Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Under Major Financial Constraints (2014)

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92+ pages; Perfect Bind with SPINE COPY = 14 pts Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Under Major Financial Constraints TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMTCRP SYNTHESIS 112 TCR P SYN TH ESIS 112 M aintaining Transit Effectiveness Under M ajor Financial Constraints NEED SPINE WIDTH Job No. XXXX Pantone 648 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 500 F ifth S treet, N .W . W ashing to n, D .C . 20001 A D D R ESS SER VICE R EQ UESTED TRB A Synthesis of Transit Practice Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA Air Transport Association ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation NEED SPINE WIDTH TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT SELECTION COMMITTEE* CHAIR SHERRY LITTLE Spartan Solutions LLC MEMBERS MICHAEL ALLEGRA Utah Transit Authority JOHN BARTOSIEWICZ McDonald Transit Associates RAUL BRAVO Raul V. Bravo & Associates JOHN CATOE The Catoe Group GRACE CRUNICAN San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District CAROLYN FLOWERS Charlotte Area Transit System ANGELA IANNUZZIELLO AECOM PAUL JABLONSKI San Diego Metropolitan Transit System IAN JARVIS South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority RONALD KILCOYNE Lane Transit District RALPH LARISON HERZOG JOHN LEWIS LYNX-Central Florida RTA JONATHAN H. MCDONALD Atkins North America THERESE MCMILLAN FTA E. SUSAN MEYER Spokane Transit Authority BRADFORD MILLER Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority KEITH PARKER Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority RICHARD SARLES Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority JAMES STEM United Transportation Union GARY THOMAS Dallas Area Rapid Transit MATTHEW O. TUCKER North County Transit District PHILLIP WASHINGTON Denver Regional Transit District PATRICIA WEAVER University of Kansas EX OFFICIO MEMBERS MICHAEL P. MELANIPHY APTA ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR. TRB FREDERICK G. (BUD) WRIGHT AASHTO VICTOR MENDEZ FHWA TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR LOUIS SANDERS APTA SECRETARY CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS TRB TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2014 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* OFFICERS Chair: Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing Vice Chair: Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board MEMBERS VICTORIA A. ARROYO, Executive Director, Georgetown Climate Center, and Visiting Professor, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC SCOTT E. BENNETT, Director, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, Little Rock DEBORAH H. BUTLER, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA JAMES M. CRITES, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, TX MALCOLM DOUGHERTY, Director, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento A. STEWART FOTHERINGHAM, Professor and Director, Centre for Geoinformatics, School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom JOHN S. HALIKOWSKI, Director, Arizona DOT, Phoenix MICHAEL W. HANCOCK, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort SUSAN HANSON, Distinguished University Professor Emerita, School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA STEVE HEMINGER, Executive Director, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Oakland, CA CHRIS T. HENDRICKSON, Duquesne Light Professor of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA JEFFREY D. HOLT, Managing Director, Bank of Montreal Capital Markets, and Chairman, Utah Transportation Commission, Huntsville, Utah GARY P. LAGRANGE, President and CEO, Port of New Orleans, LA MICHAEL P. LEWIS, Director, Rhode Island DOT, Providence JOAN MCDONALD, Commissioner, New York State DOT, Albany ABBAS MOHADDES, President and CEO, Iteris, Inc., Santa Ana, CA DONALD A. OSTERBERG, Senior Vice President, Safety and Security, Schneider National, Inc., Green Bay, WI STEVEN W. PALMER, Vice President of Transportation, Lowe’s Companies, Inc., Mooresville, NC SANDRA ROSENBLOOM, Professor, University of Texas, Austin HENRY G. (GERRY) SCHWARTZ, JR., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO KUMARES C. SINHA, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN GARY C. THOMAS, President and Executive Director, Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Dallas, TX PAUL TROMBINO III, Director, Iowa DOT, Ames PHILLIP A. WASHINGTON, General Manager, Regional Transportation District, Denver, CO EX OFFICIO MEMBERS THOMAS P. BOSTICK (Lt. General, U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC ALISON JANE CONWAY, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, City College of New York, NY, and Chair, TRB Young Member Council ANNE S. FERRO, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. DOT DAVID J. FRIEDMAN, Acting Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. DOT JOHN T. GRAY II, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC MICHAEL P. HUERTA, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. DOT PAUL N. JAENICHEN, SR., Acting Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. DOT THERESE W. MCMILLAN, Acting Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. DOT MICHAEL P. MELANIPHY, President and CEO, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC VICTOR M. MENDEZ, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, and Acting Deputy Secretary, U.S. DOT ROBERT J. PAPP (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security CYNTHIA L. QUARTERMAN, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. DOT PETER M. ROGOFF, Acting Under Secretary for Policy, U.S. DOT CRAIG A. RUTLAND, U.S. Air Force Pavement Engineer, Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Tyndall Air Force Base, FL JOSEPH C. SZABO, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. DOT BARRY R. WALLERSTEIN, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA GREGORY D. WINFREE, Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, Office of the Secretary, U.S. DOT FREDERICK G. (BUD) WRIGHT, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC * Membership as of May 2014.* Membership as of February 2014.

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2014 www.TRB.org TRANS IT COOPERAT IVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP SYNTHESIS 112 Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in Cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation SUBJECT AREAS Economics • Public Transportation Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Under Major Financial Constraints A Synthesis of Transit Practice CONSULTANT Joel Volinski University of South Florida Tampa, Florida

TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM The nation’s growth and the need to meet mobility, environmental, and energy objectives place demands on public transit systems. Current systems, some of which are old and in need of upgrading, must expand service area, increase service frequency, and improve effi ciency to serve these demands. Research is necessary to solve operating prob- lems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Coopera- tive Research Program (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for TCRP was originally identifi ed in TRB Special Report 213—Research for Public Transit: New Directions, published in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Federal Transit Administra- tion (FTA). A report by the American Public Transportation Associa- tion (APTA), Transportation 2000, also recognized the need for local, problem-solving research. TCRP, modeled after the longstanding and successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program, under- takes research and other technical activities in response to the needs of transit service providers. The scope of TCRP includes a variety of transit research fi elds including planning, service confi guration, equip- ment, facilities, operations, human resources, maintenance, policy, and administrative practices. TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. Pro- posed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was autho- rized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Effi ciency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum agreement outlin- ing TCRP operating procedures was executed by the three cooperating organizations: FTA, the National Academy of Sciences, acting through the Transportation Research Board (TRB); and the Transit Develop- ment Corporation, Inc. (TDC), a nonprofi t educational and research organization established by APTA. TDC is responsible for forming the independent governing board, designated as the TCRP Oversight and Project Selection (TOPS) Committee. Research problem statements for TCRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the respon- sibility of the TOPS Committee to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects. As part of the evaluation, the TOPS Committee defi nes funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by TRB. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel through- out the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooperative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, TCRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Because research cannot have the desired impact if products fail to reach the intended audience, special emphasis is placed on dissemi- nating TCRP results to the intended end users of the research: transit agencies, service providers, and suppliers. TRB provides a series of research reports, syntheses of transit practice, and other supporting material developed by TCRP research. APTA will arrange for work- shops, training aids, fi eld visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by urban and rural transit industry practitioners. The TCRP provides a forum where transit agencies can cooperatively address common operational problems. The TCRP results support and complement other ongoing transit research and training programs. TCRP SYNTHESIS 112 Project J-7, Topic SA-30 ISSN 1073-4880 ISBN 978-0-309-27131-8 Library of Congress Control Number 2014931677 © 2014 National Academy of Sciences. All Rights Reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to repro- duce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profi t pur- poses. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particu- lar product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profi t uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Tran- sit Cooperative Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval refl ects the Governing Board’s judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council. The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the Transit Development Corporation, the National Research Council, or the Federal Transit Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the tech- nical panel according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Govern- ing Board of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board of The National Academies, the Transit Development Corporation, the National Research Council, and the Federal Transit Administration (sponsor of the Transit Cooperative Research Program) do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the clarity and completeness of the project reporting. Published reports of the TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Offi ce 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at: http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol- ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni- cal matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Acad- emy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve- ments of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Acad- emy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisci- plinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transporta- tion, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

TOPIC PANEL SA-30 DEBRA W. ALEXANDER, Capital Area Transportation Authority, Lansing, MI RALPH BUEHLER, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Alexandria DONNA DeMARTINO, San Joaquin Regional Transit District, Stockton, CA DWIGHT A. FERRELL, The Ferrell Group, LLC, Dallas, TX BRENDON HEMILY, Hemily and Associates, Toronto, ON, Canada BRAD J. MILLER, Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority, St. Petersburg, FL BRIAN ALBERTS, Federal Transit Administration (Liaison) SYNTHESIS STUDIES STAFF STEPHEN R. GODWIN, Director for Studies and Special Programs JON M. WILLIAMS, Program Director, IDEA and Synthesis Studies JO ALLEN GAUSE, Senior Program Offi cer GAIL R. STABA, Senior Program Offi cer DONNA L. VLASAK, Senior Program Offi cer TANYA M. ZWAHLEN, Consultant DON TIPPMAN, Senior Editor CHERYL KEITH, Senior Program Assistant DEMISHA WILLIAMS, Senior Program Assistant DEBBIE IRVIN, Program Associate COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS, Director, Cooperative Research Programs GWEN CHISHOLM SMITH, Senior Program Offi cer EILEEN P. DELANEY, Director of Publications TCRP COMMITTEE FOR PROJECT J-7 CHAIR DWIGHT A. FERRELL, The Ferrell Group, LLC, Dallas, TX MEMBERS DONNA DeMARTINO, San Joaquin Regional Transit District, Stockton, CA MICHAEL FORD, Ann Arbor Transportation Authority BOBBY J. GRIFFIN, Griffi n and Associates, Flower Mound, TX ROBERT H. IRWIN, Consultant, Sooke, BC, Canada JEANNE KRIEG, Eastern Contra Costa Transit Authority, Antioch, CA PAUL J. LARROUSSE, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick DAVID A. LEE, Connecticut Transit, Hartford BRAD J. MILLER, Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority, St. Petersburg, FL ELIZABETH PRESUTTI, Des Moines Area Regional Transit Authority-DART ROBERT H. PRINCE, JR, AECOM Consulting Transportation Group, Inc., Boston, MA FTA LIAISON JARRETT W. STOLTZFUS Federal Transit Administration APTA LIAISON KEVIN DOW American Public Transportation Association TRB LIAISON JENNIFERWEEKS Transportation Research Board Cover fi gures: Transit agencies are seeking partnerships to have Wi-Fi installed in their trains and express buses to enhance passenger amenities while also generating revenue at no cost to the transit agency (Source: Sarah Fisher/Daily Free Press Staff). Light rail and commuter rail trains that are fully wrapped with vinyl advertising are highly visible and very attractive to a number of businesses (Source: Metro Magazine, December 2012). Cleveland’s Healthline, which operates on the corridor that serves the heart of the city including the major hospitals and downtown (Source: Wikipedia).

Transit administrators, engineers, and researchers often face problems for which infor- mation already exists, either in documented form or as undocumented experience and prac- tice. This information may be fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. As a consequence, full knowledge of what has been learned about a problem may not be brought to bear on its solution. Costly research fi ndings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and due consideration may not be given to recommended practices for solving or alleviat- ing the problem. There is information on nearly every subject of concern to the transit industry. Much of it derives from research or from the work of practitioners faced with problems in their day-to-day work. To provide a systematic means for assembling and evaluating such useful information and to make it available to the entire transit community, the Transit Coopera- tive Research Program Oversight and Project Selection (TOPS) Committee authorized the Transportation Research Board to undertake a continuing study. This study, TCRP Project J-7, “Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Problems,” searches out and synthesizes useful knowledge from all available sources and prepares concise, documented reports on specifi c topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute a TCRP report series, Synthesis of Transit Practice. This synthesis series reports on current knowledge and practice, in a compact format, without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Each report in the series provides a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be the most successful in resolving specifi c problems. This synthesis reports on hundreds of actions implemented by transit agencies to increase their cost-effectiveness, and describes how the agencies have engaged their com- munities during challenging fi scal circumstances. These actions have been generated from all functional areas of transit systems, making the report useful to virtually any transit employee or board member. This synthesis includes an extensive literature review that, together with the survey responses from 40 of 46 transit agencies surveyed (an 87% response rate), provides infor- mation refl ecting the experiences at more than 100 transit agencies in the United States. Four case examples offer more focused reviews of the efforts individual transit agencies have made to retain or expand their effectiveness in the communities they serve. Joel Volinski, University of South Florida, Tampa, collected and synthesized the infor- mation and wrote the report, under the guidance of a panel of experts in the subject area. The members of the topic panel are acknowledged on the preceding page. This synthesis is an immediately useful document that records the practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As progress in research and practice continues, new knowledge will be added to that now at hand. FOREWORD PREFACE By Donna L. Vlasak Senior Program Offi cer Transportation Research Board

CONTENTS 1 SUMMARY 5 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Project Background and Defi nition of “Transit Effectiveness,” 5 Purpose of Report and Intended Audience, 5 Technical Approach, 6 Organization of This Report, 6 7 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction, 7 Cost-Effectiveness Techniques in Transit Operations and Planning, 8 Cost-Effectiveness Techniques in the Provision of Paratransit Services, 12 Cost-Effectiveness Techniques in Transit Maintenance, 14 Cost-Effectiveness Techniques in Administrative Management, 16 Cost-Effectiveness Techniques Through Strategic Use of Facilities and Greener Utilities, 19 Cost-Effectiveness Techniques in Transit Marketing of Advertising Opportunities, 21 Improving Transit Effectiveness Through New Financing and Funding, 26 Improving Transit Effectiveness Through Partnerships, 28 31 CHAPTER THREE SURVEY RESULTS FROM TRANSIT AGENCIES ENGAGED IN PROMOTING TRANSIT EFFECTIVENESS Survey Methodology, 31 Transit Agencies’ Working Defi nitions of Transit Effectiveness and Financial Sustainability, 32 Processes for Receiving Public Input, 34 Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Through More Data-Driven Management, 36 Use of Incentives to Encourage Transit Effectiveness, 38 Reducing Expenses Through Collective Bargaining and Contracting, 39 Transit Effectiveness Gains Through Better Management of Health Care Costs and Workers’ Compensation Expenses, 42 Improving Transit Effectiveness Through Better Attendance Controls, 44 Transit Effi ciency Gains from Operations, 45 Transit Effectiveness Through Service Planning and Scheduling, 47 Transit Effectiveness Through Maintenance Effi ciencies, 49 Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Through Use of Technology, 51 Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Through Strategic Use of Capital Funds, 52 Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Through the Creative Use of Assets, 53 Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Through More Effi cient Marketing, 55 Maintaining Transit Effectiveness Through Partnerships, 57 60 CHAPTER FOUR CASE EXAMPLES Introduction, 60 King County Metro, Seattle, Washington, 60 Community Transit—Snohomish County, Washington, 66 Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority, Cleveland, Ohio, 72 Hillsborough Area Regional Transit Authority, Tampa, Florida, 75

78 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS AND AREAS OF FUTURE STUDY Conclusions, 78 Areas of Future Study, 79 81 REFERENCES 84 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE/SURVEY INSTRUMENT 90 APPENDIX B SURVEY RESPONDENTS 92 APPENDIX C ADDITIONAL RESPONSES TO SURVEY QUESTION #6: “IN KEEPING WITH THE TITLE OF THIS TCRP PROJECT, HOW DO YOU DEFINE ‘TRANSIT EFFECTIVENESS?’” 94 APPENDIX D ADDITIONAL RESPONSES TO SURVEY QUESTION #7: “PLEASE IDENTIFY WHAT YOU THINK A ‘FINANCIALLY SUSTAINABLE’ TRANSIT SYSTEM IS, WHAT TOOLS YOU NEED TO ACHIEVE SUCH A SYSTEM, AND HOW REALISTIC IT IS TO OBTAIN SUCH TOOLS” 97 APPENDIX E ADDITIONAL RESPONSES TO SURVEY QUESTION #24 DEALING WITH TRANSIT EFFICIENCY GAINS FROM OPERATIONS, SERVICE PLANNING, AND SCHEDULING 100 APPENDIX F ADDITIONAL RESPONSES TO SURVEY QUESTION #19: “HOW HAS NEW TECHNOLOGY IN ANY AREA OF YOUR AGENCY HELPED TO REDUCE YOUR COSTS AND/OR IMPROVE YOUR EFFICIENCY?” 104 APPENDIX G ADDITIONAL RESPONSES TO SURVEY QUESTION #17: “HAVE YOU ENTERED INTO ANY PARTNERSHIPS THAT HAVE HELPED SHARE THE COST OF PROVIDING NEW OR EXISTING SERVICE?”