Design Guide for Bridges for Service Life (2013)

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521 AASHTO. 1983. Standard Specifications for Seismic Design of Highway Bridges. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 1994. Guide for Painting Steel Structures. Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2007. LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th ed. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2008. Guide Specifications for Bridges Vulnerable to Coastal Storms. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2010a. LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, 3rd ed. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2010b. LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. American Association of State High- way and Transportation Officials, Washington D.C. AASHTO. 2011. Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design, 2nd ed. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2012. LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 6th ed. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO/NSBA Steel Bridge Collaboration. 2004. Steel Bridge Bearing Design and Detail- ing Guidelines. NSBA G9.1-2004 and AASHTO SBB-1. National Steel Bridge Alliance and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. AASHTO/NSBA Steel Bridge Collaboration. 2006. Guide Specification for Application of Coating Systems with Zinc-Rich Primers to Steel Bridges. NBSA S8.1-2006. National Steel Bridge Alliance and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. Aboutaha, R. S. 2001. Investigation of Durability of Wearing Surfaces for FRP Bridge Decks. Project C-01-50. Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y., and Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. REFERENCES

522 DESiGN GUiDE FOR BRiDGES FOR SERviCE LiFE ACI. 1989. Reapproved 1994. ACI Committee 216, Guide for Determining the Fire Endur- ance of Concrete Elements. ACI 216R-89. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 1996. State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Concrete. ACI 544.1R-96. Ameri- can Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 1997. Cracking of Concrete Members in Direct Tension. ACI 224.2R-92. Committee 224, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 1998. Report on Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity. ACI 221.1R-98. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2000. Reinforcement for Concrete: Materials and Applications. ACI Education Bul- letin E2-00. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2001a. Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures. ACI 224R-01. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2001b. Protection of Metals in Concrete Against Corrosion. ACI 222R-01. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2003a. Design and Construction Practices to Mitigate Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Structures. ACI 222.3R-03. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2003b. Guide for Structural Lightweight-Aggregate Concrete. ACI 213R-03. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2004. Concrete Repair Guide. ACI 546R-04. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2005a. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. ACI 318-11, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2005b. Guide to Shotcrete. ACI 506R-05. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2006. Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete. ACI 234R-06. American Con- crete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2007a. Report on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Struc- tures. ACI 440R-07. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2007b. Self-Consolidating Concrete. ACI 237R-07. American Concrete Institute Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2008a. Guide to Durable Concrete. ACI 201.2R-08. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2008b. Guide to Fiber-Reinforced Shotcrete. ACI 506.1R-08. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2010. Guide to Cold Weather Concreting. ACI 306R-10. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACI. 2011. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. ACI 318-11, Farmington Hills, Mich. ACPA. 1998. Guidelines for Partial Depth Spall Repair. American Concrete Pavement As- sociation, Skokie, Ill.

523 REFERENCES Adams, M., J. Nicks, T. Stabile, J. Wu, W. Schlatter, and J. Hartmann. 2011. Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Integrated Bridge System Synthesis Report. FHWA-HRT-11-027. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. AFGC. 2002. Ultra High Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concretes—Interim Recommenda- tions. Association Française de Génie Civil, Paris. AGA. 2006. Hot-dip Galvanizing for Corrosion Protection: A Specifier’s Guide. American Galvanizers Association, Centennial, Colo. Updated here: http://www.galvanizeit.org/ uploads/publications/Galvanized_Steel_Specifiers_Guide.pdf. Agrawal, A. K., and Z. Yi. 2008. Blast Effects on Highway Bridges. University Transporta- tion Research Center Report, City College of New York, New York. Agrawal, A. K., A. Kawaguchi, and Z. Chen. 2009. Bridge Element Deterioration Rates. Report No. C-01-51. Transportation Infrastructure Research Consortium, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany. AISC. 1994. Manual of Steel Construction: Load and Resistance Factor Design, 2nd ed. American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, Ill. Ala, N. 2011. Seamless Bridge and Roadway System for the U.S. Practice. PhD dissertation. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Ala, N., and A. Azizinamini. In press a. Analytical Study and Design Provisions for Seam- less Bridge System for the U.S. Practice. ASCE Bridge Engineering Journal. Ala, N., and A. Azizinamini. In press b. Experimental Study of New Seamless Bridge Sys- tem. ASCE Bridge Engineering Journal. Ala, N., E. Power, and A. Azizinamini. Quantitative Prediction of Service Life of Conven- tional and High-Performing Sliding Surfaces in Bearing Devices. ASCE Bridge Engineering Journal, submitted for publication. Alabama DOT. 1994. Cracks in Precast Prestressed Bulb Tee Girders on Structure Nos. I-565-45-11.5 A. & B. on I-565 in Huntsville, Alabama. Alabama Department of Transpor- tation, Montgomery. Albers, W. F., O. Hag-Elsafi, and S. Alampalli. 2007. Dynamic Analysis of the Bentley Creek Bridge with FRP Deck. Special Report 150. Transportation Research and Develop- ment Bureau, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany. Alblas, B. P., and A. M. van Londen. 1997. The Effect of Chloride Contamination on the Corrosion of Steel Surfaces: A Literature Review. Journal of Protective Coatings & Linings, European Edition (PCE), February, pp. 16–25. America’s Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change, National Research Council. 2011. Advancing the Science of Climate Change. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. America’s Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change, National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Science of Climate Change. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. Anderson, P., and K. Brabant. 2010. Increased Use of MSE Abutments. Presented at Inter- national Bridge Conference, Pittsburgh, Pa. API. 1993. Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Off- shore Platforms. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.

524 DESiGN GUiDE FOR BRiDGES FOR SERviCE LiFE Appleman, B. R., R. Weaver, and J. Bruno. 1995. Maintenance Coating of Weathering Steel: Field Evaluation and Guidelines. FHWA Report FHWA-RD-92-055. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R&D, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Va. Arneson, L. A., L. W. Zevenbergen, P. F. Lagasse, and P. E. Clopper. 2012. Hydraulic Engi- neering Circular No. 18: Evaluating Scour at Bridges, 5th ed. Federal Highway Administra- tion, U.S. Department of Transportation. Arockiasamy, M., and M. Sivakumar. 2005. Effects of Restraint Moments in Integral Abutment Bridges. Integral Abutment and Jointless Bridges: The 2005-FHWA Conference, Baltimore, Md., pp. 185–198. Arsoy, S., R. M. Barker, and J. M. Duncan. 2002. Experimental and Analytical Investiga- tions of Piles and Abutments of Integral Bridges. Research report. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Charlottesville. ASM. 1998. Metals Handbook. ASM Handbook Committee and American Society for Metals International, Metals Park, Ohio. ASTM. 2010. Standard Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems. E 917-05, 2010. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa. ASTM. 2011. Standard Practices for Cycle Counting in Fatigue Analysis. ASTM E1049- 85(2011)e1. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa. Azizinamini, A. 2002. Full-Scale Testing of Old Steel Truss Bridge. Journal of Construc- tional Steel Research, Vol. 58, No. 5–8, pp. 843–858. Azizinamini, A. 2009. A New Era for Short-Span Bridges. Modern Steel Construction. Na- tional Steel Bridge Alliance, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, Ill. Azizinamini, A. 2014. Simple for Dead Load and Continuous for Live Load Steel Bridge Systems. AISC Engineering Journal, Vol. 51, No. 2. Azizinamini, A., and J. B. Radziminski. 1989. Static and Cyclic Performance of Semi-Rigid Steel Beam-to-Column Connections. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 115, No. 12, pp. 2979–2999. Azizinamini, A., and S. K. Ghosh. 1997. Steel Reinforced Concrete Structures in 1995 HyogokenNanbu Earthquake. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 123, No. 8, pp. 986–992. Azizinamini, A., T. E. Boothby, Y. Shekar, and G. Barnhill. 1994a. Old Concrete Slab Bridges I: Experimental Investigation. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 11, pp. 3284–3304. Azizinamini, A., Y. Shekar, T. E. Boothby, and G. Barnhill. 1994b. Old Concrete Slab Bridges II: Analysis. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 11, pp. 3305–3319. Azizinamini, A., S. Kathol, and M. Beacham. 1995a. Effect of Cross Frames on Behavior of Steel Girder Bridges. Transportation Research Board, 4th International Bridge Engineering Conference, San Francisco, Calif., Vol. 1, pp. 117–124. Azizinamini, A., S. Kathol, and M. Beacham. 1995b. Influence of Cross Frames on Load- Resisting Capacity of Steel Girder Bridges. AISC Engineering Journal, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 107–116.

525 REFERENCES Azizinamini, A., N. J. Lampe, and A. J. Yakel. 2003a. Toward Development of a Steel Bridge System—Simple for Dead Load and Continuous for Live Load. Final report. Nebraska Department of Roads, National Bridge Research Organization, University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Azizinamini, A., A. J. Yakel, and J. P. Swendroski. 2003b. Development of a Design Guide for Phase Construction of Steel Girder Bridges. NDOR Research Project Number SPRPL1 (038) P530. National Bridge Research Organization, Department of Civil Engi- neering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Azizinamini, A., A. J. Yakel, and M. Farimani. 2005a. Development of a Steel Bridge System—Simple for Dead Load and Continuous for Live Load: Vol. 1: Analysis and Rec- ommendations. Final report. Nebraska Department of Roads, National Bridge Research Organization, University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Azizinamini, A., A. J. Yakel, N. J. Lampe, N. Mossahebi, and M. Otte. 2005b. Develop- ment of a Steel Bridge System Simple for Dead Load and Continuous for Live Load, Vol. 2: Experimental Results. NDOR P542. Nebraska Department of Roads, Lincoln, Neb. Azizinamini, A., A. J. Yakel, and S. J. Niroumand. 2008. Use of Steel Bridge System with Continuity for Live Load Only in Conjunction with Conventional and Accelerated Bridge Construction Methodologies. Proc., 2008 Accelerated Bridge Construction—Highway for Life Construction, Federal Highway Administration, Baltimore, Md., pp. 107–114. Azizinamini, A., A. J. Yakel, A. Sherafati, R. Taghinezhad, and J. H. Gull. Flexible Pile Head in Jointless Bridges: Design Provisions for H-Piles in Cohesive Soils. ASCE Bridge Engineering Journal, submitted for publication. Babaei, K., and A. M. Fouladgar. 1997. Solutions to Concrete Bridge Deck Cracking. Con- crete International, Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 34–37. Badie, S. S., M. K. Tadros, and K. E. Pedersen. 2001. Re-Examination of I-Girder/Pier Con- nection in Jointless Bridges. PCI Journal, March–April, pp. 62–74. Ball, C., and D. W. Whitmore. 2005. Innovative corrosion mitigation solutions for existing concrete structures. International Journal of Materials and Product Technology (IJMPT), Vol. 23, No. 3/4, 2005 Barker, R. M., J. M. Duncan, K. B. Rojiani, P. S. K. Ooi, C. K. Tan, and S. G. Kim. 1991. NCHRP Report 343: Manuals for the Design of Bridge Foundations. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Barson, J. 1994. Chapter 3: Properties of Bridge Steels. In AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction). Highway Structures Design Handbook, Volume I. AISC, Chicago, IL. Baun, M. D. 1993. Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Overlays: Experimental Use by Ohio Department of Transportation. In Transportation Research Record 1392, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Bazant, Z. P., and L. Panula. 1980. Creep and Shrinkage Characterization for Analyzing Prestressed Concrete Structures. Journal of the Prestressed Concrete Institute, Vol. 25, pp. 86–122. Beavers, J. A., and C. L. Durr. 1998. NCHRP Report No. 408: Corrosion of Steel Piling in Nonmarine Applications. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Bennet, J., and T. J. Schue. 1993. Evaluation of NORCURE Process for Electro chemical Chloride Removal from Steel-Reinforced Concrete Bridge Components. SHRP-C-620. Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.

526 DESiGN GUiDE FOR BRiDGES FOR SERviCE LiFE Bergson, P. 1998. Letter to Donald Flemming, Minnesota state bridge engineer; Re: Bridge No. 9340—Load Test Results, Dec. 21. Berke, N. S., and A. Rosenberg. 1989. Technical Review of Calcium Nitrite Corrosion Inhibitor in Concrete. In Transportation Research Record 1211, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Bertolini, L., F. Bolzoni, A. Cigada, T. Pastore, and P. Pedeferri. 1993. Cathodic Pro- tection of New and Old Reinforced Concrete Structures. Corrosion Science, Vol. 35, pp. 1633–1639. Bertolini, L., S. W. Yu, and C. L. Page. 1996. Effects of Electrochemical Chloride Extraction on Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Hydrated Cement Paste. Advances in Cement Research, Vol. 8, No. 31, pp. 93–100. Bilow, D. N., and M. E. Kamara. 2008. Fire and Concrete Structures. Presented at Struc- tures Congress, Structural Engineering Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va. Blunt, J. D., and C. P. Ostertag. 2009. Deflection Hardening and Workability of Hybrid Fiber Composites. ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 106, No. 3, pp. 265–272. Bourgin, C., E. Chauveau, and B. Demelin. 2006. Stainless Steel Rebar: The Choice of Ser- vice Life. Revue de Métallurgie, No. 2, February. Brakke, B. 2002. Opinions expressed at Fatigue Workshop. Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. Brandt, T., A. Varma, B. Rankin, S. Marcu, R. Connor, and K. Harries. 2011. Effects of Fire Damage on the Structural Properties of Steel Bridge Elements. Report FHWA-PA- 2011-009-PIT011. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Harrisburg, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. Briaud, J. L., R. W. James, and S. B. Hoffman. 1997. NCHRP Synthesis 234: Settlement of Bridge Approaches (The Bump at the End of the Bridge). TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. Bridge, R., S. Griffiths, and G. Bowmaker. 2005. The Concept of a Seamless Concrete Pavement and Bridge Deck. In Australian Structural Engineering Conference 2005 (M.G. Stewart and B. Dockrill, eds.) Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, pp. 289–298. Bruneau, M., J. W. Wilson, and R. Tremblay. 1996. Performance of Steel Bridge During the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu (Kobe, Japan) Earthquake. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 23, No. 23, pp. 678–713. BSI. 2012. Cathodic Protection of Steel in Concrete. EN 12696. British Standards Institu- tion, London. Buckle, I., I. Friedland, J. Mander, G. Martin, R. Nutt, and M. Power. 2006. Seismic Retro- fitting Manual for Highway Structures: Part 1—Bridges. Publication FHWA-HRT-06-032. Office of Infrastructure Research and Development, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Burke, M. P., Jr. 2009. Integral and Semi-Integral Bridges. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom. Caltrans. 2008. Isolated Partial Depth Concrete Repair. In MTAG Volume II: Rigid Pave- ment Preservation, 2nd ed. Caltrans Division of Maintenance, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento.

527 REFERENCES Campbell, T. I., and W. L. Kong. 1987. TFE Sliding Surfaces in Bridge Bearings. Report ME-87-06. Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Downsview, Ontario, Canada. Caner, A. 1996. Analysis and Design of Jointless Bridge Decks Supported by Simple-Span Girders. Ph.D. Dissertation. North Carolina State University, Raleigh. Caner, A., and P. Zia, P. 1998. Behavior and Design of Link Slabs for Jointless Bridge Decks. PCI Journal, Vol. 43, pp. 68–80. Chandra, V. 1995. Draft Report on Precast Prestressed Concrete Integral Bridges, State-of- the-Art. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, Ill., p. 113. Chang, L. M., and Y. J. Lee. 2001. Evaluation and Policy for Bridge Deck Expansion Joints. FHWA/IN/JTRP-2000/1. Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Depart- ment of Transportation, Indianapolis, and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. Chang, L. M., and Y. J. Lee. 2002. Evaluation of Performance of Bridge Deck Expansion Joints. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facility, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 3–9. Chen, R., and J. A. Yura. 1995. Wax Build-Up on the Surfaces of Natural Rubber Bridge Bearings. Research Report 1304-4. Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas, Austin. Chung, R. (ed.). 1996. NIST Special Publication 901: The January 17, 1995 Hyogoken- Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake Performance of Structures, Lifelines, and Fire Protection Sys- tems. Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technol- ogy, Gaithersburg, Md. Clark, W. 2001. Research Needs Statements. Maintenance and Design of Steel Abut- ment Piles in Iowa Bridges. Transportation Research Board. http://rns.trb.org/dproject. asp?n=27091. Accessed Oct 16, 2013. Clemeña, G. G. 2003. Report on the Investigation of the Resistance of Several New Metallic Reinforcing Bars to Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Concrete. VTRC 04-R7. Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville. Clemeña, C. G., and Jackson, D. R. 2000. Trial Application of Electrochemical Chloride Extraction on Concrete Bridge Components in Virginia, VTRC 00-R18, Virginia Transpor- tation Research Council. Clifton, J. R., H. F. Beehgly, and R. G. Mathey. 1974. Non-Metallic Coatings for Concrete Reinforcing Bars. Report FHWA-RD-74-18. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Depart- ment of Transportation. Clough, G. W., and J. M. Duncan. 1991. Earth Pressures. In Foundation Engineering Hand- book, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 223–235. Connor, R. J., R. Dexter, and H. Mahmoud. 2005. NCHRP Synthesis 354: Inspection and Management of Bridges with Fracture-Critical Details. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Corbett, W. D. 2011. Preparing an Inspection Plan for Bridge Maintenance Painting. Proc., 2011 SSPC Conference, Las Vegas, Nev. http://www.kta.com/Corbett_Preparing_an_Inspec- tion_Plan.pdf. Corven, J., and A. Moreton. 2004. Post-Tensioning Tendon Installation and Grouting Manual. Corven Engineering, Tallahassee, Fla., and Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.

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