Transit Bus Operator Distraction Policies (2013)

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58 APPENDIX D CUTR/TSI “Curbing Transit Operator Distracted Driving Training” Instructor Guide CURBING TRANSIT OPERATOR DISTRACTED DRIVING TRAINING INSTRUCTOR GUIDE

59 Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) for funding this project and Victor Wiley (FDOT) for his continued support and guidance as well as Steve Dallman at the U.S. DOT’s Transportation Safety Institute for providing industry insight and instructional guidance. In addition, we would like to thank David Kelsey at the Hillsborough Area Regional Transit (HART), the staff at Sarasota County Area Transit (SCAT) and Lakeland Area Mass Transit District (LAMTD) for helping us with filming of this project. We would also like to acknowledge the Utah Department of Transportation for the development of “Utah Texting While Driving PSA 1085-Echo: A Texting Tragedy.” Disclaimer The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Florida Department of Transportation or the Research and Innovative Technology Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.

60 Requirements In order to teach this course and be able to print certificates you must meet the following criteria: 1) Be employed by a transit system 2) Job function as an instructor, supervisor, or manager About This Course This training course was developed in cooperation with the Florida Department of Transportation and the USDOT’s Transportation Safety Institute (TSI) and produced by the University of South Florida’s (USF) Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR). This guide should be used in conjunction with the “Curbing Transit Operator Distracted Driving” training video. The first column of the guide identifies the Microsoft PowerPoint slides that correspond to the topics that will be discussed. The italicized text provides detailed instructor facilitation information including questions for participants; facts and figures; and group activities and exercises. This training program may be customized to include agency specific policies and procedures, as well as state laws and regulations. There have been place holders inserted into the PowerPoint presentation to allow an instructor to insert their agency’s policies and procedures. It is critical for instructors to thoroughly review each element of their agency’s policy on wireless devices and for participants to clearly understand the policy. Course Goal (Terminal Learning Objective) The goal of the Curbing Transit Operator Distracted Driving Training course is to teach public transportation employees about the dangers and consequences of driving distracted. In addition, participants will learn about their agencies’ policies and procedures for non-agency authorized wireless technologies, as well as relevant state laws and regulations. Course Objectives (Enabling Learning Objective) At the conclusion of this training course, participants will be able to: • Define the term “distracted” • Describe the risk of driving while distracted • Identify tips for preventing distracted driving • Interpret the regulations, laws, and company policies related to wireless devices Materials and Equipment White board, computer (with Microsoft PowerPoint and Windows Media Player), DVD/CD Player, LCD projector, computer speakers Printing Certificates After each training class, the instructor should print “certificates of completion” for each training participant and file them in their employee file. Additionally, a list of training participants must be sent to sapper@cutr.usf.edu within 30 days of the training class. CURBING TRANSIT OPERATOR DISTRACTED DRIVING

61 SLIDE 1-2: WELCOME Housekeeping items: Restrooms, emergency exit, vending machines, etc. Introductions Overall course time: 60 minutes SLIDE 3: COURSE OVERVIEW Welcome participants and identify the goals established for the training class. • Teach public transportation employees about the dangers and consequences of driving distracted; • Learn agency policies and procedures with regard to non-agency authorized wireless technologies; • Learn relevant state laws and regulations related to wireless distractions. The use of wireless technologies while operating motor vehicles is a real problem. Public transportation employees are affected by many aspects of distracted driving including being a potential victim of a distracted driver. This course introduces public transit professionals to key concepts and highlights the dangers of distracted driving. This course will examine what distracted driving is, and how it has affected the public transportation industry. We will also learn about our state’s laws on distracted driving and our agency’s policies. SLIDE 4: COURSE OBJECTIVE By the end of this training course, participants will be able to: • Define the term “distracted” • Describe the risk of driving while distracted • Identify tips for preventing distracted driving • Interpret the regulations, laws and company policies with regard to wireless devices It is important for this class to be interactive. Encourage participants to ask questions. SLIDE 5-6: INTRODUCTION AND DISCUSSION Many studies have been conducted on the effects of driving while distracted. The statistics are shocking. • Each year approximately 40,000 people are killed in motor vehicle crashes and more than 3 million people are injured. • Motor vehicle crashes are the number one cause of death for people ages 1 to 35. • Almost 80% of crashes and 65% of near-crashes happen within 3 seconds of some form of driver distraction. • In 2009, there were 5,774 fatalities and 448,000 people injured in collisions resulting from distracted driving (Fatality Analysis Reporting System [FARS]/National Automotive Sampling System General Estimates System [NASS GES]). • Nearly 20% of all distracted driving fatalities involved the use of cell phones. • 24,000 crashes that were attributable to distracted driving involving the use of a cell phone resulted in injuries.

62 SLIDE 7-11: MULTITASKING In our fast-paced and technologically advanced society, the ability of an individual to multitask is viewed as a positive attribute. What are some examples of multi-tasking? • Talk on the phone while driving/eating • Watching TV and reading Instructor should ask students for other examples and write answers on the white board. Many people believe that they can text, drive and do a number of other tasks all at the same time, without endangering themselves or others. They are convinced that their brief in-attention to the road holds no significant consequence, but the truth of the matter is that many, many studies have shown multitasking is a myth. The truth about multitasking is that IT IS A MYTH! • People actually do not “multitask” well • People do not accomplish both tasks with optimal focus and effectiveness • People do not perform two tasks at the same time. Instead, the brain handles tasks sequentially, switching between one to the other. The problem is that we don’t know how poorly we are performing when we try to do multiple tasks at the same time. Our brains can juggle tasks very rapidly, which leads us to erroneously believe we are performing two tasks at the same time effectively. In reality, the brain is switching attention between tasks—performing only one at a time. A person who is talking on a cell phone while driving is performing both tasks with divided attention. The brain is overloaded by the incoming information, and to handle this overload, it does not process and store all of the information. The brain prioritizes some information for attention and possible action and filters out some of the information. Performance is impaired when this filtered information is not processed into a driver’s working short-term memory. In order to demonstrate our ability to multitask, we are going to watch a video. This video was developed by researchers who were investigating the science of attention, multitasking and more. What are the limits of human attention? Is the ability to pay attention to detail something that can be improved? Let’s try this exercise: http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archives/201009172

63 SLIDE 12-15: DISTRACTIONS Ask participants these two questions and write their responses on a white board, or any other multimedia board. What is a distraction? What distracts drivers? What is distracted driving? Distracted driving is any non-driving activity a person engages in that has the potential to distract him or her from the primary task of driving and increase the risk of crashing. What distracts drivers? • Eating • Texting • Talking on a cell phone • Talking to a passenger • Reading • Grooming There are three main types of distractions: 1. Visual - Taking your eyes off the road 2. Manual - Taking your hands off the wheel 3. Cognitive - Taking your mind off what you are doing

64 SLIDE 16-20: JUST THE FACTS The fact is that distracted driving is seriously affecting the safety of our roadways. • Distracted driving is the number one killer of American teens • More than 80% of drivers admit to blatant hazardous behavior (Nationwide Mutual Insurance Survey) • Drivers on cell phones are more impaired than drivers at .08 BAC (University of Utah Study) • An estimated 1 million people chat on their mobile or send text messages while driving • Drivers who use cell phones are four times as likely to get into crashes serious enough to injure themselves (NHTSA, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety) • Sixteen percent of fatal crashes in 2009 involved reports of distracted driving. • Twenty percent of injury crashes in 2009 involved distracted driving. • The age group with the greatest proportion of distracted drivers was the under-20 age group—16 percent of all drivers younger than 20 involved in fatal crashes were reported to have been distracted while driving. • Of those drivers involved in fatal crashes who were reportedly distracted, the 30- to 39-year-olds had the highest proportion of cell phone involvement (NHSTA 2009) These statistics are staggering. It is our job as professional transit operators to ensure the safety— don’t be a statistic. SLIDE 21-23: THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH DISTRACTED DRIVING For light vehicles or cars • Dialing a cell phone made the risk of a crash or near-crash event 2.8 times higher than non- distracted driving; • Talking or listening to a cell phone made the risk of a crash or near-crash event 1.3 times higher than non-distracted driving; and • Reaching for an object, such as an electronic device made the risk of a crash or near-crash event 1.4 times higher than non-distracted driving. (Virginia Tech cell phone use and driver distraction study, BLACKSBURG, Va., July 29, 2009) For heavy vehicles or trucks • Dialing a cell phone made the risk of crash or near-crash event 5.9 times higher than as non- distracted driving; • Talking or listening to a cell phone made the risk of crash or near-crash event 1.0 times as high as non-distracted driving; • Use of, or reaching for, an electronic device made the risk of crash or near-crash event 6.7 times as high as non-distracted driving; and • Text messaging made the risk of crash or near-crash event 23.2 times as high as non- distracted driving.

65 SLIDE 24: PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION AND DISTRACTED OPERATORS Examples of distractions that bus operators may experience include: • Radio • Mobile Data Terminals (MDT) • Passenger assistance • Route maps • Fareboxes • GPS It is important for us to learn how to manage our level of distraction while operating a transit vehicle. Safety first! SLIDE 25: PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION OPERATORS WHO HAVE DRIVEN DISTRACTED Public transportation operators who have driven distracted have been observed: • Missed stops • Ran red lights • Weaved • Missed fares • Hit street fixtures and other fixed objects • Nearly missed hitting pedestrians and cars DON’T DRIVE DISTRACTED! SLIDE 26-27: THE TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY Discuss some of the major, more high profile incidents that have happened in the public transportation industry as a result of distracted driving. On November 14, 2004, a bus driver departed the Baltimore/Washington International Airport operating a 58-passenger motorcoach for a trip to Mount Vernon, Virginia. Vehicle occupants were the bus driver, an adult chaperone, and 27 high school students. This bus was the second one of a two-bus team traveling to Mount Vernon. The motor carrier Eyre operates this route frequently, and the bus driver had driven this route on one previous occasion 9 days earlier. The bus was traveling southbound in the right lane of the George Washington Memorial Parkway in Alexandria, Virginia, at a recorded speed of approximately 46 mph. As the bus approached the Alexandria Avenue bridge, the bus driver passed warning signs indicating that the bridge had a 10-foot, 2-inch clearance in the right lane. The driver remained in the right lane and drove the 12-foot-high bus under the bridge, colliding with the underside and side of the overpass. At the time of the accident, the 13-foot, 4-inch-high left lane was available to the bus, and the lead Eyre bus was in the left lane ahead of the accident bus. Witnesses and the bus driver himself reported that he was talking on a hands-free cellular telephone at the time of the accident. Of the 27 passengers, 10 received minor injuries and 1 sustained serious injuries. The roof of the bus was destroyed. The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the probable cause of this accident was the bus driver’s failure to notice and respond to posted low-clearance warning signs and to the bridge itself due to the cognitive distraction of the driver resulting from conversing on a hands-free cellular telephone while driving.

66 SLIDE 28 On September 12, 2008, a westbound Southern California Regional Rail Authority Metrolink train, consisting of one locomotive and three passenger cars, collided head-on with eastbound Union Pacific Railroad freight train LOF65–12 near Chatsworth, California. The Metrolink train derailed its locomotive and lead passenger car; the UP train derailed its 2 locomotives and 10 of its 17 cars. The force of the collision caused the locomotive of train 111 to telescope into the lead passenger coach by about 52 feet. The accident resulted in 25 fatalities, including the engineer of train 111. Emergency response agencies reported transporting 102 injured passengers to local hospitals. Damages were estimated to be in excess of $12 million. The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the probable cause of the September 12, 2008, collision of a Metrolink commuter train and a Union Pacific freight train was the failure of the Metrolink engineer to observe and appropriately respond to the red signal aspect at Control Point Topanga. It was determined that the engineer was engaged in prohibited use of a wireless device, specifically text messaging, which distracted him from his duties. SLIDE 29 On May 8, 2009, a two-car Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Green Line trolley slammed into the rear of another two-car Green Line trolley that was stopped at a red signal near the Government Center Station in Boston. One trolley had stopped at a red light in a tunnel, headed toward Park Street, and was struck from behind by the second one. The operator, who had been on the job 22 months, was text-messaging his girlfriend. The driver was looking down at his phone and could not apply the brakes quickly enough when he looked up and saw the trolley in front of him. 49 people were taken to the hospital. SLIDE 30-33: INDUSTRY RESPONSE TO DISTRACTED DRIVING It was time for industry-wide change. Many transit agencies throughout the US have changed their policies on the use of wireless technologies and other distractions. September 2009 U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood Distracted Driving Summit This two-day summit brought together safety experts, researchers, industry representatives, elected officials and members of the public to share their expertise, experiences and ideas for reducing distracted driving behavior and addressing the safety risk posed by the growing problem across all modes of transportation. “We must act now to stop distracted driving from becoming a deadly epidemic on our nation’s roadways.” U.S DOT Secretary Ray LaHood. January 2010 Congress passes legislation banning truck drivers and bus drivers from texting while driving— However, public transit is not part of the ban. As a result of these accidents and distracted driving summit agencies throughout the US changed their policies with regard to distracted driving. Some employees lost their jobs as a result.

67 SLIDE 34-37: MANAGING DISTRACTIONS Our ability as professional transit operators to manage the level of distraction while driving is critically important. We must ensure safety first! Personal Electronic Devices: Depending on your agency’s wireless policies: • Personal electronic devices are prohibited from being brought onto the bus, or • Personal electronic devices are allowed, but must be turned off and stowed off the operator’s person and out of sight. These devices should be used only when the vehicle is parked and the operator is no longer sitting in the driver’s seat. Agency-Authorized or Required Equipment or Material Distractions • Use of maps, requesting directions or instructions from dispatch to perform your job duties, should be performed while the vehicle is stopped in a safe location. • Communication via the two-way radio: Operators must ensure that it is done in a safe manner. Stop the vehicle in a safe location while communicating with dispatch or other agency representatives. Passenger Distractions • Avoid unnecessary communications. If conversation cannot be avoided and you need to communicate with a passenger, do so while maintaining focus on the safe operation of the vehicle. Anytime the conversation impacts safe driving, pull the vehicle off the road to finish the conversation. SLIDE 38-39: EDUCATION AND ENFORCEMENT In 2010, the Florida Department of Transportation and the USDOT’s Transportation Safety Institute (TSI) commissioned the developed of a statewide mandatory training program to curb transit operator distracted driving. This training resource includes: Classroom training• Training video• Computer Based Training (CBT) module• State of the Union Many States have laws that ban drivers from text messaging while driving. To underscore the seriousness of driver distractions, many states have established laws and are prosecuting individuals who drive distracted. These same states are also instituting fines and or prison time for those found guilty of driving distracted. Show Curbing Distracted Driving Training Video – 9 minutes

68 SLIDE 40-47: LAWS AND REGULATIONS There are many states in the US that have banned the use of hand held devices and texting. At this time Florida has not banned the use of wireless devices. However, Chapter 14-90, Florida Administrative Code, provides specific language about the use of ALL wireless technologies while operating a public transportation vehicle. It is critical for you to interpret and comply with your agency’s policies and procedures. Rule Chapter 14-90, Florida Administrative Code • Provides language about wireless distractions • Identifies the requirements for distracted driver training • Provides the following definitions: Wireless Communications Device “an electronic or electrical device capable of remote communication. Examples include cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and portable computers (commonly called laptop computers).” Personal Wireless Communications Device “an electronic or electrical device that was not provided by the bus transit system for business purposes.” System Safety Program Plan Requirements Section 14-90.004(1) “Each bus transit system shall develop and adopt SSPP that complies with or exceeds the established safety standards set forth in this rule chapter. (a) The SSPP shall address the following safety elements and requirements: Wireless Communication 12. A wireless communication plan and procedure that provides for the safe operation of the bus transit vehicle and assures that: a. The use of a personal wireless communication device is prohibited while the transit vehicle is in motion. b. All personal wireless communications devices are turned off with any earpieces removed from the operator’s ear while occupying the driver’s seat. 13. A policy on the use of a wireless communications device issued to the operator by the bus transit system for business related purposes. Policies developed shall assure that: a. guidelines are developed that allow for the use of a wireless communications device in emergency situations. b. the use of a wireless communications device does not interfere with the operator’s safety related duties. 14. The Bus Transit System shall develop a driver educational training program on: a. the proper use of a wireless communications device issued to the operator by the Bus Transit System while in the performance of their safety related duties. b. hazards associated with driving and utilizing a wireless communications device Our agency’s policies: review agency policy here.

69 Additional references for trainers: http://www.aptastandards.com/Portals/0/Bus_Published/APTA-BTS-BS-RP-005-09_employee_controlled_distractions.pdf http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archives/201009172 www.nsc.org www.aaaexchange.com www.focusdriven.org http://www.ghsa.org/html/issues/dist_driving_psa.html http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/cellphone_laws.html http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/End-Distracted-Driving SLIDE 48: OUR AGENCIES POLICY Insert your transit agency policy on wireless technologies here. Be sure to clearly explain your agencies policies and rules on both agency authorized and non-agency authorized wireless communication devices. SLIDE 49-50: QUESTIONS AND REVIEW Ask participants if they have any questions. Solicit and encourage discussion. Review —Course Objectives Ask participants to discuss what they have learned for each of the four learning objectives. • Define the term “distracted” • Describe the risk of driving while distracted • Identify tips for preventing distracted driving • Interpret the regulations, laws and company policies with regard to wireless devices Ask participants if they have any questions. Be sure to allow ample time and adequate opportunity for participants to ask questions and/or clarify your agencies policies/rules.