Research Methods for Understanding Aircraft Noise Annoyances and Sleep Disturbance (2014)

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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

Contents 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Annoyance ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Sleep Disturbance............................................................................................................................................... 3 PHASE I – AIRCRAFT NOISE ANNOYANCE SURVEYS .......................................................................... 5 2 Annoyance Survey Method ............................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Design Considerations ....................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Unit cost ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1.2 Coverage ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.1.3 Response rate ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.4 Respondent selection .......................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.5 Follow-up ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.6 Complex questionnaire ....................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.7 Comparability ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Final Design ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 3 Literature Review .............................................................................................................................. 9 3.1 Primary Goal ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Secondary Goals............................................................................................................................................... 10 4 Survey Instruments - Questionnaire Rationale ........................................................................... 11 5 Sample and Experiment Design .................................................................................................... 13 6 Noise Metrics .................................................................................................................................. 16 6.1 Number above a Level versus DNL ................................................................................................................. 19 6.2 Time above a Level versus DNL ...................................................................................................................... 19 6.3 Probability of Awakening versus Lnight .......................................................................................................... 20 7 Analysis of Response Rates ......................................................................................................... 21 7.1 Comparison of Sample with Population Demographic Quantities ................................................................... 24 7.2 Selection of Within-household Respondent ..................................................................................................... 25 8 Comparison of Respondents by Survey Mode ............................................................................ 26 9 Analysis of Long and Short Screener Differences ...................................................................... 28 10 Discussion of Annoyance Survey Results................................................................................... 29 11 Analysis of Responses to Selected Survey Questions .............................................................. 31 11.1 Community Responses to Survey Questions .................................................................................................... 31 11.2 Airport Reactions to Community Responses ................................................................................................... 32 11.3 Respondent Reactions ...................................................................................................................................... 33 12 Suggested Annoyance Survey Protocol ...................................................................................... 35 13 Annoyance References .................................................................................................................. 36 PHASE II – AIRCRAFT SLEEP DISTURBANCE STUDY PLANS ............................................................ 38 14 Sleep Disturbance Literature Review ........................................................................................... 38 i

14.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................... 38 14.2 Summary of Noise Effects on Sleep ................................................................................................................. 40 14.3 Considerations for Study Plan .......................................................................................................................... 41 15 Sleep Disturbance Study Plan ....................................................................................................... 42 15.1 The Two Protocols ........................................................................................................................................... 42 15.1.1 Research Protocol #1: Polysomnography ......................................................................................................... 42 15.1.2 Research Protocol #2: Actigraphy plus ECG ................................................................................................... 42 15.2 Measurement Sites ........................................................................................................................................... 44 15.3 Assessment of the Consequences of Aircraft Noise-Induced Sleep Disturbance ............................................. 46 15.4 Assessment of the Acoustical Environment ..................................................................................................... 46 15.5 Data Synchronization ....................................................................................................................................... 46 15.6 Assessment of Non-Acoustical Extrinsic Factors Influencing Sleep ............................................................... 46 15.7 Subject Selection Criteria and Sample Size ..................................................................................................... 46 15.7.1 Selection Criteria .............................................................................................................................................. 46 15.7.2 Sample Size Calculations ................................................................................................................................. 47 16 Sleep Disturbance Data Analysis Plan ......................................................................................... 49 17 Sleep Disturbance Budget Estimates ........................................................................................... 50 17.1 Budget Protocol #1 (Polysomnography) .......................................................................................................... 52 17.2 Budget Protocol #2 (Actigraphy/ECG) .......................................................................................................... 533 18 Sleep Disturbance References ...................................................................................................... 54 Appendix A. Telephone Survey Instrument .................................................................................... A-1 Appendix B. Short Screener to Collect Telephone Number ......................................................... B-1 Appendix C. Long Screener to Collect Telephone Number .......................................................... C-1 Appendix D. Mail Survey Instrument ............................................................................................... D-1 Appendix E. Sampling Design for Airport 3 ....................................................................................E-1 Appendix F. Response Propensity Analysis ................................................................................... F-1 Appendix G. Suggested Annoyance Survey Research Protocol ................................................. G-1 Appendix H. Annoyance Literature Review .................................................................................... H-1 Appendix I. Sleep Study Questionnaires ............................................................................................ I-1 ii

List of Figures Figure 1 Basic Aircraft Noise Annoyance Question .................................................................................... 2 Figure 2 Division of Selected Addresses Among Survey Methods ............................................................. 3 Figure 3 ACRP Study protocol for Airport 1 and Airport 2 ...................................................................... 14 Figure 4 ACRP Study protocol for Airport 3 ............................................................................................. 15 Figure 5 Departure and Arrival Time Histories compared with Motility (body movement) of Sleeping Subject ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Figure 6 A-weighted Time History of Recorded Overhead Departure ...................................................... 18 Figure 7 Time Histories of a Single Jet Takeoff as Recorded ~ 3200 Feet Adjacent the Runway ............ 18 Figure 8 Number Above Different Threshold Levels versus DNL ............................................................ 19 Figure 9 Time Above Different Threshold Levels versus DNL ................................................................ 20 Figure 10 Probability of Awakening versus Lnight ................................................................................... 20 Figure 11 Response Rates by Airport and Mode of Survey....................................................................... 23 Figure 12 Lnight contours 40 to >55 dB, based on historical data from Newark International Airport. ... 45 Figure 13 Effects of Subject and Cumulative Event Numbers on Confidence Interval and Statistical Power .......................................................................................................................................................... 48 List of Tables Table 1 Rank order of Survey Data Collection Methods by Quality and Cost Criteria ............................... 5 Table 2 Annual Noise Related Metrics Determined for Each Survey Respondent ................................... 16 Table 3 Response Rates for ACRP Mail Survey ....................................................................................... 21 Table 4 Response Rates for ACRP Telephone Survey .............................................................................. 22 Table 5 Number of Completed Interviews, by DNL noise stratum and Survey Mode .............................. 23 Table 6 Difference between percentage estimated from sample and percentage from 2010 census (calculated without survey weights) ........................................................................................................... 24 Table 7 Difference between percentage estimated from sample and percentage from 2010 census, calculated using survey weights .................................................................................................................. 24 Table 8 Did the adult with the next birthday fill out the mail questionnaire? ............................................ 25 Table 9 Difference in percent HA (mail – telephone) by airport and DNL noise stratum ......................... 26 Table 10 Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test statistics and p-values for testing difference between telephone and mail survey results ................................................................................................................................ 27 Table 11 Difference in demographic characteristics (mail – telephone) by DNL noise stratum ............... 27 Table 12 Number of unmatched telephone cases by screener type............................................................ 28 Table 13 Covariates used in logistic regression model for predicting whether a response will be obtained from a sampled address ............................................................................................................................. F-1 Table 14 Coefficients and standard errors for logistic regression model predicting probability of responding to the survey ........................................................................................................................... F-3 Table 15 Comparison of Measured and Modeled Annual DNL Values ................................................... G-8 Table 16 Possible Elements of a Complete, Complex Annoyance Survey ............................................... H-3 Table 17 List of Issues Reviewed ............................................................................................................. H-8 Table 18 Summary from Meta-analyses and Secondary Analyses ......................................................... H-12 Table 19 Outline of Selected Aircraft Noise Mitigation Activities ........................................................ H-38 Table 20 Best practices for community relations programs .................................................................... H-39 Table 21 Summary of Recommendations and Requirements for Studying Each Issue .......................... H-42 Table 22 Possible Elements of a Complete, Complex Annoyance Survey ............................................ H-47 iii