exit from a runway to another runway, apron, or other air- craft operating area. FAR PART 77: Federal Aviation Regulations Part 77, Objects Affecting Navigable Airspace. Estab- lishes standards for determining obstructions and conducting aeronautical studies to determine the potential effects of obstructions on aircraft operations. Objects are considered to be obstruc- tions to air navigation according to FAR Part 77 if they exceed certain heights or penetrate certain imaginary surfaces established in relation to airports. Objects classified as obstructions are subject to an aeronautical study by the FAA to determine their potential effects on aircraft operations. FAR PART 91: Federal Aviation Regulations Part 91, General Operating and Flight Rules. On Sep- tember 25, 1991, the FAA issued an amendment to FAR Part 91 (14CFR91) in conformance with the requirements of the Airport Noise and Capacity Act of 1990. The amendment to the aircraft operating rules requires a phased transition to an all Stage 3 fleet operating in the 48 contiguous United States and the District of Columbia by December 31, 1999. The amendment places a cap on the number of Stage 2 aircraft allowed to operate in the United States and provides for a con- tinuing reduction in the population exposed to noise from Stage 2 aircraft. FAR PART 150: Federal Aviation Regulations Part 150, Airport Noise Compatibility Planning. An FAR Part 150 Program is an FAA-assisted study designed to increase the compatibility of land and facilities in the areas surrounding an airport that are most directly affected by operation of the airport. The specific purpose is to reduce the adverse effects of noise as much as possible by imple- menting both on-airport noise abatement measures and off-airport noise mitigation programs. The basic products of an FAR Part 150 program typically include (1) noise exposure maps for the existing condition and for 5 years in the future; (2) workable on-airport noise abatement measures, such as preferential runway use programs, new or preferential flight tracks, and curfews; (3) off- airport noise mitigation measures (land use control programs and regulations), such as land acqui- sition, soundproofing, or special zoning; (4) an analysis of the costs and the financial feasibility of the recommended measures; and (5) policies and procedures related to the implementation of on- and off-airport programs. A community involvement program is carried on throughout all phases of program development. FAA: The agency of the U.S. Department of Transportation charged with (1) regulating air com- merce to promote its safety and development; (2) achieving the efficient use of navigable airspace of the United States; (3) promoting, encouraging, and developing civil aviation; (4) developing and operating a common system of air traffic control and air navigation for both civilian and military aircraft; and (5) promoting the development of a national system of airports. General Aviation: That portion of civil aviation that encompasses all aviation except air carriers and large aircraft commercial operators. General Aviation Aircraft: All civil aircraft except those used by air carriers.
Abbreviations and Terms 123 Glide Slope (GS): An ILS navigation facility providing vertical guidance for aircraft during approach and landing. Holding Apron: (see holding bay) Holding Bay: An area where aircraft can be held, or bypassed, to facilitate efficient ground traffic movement. Holding Point: A designated point or location, identifiable by the pilot by visual reference to the ground or by NAVAIDs, near which he or she maneuvers the aircraft while awaiting further clearance. Instrument Approach Runway: A runway served by an electronic aid providing directional guidance adequate for a straight-in approach. Instrument Approach System: An air navigation system used to guide aircraft to a safe land- ing beginning at an initial approach point and ending at a point near enough to the ground to permit a visual landing. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR): FAR rules that govern the procedures for conducting instru- ment flight. (FAR Part 91) Instrument Landing System (lLS): A system that provides the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical guidance necessary for a landing. Instrument Operation: An aircraft operation in accordance with an IFR flight plan or an opera- tion where IFR separation between aircraft is provided by a terminal control facility or air route traffic control center. Instrument Runway: A runway equipped with electronic and visual navigation aids and for which a straight-in (precision or nonprecision) approach procedure has been approved or is planned. Land Use Compatibility Assurance: Documentation provided by an airport sponsor to the FAA. The documentation is related to an application for an airport development grant. Its pur- pose is to assure that a reasonably appropriate action, including the adoption of zoning laws, has been taken or will be taken to restrict the use of land adjacent to the airport or in the immediate vicinity of the airport. Such uses are limited to activities and purposes compatible with normal airport operations, including the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Large Airplane: An airplane of more than 12,500 pounds maximum certificated takeoff weight. NAVAID: Any facility used in aid of air navigation, including lights, equipment for disseminat- ing weather information, signaling, radio direction finding, or radio or other electronic com- munication, and any other structure or mechanism having a similar purpose for guiding or controlling flight in the air or the landing or takeoff of aircraft. Nonprecision Instrument Runway: A runway having only horizontal navigation guidance for which a straight-in, nonprecision instrument approach procedure has been approved. 100-Year Floodplain: An area subject to flooding with an annual frequency of 1:100. Object Free Area (OFA): A two-dimensional ground area surrounding runways, taxiways, and taxilanes which is clear of objects except for objects whose location is fixed by function. Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ): The airspace centered about the runway that is clear of object pen- etrations other than frangible NAVAIDS. Primary Surface: A rectangular surface longitudinally centered about a runway. Its width is a variable dimension and it usually extends 200 feet beyond each end of the runway. The elevation
124 Guidebook on General Aviation Facility Planning of any point on this surface coincides with the elevation of its nearest perpendicular point on the runway centerline or extended runway centerline. Reliever Airport: An airport to serve GA aircraft that might otherwise use a congested airport served by air carriers. Runway Orientation: The magnetic bearing of the centerline of the runway. Runway Protection Zone (RPZ): An area (formerly referred to as the clear zone) used to enhance the safety of aircraft operations. Runway Safety Area (RSA): A defined surface surrounding the runway prepared or suitable for reducing risk of damage to airplanes in the event of an undershoot, overshoot, or excursion from the runway. Small Airplane: An airplane of 12,500 pounds or less maximum certificated takeoff weight. Taxilane: The portion of the aircraft parking area used for access between taxiways and aircraft parking positions. Taxiway: A defined path established for the taxiing of aircraft from one part of the airport to another. Terminal Building: A building or buildings designed to accommodate the enplaning and deplaning activities of air carrier passengers. Terminal Facilities: The airport facilities providing services for air carrier operations that serve as a center for the transfer of passengers and baggage between surface and air transportation. Transport Airport: An airport designed, constructed, and maintained to serve airplanes in Air- craft Approach Category C and D. Utility Airport: An airport designed, constructed, and maintained to serve airplanes in Aircraft Approach Category A and B. VFR Airport: An airport without an authorized or planned instrument approach procedure.
