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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Survey." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Summary Report, Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22552.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Survey." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Summary Report, Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22552.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Survey." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Summary Report, Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22552.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Survey." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Summary Report, Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22552.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Survey." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Summary Report, Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22552.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Survey." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Summary Report, Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22552.
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Page 91
Page 92
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Survey." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Summary Report, Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22552.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Survey." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Summary Report, Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22552.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Survey." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Summary Report, Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22552.
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86 Appendix A Survey NCHRP 40-01 Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications A 1994 survey focused on identifying research on waste products in a limited number of highway applications. In only 15 years, waste products are now considered recycled materials and byproducts that are used in a broad range of highway applications. In 1994, products were generally classified by the main source of the waste stream. Today, a number of these waste streams have been refined and separated into a number of individual secondary byproducts used in a range of highway applications. This survey will define the current uses for these byproducts. The survey is comprised of 7 groups of recycled materials and byproducts: * Combustion * Slag * Mineral processing and quarry byproducts * Hot mix asphalt * Concrete industry * Tire rubber * Manufacturing or miscellaneous byproducts The first question in each group is designed to capture the range of individual byproducts that are used in general categories of highway applications (e.g., concrete, geotechnical, etc.). This first question in the sequence is a matrix which limits the respondent’s options to predetermined choices. The next three questions in the sequence are designed to capture the respondent’s experiences with performance, barriers, and identification of projects that demonstrate performance (good or bad) and barriers (overcome or existing). When you select the “Next Page” option, your survey answers are saved. The survey can then be restarted later from the saved page. This allows respondents to pass the survey on to various people within the agency or for one respondent to take the survey in sections. If you have questions, please e-mail mstroup-gardiner@csuchico.edu or call Mary at (530) 898-6032. 1) Respondent Information First Name: ___________________________________ Last Name: ___________________________________ Title: ___________________________________ Agency: ___________________________________ Division or Department ___________________________________ Phone Number: ___________________________________ E-mail address: ___________________________________ 2) Combustion Byproducts: Is your state using, or has ever used, these byproducts in highway applications? If you are not sure of the specific type of combustion byproduct that has been used in your state, check the Combustion Ash, unknown type at the bottom of the list. * Boiler slag: collected at the bottom of wet-bottom coal fired boilers * Coal ash: particulate in flue of coal fired boiler. * FGD: particulate captured by flue gas desulphurization (FGD) technology added to coal fired power plants * MSW bottom ash: municipal solid waste (MSW) combustor ash which remains at the bottom of the ash stream * MSW combined ash: any collection of particulate form municipal solid waste combustion process * Sewage sludge ash: ash from combustion of dewatered sewage sludge * Type C fly ash: coal combustion flue gas particulate with more than 20% lime * Type F fly ash: coal combustion flue gas particulate with less than 10% lime

87 Asphalt Cements or Emulsions Crack Sealants Drainage Materials Embankments Flowable Fill HMA Pavement Surface Treatments (non- structural) PCC Soil Stabilization Boiler Slag Coal Ash FGD Scrubber Ash MSW— Bottom Ash MSW— Combined Ash Sewage Sludge Ash Type C Fly Ash Type F Fly Ash Combustion Ash, Unknown Type 3) Combustion byproducts: Comment on your experience with the performance of the application(s) that used any combustion byproduct. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 4) Combustion byproduct: Comment on barriers to the use of combustion byproducts in highway applications that have been either overcome or still exist. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 5) Combustion byproduct: If possible, identify one or more projects that demonstrate these experiences. Please provide contact information for these projects. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 6) Slag Byproducts: Is your state using, or has ever used, these byproducts in highway applications? If you are not sure of the specific type of slag that has been used in your state, check the Slag, Unknown Type at the bottom of the list. * Air-cooled blast furnace slag (BFS): liquid slag cooled slowly * Expanded BFS: Molten slag to which air, water, or steam is added to foam (light weight) * Granulated BFS: molten slag cooled and solidified by rapid water quenching to a glassy state * Copper and nickel slag: Non-ferrous slag produced by removing sulfur from ore * Lead, lead-zinc, and zinc slags: Non-ferrous slag from pyrometallurgical treatment of sulfide ores * Phosphorous slag: Non-ferrous slag from elemental phosphorous refining process * Steel slag: byproduct from steel manufacturing process * Vitrified, pelletized BFS: molten slag cooled and solidified with water, air quenched in spinning drums

88 Asphalt Cements or Emulsions Crack Sealants Drainage Materials Embankments Flowable Fill HMA Pavement Surface Treatments (non- structural) PCC Soil Stabilization Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag (ACBFS) Blast Furnace Slag, General Granulated Ground Blast Furnace Slag Expanded Blast Furnace Slag Copper and Nickel Slag Lead, Lead– Zinc, and Zinc Slags Phosphorous Slag Steel Slag Vitrified Pelletized Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) Slag, Unknown Type 7) Slag byproducts: Comment on your experience with the performance of the application(s) that used any slag byproduct. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 8) Slag byproduct: Comment on barriers to the use of slag byproducts in highway Applications that have been either overcome or still exist. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 9) Slag byproduct: If possible, identify one or more projects that demonstrate these experiences . Please provide contact information for these projects. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 10) Mineral Processing and Quarry Byproducts: Is your state using, or has ever used, these byproducts in highway applications? If you are not sure of the type of material used in your state, check the Mineral or Quarry Byproduct, unknown type box at the end of the list. * Coal refuse: reject material from coal preparation or washing * Mill tailings: extremely fine particles rejected from grinding, screening or procession of raw material * Pond fines: fines obtained from washing crushed aggregate * Screenings: smaller aggregate fractions left after primary and secondary crushing operations * Waste rock: waste from surface mining operations

89 Asphalt Cements or Emulsions Crack Sealants Drainage Materials Embankments Flowable Fill HMA Pavement Surface Treatments (non- structural) PCC Soil Stabilization Baghouse Fines (agg. production) Coal Refuse Mill Tailings Pond Fines Screenings Waste Rock Mineral or Quarry Byproduct, Unknown Type 11) Mineral or quarry byproduct: Comment on your experience with the performance of the application(s) which used any mineral or quarry byproduct. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 12) Mineral or quarry byproduct: Comment on barriers to the use of mineral or quarry byproducts in highway applications that have been either overcome or still exist. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 13) Mineral or quarry byproduct: If possible, identify one or more projects that demonstrate these experiences. Please provide contact information for these projects. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 14) Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Industry Recycled Materials and Byproducts: Is your state using, or has ever used, these byproducts in highway applications? If you are not sure of the type of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) used in your state, check the RAP, unknown type box at the end of the list. Asphalt Cements or Emulsions Crack Sealants Drainage Materials Embankments Flowable Fill HMA Pavement Surface Treatments (non- structural) PCC Soil Stabilization Baghouse Fines (HMA plant) HMA, Unmilled (chunks) HMA, Plant/ Project Fresh Left-Over Mix RAP, as Milled and Stockpiled RAP, Separated into Sized Stockpiles RAP, Unknown Type

90 15) HMA (additional information): If you use RAP in HMA, what are the differences in use between base, intermediate, and surface HMA mixes? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 16) HMA recycled materials: Comment on your experience with the performance of the application(s) that used any HMA recycled materials. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 17) HMA recycled materials: Comment on barriers to the use of HMA recycled materials in highway applications that have been either overcome or still exist. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 18) HMA recycled materials: If possible, identify one or more projects that demonstrate these experiences. Please provide contact information for these projects. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 19) Concrete Industry Recycled Materials and Byproducts: Is your state using, or has ever used, these byproducts in highway applications? If you are not sure of the type of recycled concrete materials (RCM) used in your state, check the RCM, unknown type at the end of the list. * Concrete plant, end of day waste and water: any material not used at either the plant or in the trucks by the end of the day’s production, including any water used to clean the equipment * Reclaimed (hardened) concrete materials (RCM): produced by the demolition of concrete roads and structures * Reclaimed concrete material, crushed and washed: RCM processed for size and fines content * Returned fresh mix added to new batches: mixing older fresh mix with new batch of concrete Asphalt Cements or Emulsions Crack Sealants Drainage Materials Embankments Flowable Fill HMA Pavement Surface Treatments (non- structural) PCC Soil Stabilization Concrete Plant, End of Day Waste and Water Reclaimed Hardened Concrete Material Reclaimed Concrete Material, Crushed and Washed Returned Fresh Mix Added to New Batch RCM, Unknown Type 20) Concrete recycled materials: Comment on your experience with the performance of the application(s) that used any concrete recycled materials. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

91 21) Concrete recycled materials: Comment on barriers to the use of concrete recycled materials in highway applications that have been either overcome or still exist. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 22) Concrete recycled materials: If possible, identify one or more projects that demonstrate these experiences. Please provide contact information for these projects. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 23) Tire Rubber: Is your state using, or has ever used, these byproducts in highway applications? If you do not know what type of tire byproduct your state uses, check the Tire type, unknown type box at the end of the list. * Ground tires: typically a no. 80 mesh (finely ground rubber) * Shredded or chipped tires: primary processing produces shredded tires (12 to 18 in. long by 4 to 9 in. wide). A secondary process produces chips (0.5 to 3 in.) * Slit tires: tires slit in half * Whole tires: used as-is * Crumb rubber aggregate (dry process): small size chips used as aggregate replacements * Crumb rubber modifier (wet process): small size chips used as a binder modifier (e.g., substitute for polymer modification of asphalt) Asphalt Cements or Emulsions Crack Sealants Drainage Materials Embankments Flowable Fill HMA Pavement Surface Treatments (non- structural) PCC Soil Stabilization Ground Tires Shredded or Chipped Tires Slit Tires Whole Tires Crumb Rubber Aggregate (dry process) Crumb Rubber Modifier (wet process) Tires, Unknown Type or Size 24) Tire rubber byproducts: Comment on your experience with the performance of the application(s) which used any tire rubber byproduct. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 25) Tire rubber byproducts: Comment on barriers to the use of tire rubber byproducts in highway applications that have been either overcome or still exist. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 26) Tire rubber byproducts: If possible, identify one or more projects that demonstrate these experiences. Please provide contact information for these projects. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

92 27) Manufacturing or Miscellaneous Construction Byproducts: Is your state using, or has ever used, these byproducts in highway applications? * Kiln dust, cement: airborne particles from the portland cement rotary kiln * Kiln dust, lime: airborne particles from the lime production process * Kiln dust, combination: blending of both cement and lime kiln dusts * Paper pulp, lime mud: residual materials from paper mills * Roofing shingles, fiberglass backed: byproduct from production of fiberglass-backed roofing material * Roofing shingles, paper-backed: byproduct from production of paper-backed roofing material * Roofing shingles, tear-offs: construction debris from reroofing or demolition of existing structures * Sand blasting waste: sand along with finishing materials after resurfacing * Sand, foundry: high-quality sand recycled after metal castings of products * Sulfate waste, fluorogypsum: byproduct from the production of hydrofluoric acid from fluorspar * Sulfate waste, phosphogypsum: byproduct of phosphoric acid production * Waste glass: post-consumer glass byproducts Asphalt Cements or Emulsions Crack Sealants Drainage Materials Embankments Flowable Fill HMA Other Pavement Surface Treatments (non- structural) PCC Soil Stabilization Kiln Dust, Cement Kiln Dust, Lime Kiln Dust, Combination of Cement and Lime Roofing Shingles, Fiberglass- Backed Roofing Shingles, Paper-Backed Roofing Shingles, Tear-Offs Roofing Shingles, Unknown Type Roofing, Build- Up Roofing (BUR) Paper Pulp, Lime Mud Paper, Manufacturer Paper, Post- Consumer Sand Blasting Waste Sand, Foundry Sulfate Waste, Fluorogypsum Sulfate Waste, Phosphogypsum Waste Glass 28) Manufacturing or miscellaneous byproducts not listed: Please indicate any other materials you have used in highway applications. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

93 29) Manufacturing and miscellaneous byproducts: Comment on your experience with the performance of the application(s) that used any manufacturing or miscellaneous byproduct. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 30) Manufacturing or miscellaneous byproducts: Comment on barriers to the use of manufacturing or miscellaneous byproducts in highway applications that have been either overcome or still exist. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 31) Manufacturer or miscellaneous byproducts: If possible, identify one or more projects that demonstrate these experiences. Please provide contact information for these projects. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 32) Environmental Issues: Were any of the recycled material(s) or byproduct(s) listed below tested by your organization for biodegradation, leaching, or ecotoxicity before use in highway application(s)? * Combustion ash * Slags * Mineral processing and quarry byproducts * Hot mix asphalt * Concrete * Tire rubber * Manufacturing or miscellaneous byproducts Yes No Not sure 33) Environmental issues: Which recycled material(s) or byproduct(s) listed in any of the survey questions, did your agency evaluate and which tests were used? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 34) What question(s) should be added to future surveys? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Thank you for participating in our survey!

Abbreviations used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation

Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Summary Report, Volume 1 Get This Book
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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 435: Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Summary Report, Volume 1 summarizes the results of a project that describes the experiences of transportation agencies in determining the relevant properties of recycled materials and industrial byproducts and the beneficial use for highway applications.

NCHRP Synthesis 435 is presented in eight volumes and is designed to help serve as a guide to states revising the provisions of their materials specifications to incorporate the use of recycled materials and industrial byproducts.

Volume 1 is available in print and electronic versions. Volumes 2 to 8 are in electronic format only. The eight volumes are:

Volume 1 Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Summary Report

Volume 2 Coal Combustion Byproducts

Volume 3 Non-Coal Combustion Byproducts

Volume 4 Mineral and Quarry Byproducts

Volume 5 Slag Byproducts

Volume 6 Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Recycled Concrete Aggregate, and Construction Demolition Waste

Volume 7 Scrap Tire Byproducts

Volume 8 Manufacturing and Construction Byproducts

A NCHRP Synthesis 435 website with links to all 8 volumes is available.

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