Naturalistic Driving Study: Field Data Collection (2014)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

The Second S T R A T E G I C H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2015 www.TRB.org REPORT S2-S07-RW-1 Naturalistic Driving Study: Field Data Collection AlAn BlAtt, John Pierowicz, And MArie FlAnigAn CUBRC, Buffalo, New York Pei-Sung lin, AchilleAS KourtelliS, And chAnyoung lee Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) University of South Florida, Tampa PAul JovAniS Pennsylvania State University, State College JAMeS JenneSS And MArthA wilABy Westat, Durham, North Carolina John cAMPBell And chriStiAn richArd Battelle, Seattle, Washington dAvid good, norA czAr, And Michelle hoover Indiana University, Bloomington

Subject Areas Data and Information Technology Highways Operations and Traffic Management Safety and Human Factors Vehicles and Equipment

SHRP 2 Reports Available by subscription and through the TRB online bookstore: www.mytrb.org/store Contact the TRB Business Office: 202-334-3213 More information about SHRP 2: www.TRB.org/SHRP2 SHRP 2 Report S2-S07-RW-1 ISBN: 978-0-309-27393-0 © 2015 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Copyright Information Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copy- right to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. The second Strategic Highway Research Program grants permission to repro- duce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, or FHWA endorsement of a particular prod- uct, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing material in this document for educational and not-for-profit purposes will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from SHRP 2. Note: SHRP 2 report numbers convey the program, focus area, project number, and publication format. Report numbers ending in “w” are published as web documents only. Notice The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the second Strategic Highway Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical committee and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the second Strategic Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. The Second Strategic Highway Research Program America’s highway system is critical to meeting the mobility and economic needs of local communities, regions, and the nation. Developments in research and technology—such as advanced materials, communications technology, new data collection tech- nologies, and human factors science—offer a new opportunity to improve the safety and reliability of this important national resource. Breakthrough resolution of significant transportation problems, however, requires concentrated resources over a short time frame. Reflecting this need, the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) has an intense, large-scale focus, integrates multiple fields of research and technology, and is fundamentally different from the broad, mission-oriented, discipline-based research programs that have been the mainstay of the highway research industry for half a century. The need for SHRP 2 was identified in TRB Special Report 260: Strategic Highway Research: Saving Lives, Reducing Congestion, Improving Quality of Life, published in 2001 and based on a study sponsored by Congress through the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21). SHRP 2, modeled after the first Strategic Highway Research Program, is a focused, time- constrained, management-driven program designed to com- plement existing highway research programs. SHRP 2 focuses on applied research in four areas: Safety, to prevent or reduce the severity of highway crashes by understanding driver behavior; Renewal, to address the aging infrastructure through rapid design and construction methods that cause minimal disruptions and produce lasting facilities; Reliability, to reduce congestion through incident reduction, management, response, and mitigation; and Capacity, to integrate mobility, economic, environmental, and community needs in the planning and designing of new trans- portation capacity. SHRP 2 was authorized in August 2005 as part of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). The program is managed by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) on behalf of the National Research Council (NRC). SHRP 2 is conducted under a memo- randum of understanding among the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and the National Academy of Sciences, parent organization of TRB and NRC. The program provides for competitive, merit-based selection of research contractors; independent research project oversight; and dissemination of research results.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve- ments of engineers. Dr. C. D. (Dan) Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. (Dan) Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisci- plinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transporta- tion, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. It was conducted in the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. The following individuals at the six S07 Data Collection Study Centers supported the naturalistic driving study in a variety of roles— as recruiters, schedulers, assessors, installers, crash investigators, data analysts, high-speed Internet providers, and managers. These indi- viduals effectively became a multisite team that adapted to changing circumstances, solved problems, and shared information and lessons learned over the 3-year course of the study. Their efforts were critical to the successful collection of a unique and extensive data set that will support highway safety research for years to come. We acknowledge and thank them here: Bloomington, Indiana Alexander Alexeev, Rachel Abrahams, Sarah Street, Yaobin Chen, Sarah Koskie, Michael Justiss, Dan Childs, Amanda Wilson, Mike Hardesty, Kevin Robertson, Bradley Robinson, Travis Muder, Debbie O’Leary, Penny Volrich, Kim Evans, Susie Van Doren, Tim Wildridge, Eric Mitter, and Sharon Harmon, Indiana University Buffalo, New York Maile Miller, Michelle McMahon, Kevin Majka, and Mike Moskal, CUBRC; Lisa Thorpe, Kathy Ryder, Johnyka Gwan, Jessie Przybysz, Krista Pundt, Nick Smith, Toni Vogel, and Jack Thiesen, consultants; Gerald Goupil, Robert Bilz, Jason Pelz, Rick Weil, Jeffrey Cowell, Matthew Boczar, Jim Page, Joseph Dunlop, and Matt Goehle, Calspan; Thomas Furlani and Salvatore Guercio, University at Buffalo; and Rich Lawrence, Crash Research Associates Durham, North Carolina Rick Huey, Breana Beery, Brian Clark, Melanie Moore, Brian Perkins, and CaShante Sledge, Westat Seattle, Washington James L. Brown, Monica Lichty, L. Paige Bacon, Justin Graving, Gautam Divekar, Diane Williams, Rita Hagan, Sydney Allrud, Heidi Berg, Margaret Smithsund, Tami Pascoe, Don McCarthy, Betsy Payn, Jean Busto, John Jung-Simard, Martha Wysingle, Jamuna Blumette, Ramon Rodriguez, Tari Merigan, Jennie Barrett, Tim Quam, Jack Marlowe, and Tasha Zayas, Battelle; David Gold, Andrew Reichenbach, Tim Kracht, James Lawery, Brett Cross, Rick Smith, and Jay Gardner, Roush Industries; Steve Mavros, Rich Ketterer, and Dee Shirtcliff, KLD Associates; Linda Ng Boyle, Amanda Raven, and Erika Miller, University of Washington; and Mark Hallenbeck, Mike Richards, Mary Marrah, and Ron Porter, University of Washington–Washington State Transportation Center State College, Pennsylvania Zoltan Rado, Philip Garvey, Rebecca Thurman-Irons, Robin Tallon, Janet Fraser, William “Billy” Johns, Barry Peachey, Yen-Wen Shao, Betsy Jeschke, Scott Himes, Carol Brantner, and Dan Fura, Pennsylvania State University Tampa, Florida Aldo Fabregas, Kristin Larsson, Marie Zuzek, Atalie Ashley- Gordon, Ross Avila, Jennifer Greene, Allison Greene, Robert Mayor, Daniel Medina, Rishikesh Limaye, Vanializ Agramonte, Matthew Wills, John Oconitrillo, Matthew Wafford, Nigel Beersingh, Travis Baker, Eric Born, David Murchison, Navid Farahbakhsh, Arezou Farahbakhsh, Erica Nelson, Bradley L’Herrou, Auveed Arshadi, Daniela Gil, Elhaam Iranmanesh, Danielle Vance, Michael Bato, Kristina Bianco, Shaheen Nouri, Stephanie Lora, Valeria Compte, David Lee, Shahhen Nouri, Zhenyu Wang, Enrique Gonzalez-Velez, Tram Pham, Shayda Milani, Doniya Milani, and Vivek Koneru, Center for Urban Transportation Research; Yu Zhang, Stephen Sundarrao, and Sharon Pinson, University of South Florida; and Albert Baxter, consultant Finally, we also acknowledge the outstanding guidance and sup- port provided by Virginia Tech Transportation Institute—in par- ticular by Jon Antin, Suzie Lee, Lisa Eichelberger, and Kelly Stulce. SHRP 2 STAFF Ann M. Brach, Director Stephen J. Andrle, Deputy Director Neil J. Pedersen, Deputy Director, Implementation and Communications Cynthia Allen, Editor Kenneth Campbell, Chief Program Officer, Safety JoAnn Coleman, Senior Program Assistant, Capacity and Reliability Eduardo Cusicanqui, Financial Officer Richard Deering, Special Consultant, Safety Data Phase 1 Planning Shantia Douglas, Senior Financial Assistant Charles Fay, Senior Program Officer, Safety Carol Ford, Senior Program Assistant, Renewal and Safety James Hedlund, Special Consultant, Safety Coordination Alyssa Hernandez, Reports Coordinator Ralph Hessian, Special Consultant, Capacity and Reliability Andy Horosko, Special Consultant, Safety Field Data Collection William Hyman, Senior Program Officer, Reliability Linda Mason, Communications Officer David Plazak, Senior Program Officer, Capacity and Reliability Rachel Taylor, Senior Editorial Assistant Dean Trackman, Managing Editor Connie Woldu, Administrative Coordinator

F O R EWO R D Andrew Horosko, SHRP 2 Special Consultant, Safety This report describes the six SHRP 2 naturalistic driving study (NDS) data collection centers and documents their data collection activities and strategies. The study centers were located in Bloomington, Indiana; State College, Pennsylvania; Buffalo, New York; Tampa, Florida; Durham, North Carolina; and Seattle, Washington. They collected data from more than 3,000 volunteer participants and their vehicles over a 3-year period. Information is provided on the recruitment and assessment of test participants, installation of NDS data acquisition systems into participant vehicles, management of the enrolled participants and their vehicles, retrieval of data from the vehicle fleet, and lessons learned. The report will be of interest to analysts wanting background on where and how the NDS data were collected and to researchers planning future large-scale NDS projects. The objective of the SHRP 2 NDS is to reduce traffic injuries and fatalities by preventing collisions or reducing the severity of them. The SHRP 2 NDS is the first large-scale study focused on collision prevention (as opposed to injury prevention once a collision occurs) since the Indiana Tri-Level Study (Tri-Level Study of the Causes of Traffic Accidents: Final Report, Report DOT HS-805 085, U.S. Department of Transportation, May 1979). Vehicle use was recorded continuously during the SHRP 2 NDS. Information on vehicle travel, or exposure, can be extracted at the same level of detail as for safety-related events, such as crashes and near crashes. Hence, the SHRP 2 NDS is the first large-scale study to support detailed estimates of collision risk. Moreover, crashes are a leading cause of nonrecurring congestion, so collision prevention has added benefits in terms of reduced delay, fuel con- sumption, and emissions. The NDS provides objective information on the role of driver behavior and performance in traffic collisions and on the interrelationship of the driver with vehicle, roadway, and environmental factors. The SHRP 2 Safety research program was carried out under the guidance of the Safety Technical Coordinating Committee (TCC), which was composed of volunteer experts. The Safety TCC developed and approved all project descriptions and budgets and met semi- annually to review progress and approve any program modifications. The Oversight Com- mittee approved all budget allocations and contract awards. Assistance was provided by expert task groups, which developed requests for proposals, evaluated proposals and recommended contractors, and provided guidance on many issues, such as data access policies and proce- dures. The decisions and recommendations of the governing committees were implemented by SHRP 2 staff as they carried out day-to-day management of the research projects.

C O N T E N T S 1 Executive Summary 1 IRB Approval 2 Recruiting Volunteer Drivers 2 Obtaining Driver Consent and Performing Driver Assessments 2 Installing the DAS in Participant Vehicles 3 Managing the Participants and Fleet of Equipped Vehicles 3 Deinstalling the DAS Equipment 3 Summary 5 CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Background 6 CHAPTER 2 Study Centers and Study Design 6 Study Center Designations 6 Study Design and Overview 10 Timeline of Start-Up Activities at Each Study Center 10 Study Center Areas 13 Towns and Cities Contained in Study Center Areas 13 Populations, Licensed Drivers, and Registered Vehicles in Study Center Areas 18 Motor Vehicle Crash Data for 2010 18 Roadway Characteristics 18 State Highway Safety Laws Applicable to Each Study Center 23 CHAPTER 3 Summary of Key Tasks and Performance 23 IRB Activities 26 Recruiting 40 Consent and Assessment Process 44 Installations 57 Participant Management and Fleet Maintenance 65 Deinstallations 69 CHAPTER 4 Issues Encountered and Lessons Learned 69 IRB Process 69 Recruiting 70 Consent and Assessment 70 Installations and Associated Tools 71 Participant Management and Fleet Maintenance 71 Deinstallations 72 Equipment Management Issues 72 Program Management 73 CHAPTER 5 Concluding Remarks 74 References

75 Appendix A. Classification of Towns and Cities in Study Center Areas 81 Appendix B. Additional Data on Population Demographics, Licensed Drivers, and Vehicle Registration for Each Study Center Area 87 Appendix C. Certificate of Confidentiality Applicable to All Study Centers 89 Appendix D. Examples of Recruiting Materials 90 Appendix E. Participants by Driver Type, Age, and Gender for Each Study Center 96 Appendix F. Naturalistic Driving Study Consent Form 106 Appendix G. SHRP 2 Letter Provided for Participant Vehicle Glove Box 108 Appendix H. Installation History at Each Study Center 115 Appendix I. Number of Instrumented Vehicles in the Field as a Function of Time at Each Study Center 119 Appendix J. Participant-Months in the Field for Six Study Centers