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A-1 On-Site Monitoring Method Criteria Tables A p p e n d i x A Legend for Criteria Tables ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ A - 2 Deicer Parameters â Online ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... A - 5 Deicer Parameters â Handheld and Test Kit ................................ ................................ ............................. A - 7 Ammonia â Online ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... A - 8 Ammonia â Handheld and Test Kit ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... A - 9 pH â Online ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. A - 10 pH â Handheld and Test Kit ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... A - 11 Dissolved Oxygen â Online ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... A - 12 Dissolved Oxygen â Handheld and Test Kit ................................ ................................ ........................... A - 13 Temperature â Online ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. A - 14 Temperature â Handheld and Test Kit ................................ ................................ ................................ .... A - 15 Total Suspended Solids â Online ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ A - 16 Total Suspended Solids â Handheld and Test Kit ................................ ................................ ................... A - 17
LEGEND FOR CRITERIA TABLES Icon Notes Method Description N/A Method name and general description of method or equipment. Yes Typical installation or is a demonstrated airport technology No Atypical installation and no known usage at airports Single Manufacturer 1 manufacturer Few Manufacturers 2-4 manufacturers Many Manufacturers 5+ manufacturers Federal Approval (Method name/number) (EPA Method ###.#) US EPA or Standard Method approved State or Local Approval Approved by specific state or local authorities None Reported No known approvals for method, based on results of airport survey and information from manufacturers. Measurement Range N/A Parameter concentration range the method or equipment is able to detect. Accuracy N/A Accuracy as a percent of the measured value (or full range value if noted). Requires Potable Water Supply Potable water needed for sample dilution or automatic cleaning. Water tap for operator convenience is not included. Requires Temperature-Controlled Environment Equipment may require freeze-protection for sample withdrawal. Electronic equipment typically has venting for moderate temperature. Cooling for environments with high temperatures was not considered. Requires Other Infrastructure Other infrastructure includes compressed air system for cleaning or other infrastructure. None Significant Method and Use Status Implementation Considerations Demonstrated Technology for Airport Stormwater? Regulatory-Approved Method General Availability of Technology Siting Constraints / Needs For online monitors only.
LEGEND FOR CRITERIA TABLES Icon Notes Method and Use Status Sample Requires Filtration Equipment may require filtration of sample stream to prevent plugging of small diameter tubing by solids or to prevent solids from interfering with measurement. Requires or Optimized for Constant Flow Equipment may alarm or give incorrect reading if constant sample is not supplied. Special Requirement Refer to Factsheet for special requirement. None Significant Interferences N /A List of chemical or physical interferences and concentrations (where available) for the method. Low Less than 1 hour/week to perform test and for typical maintenance/operations Moderate Between 1 and 4 hours/week to perform test and for typical maintenance/operations High More than 4 hours/week to perform test and for typical maintenance/operations Low Only general understanding of equipment and use is necessary for successful operation Moderate Moderate level of understanding including equipment operation, maintenance, and calibration. Training may be necessary for successful operation. High High level of understanding including operation, maintenance, calibration, ability to troubleshoot. Training is required for successful operation. Low Ratings based on comparison against other monitors of same parameter and type. Refer to Fact Sheets for detailed information. Moderate High Staff Time Requirements Level of Staff Knowledge O&M Issues Flow and Stream Constraints
LEGEND FOR CRITERIA TABLES Icon Notes Method and Use Status Very Low Less than $2,000 Low $2,000-10,000 Medium $10,000-25,000 High $25,000-50,000 Very High $50,000+ Low Less than $2,000 Medium $2,000-10,000 High $10,000+ Low Hand Held and Test Kits On-line Monitors Less than $500 Less than $2,000 Medium Hand Held and Test Kits On-line Monitors $500-2,000 $2,000-8,000 High Hand Held and Test Kits On-line Monitors $2,000+ $8,000+ For the purchase of the equipment. Equipment listed under Optional System components in "Notes" section of Fact Sheets are not included. Capital Cost For online monitors only. Includes required equipment or infrastructure not included in the capital cost category. Typical Additional Capital Cost Includes consumables, parts and regular maintenance contracts. Staff labor is accounted for in "Staff Time Requirements" above. Annual Operations and Maintenance Cost Typical Costs
On-Site Monitoring Method Criteria Tables A-5
A-6 Guidebook for Selecting Methods to Monitor Airport and Aircraft deicing Materials
On-Site Monitoring Method Criteria Tables A-7 Characteristics Method Photochemical Oxidation Colorimetric Refractometry Colorimetric Type Test Kit Test Kit Handheld Test Kit Demonstrated Technology for Airport Stormwater? General Availability of Technology Regulatory-Approved Method? Measurement Range 0.2 to 15,000 mg/L COD 0 to 15,000 mg/L COD >1% glycol (approximately 10,000 mg/L BOD) 1 to 15,000 mg/L glycol Accuracy ±5% ±5 mg/L ±1% 1/2 to 1 color standard increment (concentration is read as a range) Flow and Stream Constraints Interferences - Chlorides (>2,000 mg/L) - Chorine (>1,000 mg/L) - Ammonia (>50 mg/L) - Suspended solids - High salt concentrations - Test does not differentiate between PG or EG - High dissolved solids (>700 mg/L) Staff Time Requirements Level of Staff Knowledge O&M Issues Capital Cost Annual Operations and Maintenance Cost Fact Sheet Number 61 62 69 70 Implementation Considerations Typical Costs BOD/COD/TOC and Correlation Methods Handheld Monitors and Test Kits BOD/COD/TOC by Correlation Parameter COD (EPA Method 410.4)
A-8 Guidebook for Selecting Methods to Monitor Airport and Aircraft deicing Materials Characteristics Method Colorimetric Ultraviolet Absorbance Ammonia Selective Electrode Demonstrated Technology for Airport Stormwater? General Availability of Technology Regulatory-Approved Method? Measurement Range 1 µg/L to 400 mg/L 0.02 to 5 mg/L 0.1 to 1,000 mg/L Accuracy ±2% of full range value ±2-5% of full range value ±2% of full range value Siting Constraints/Needs Flow and Stream Constraints Interferences - Chloride - Calcium and magnesium (1,500-2,500 mg/L) - Nitrate/nitrite (30-250 mg/L) - Turbid or strongly acidic/alkaline samples (pH<3 or >12) - Sulfides (300 mg/L) - Grease/oils - Solids/turbid samples (max. 150 mg/L or 60 NTU) - Organic matter - Grease/oils - Amines - Mercury - Silver - Potassium - Grease/oil - Large changes in ionic strength Staff Time Requirements Level of Staff Knowledge O&M Issues Capital Cost Typical Additional Capital Cost Annual Operations and Maintenance Cost Fact Sheet Number 71 72 73 Implementation Considerations Typical Costs Ammonia (NH3-N) Online Monitors (EPA Method 350.1) (EPA Method 350.3)
On-Site Monitoring Method Criteria Tables A-9 Characteristics Type Handheld Test Kit Method Ammonia Selective Electrode Colorimetric Demonstrated Technology for Airport Stormwater? General Availability of Technology Regulatory-Approved Method? Measurement Range 2 to 200 mg/L 0.01 to 50 mg/L Accuracy ±10% of measured value ±4% of full range Flow and Stream Constraints Interferences - Amines - Mercury - Silver - Potassium - Grease/oil - Large changes in ionic strength - Chloride - Calcium (>50,000 mg/L) and magnesium (>300,000 mg/L) - Nitrate/nitrite (600-5,000 mg/L) - Turbid or strongly acidic/alkaline samples - Sulfides (>6,000 mg/L) - Orthophosphate (>5,000 mg/L) Staff Time Requirements Level of Staff Knowledge O&M Issues Capital Cost Annual Operations and Maintenance Cost Fact Sheet Number 74 75 Ammonia (NH3-N) Handheld Monitors and Test Kits Implementation Considerations Typical Costs (EPA Method 350.3)
A-10 Guidebook for Selecting Methods to Monitor Airport and Aircraft deicing Materials Characteristics Method Glass Electrode Glass Free Demonstrated Technology for Airport Stormwater? General Availability of Technology Regulatory-Approved Method? Measurement Range 0 to 14 0 to 14 Accuracy ±0.2 Standard Units ±0.2% Siting Constraints/Needs Flow and Stream Constraints Interferences - Minor interferences from lithium, sodium and potassium - Highly acidic solutions can affect probe (pH<1) -Minor interferences from highly acidic or basic solutions Staff Time Requirements Level of Staff Knowledge O&M Issues Capital Cost Typical Additional Capital Cost Annual Operations and Maintenance Cost Fact Sheet Number 76 77 pH Online Monitors Implementation Considerations Typical Costs (EPA Method 150.2)
On-Site Monitoring Method Criteria Tables A-11 Characteristics Method Glass Electrode Glass Free Test Strips Colorimetric Type Handheld Handheld Test Kit Test Kit Demonstrated Technology for Airport Stormwater? General Availability of Technology Regulatory-Approved Method? Measurement Range 0-14 0-14 4-10 (typical) 5.9-8.5 Accuracy ±0.02 Standard Units (typical) ±0.01 Standard Units (typical) ±0.2-1.0 Standard Units ±0.1 Standard Units Flow and Stream Constraints Interferences - Minor interferences from lithium, sodium and potassium - Highly acidic solutions can affect probe (pH<1) - Minor interferences from highly acidic or basic solutions - High concentrations of chlorine or bromine - Chlorine (>6 mg/L) Staff Time Requirements Level of Staff Knowledge O&M Issues Capital Cost Annual Operations and Maintenance Cost Fact Sheet Number 78 79 80 81 pH Handheld Monitors and Test Kits Implementation Considerations Typical Costs (EPA Method 150.1)
A-12 Guidebook for Selecting Methods to Monitor Airport and Aircraft deicing Materials Characteristics Method Amperometric/ Polarographic Sensor Optical/Fluorescence Sensor Demonstrated Technology for Airport Stormwater? General Availability of Technology Regulatory-Approved Method? (EPA Method 360.1) Method # Not Available) Measurement Range 0.01-80 mg/L 2 µg/L to 20 mg/L Accuracy ± 1% ± 1 to 15% Siting Constraints/Needs Flow and Stream Constraints Interferences - Dissolved Inorganic Salts - Reactive Compounds/Gases (e.g., CL 2, H2S) - Temperature sensitive - Air bubbles Staff Time Requirements Level of Staff Knowledge O&M Issues Capital Cost Typical Additional Capital Cost Annual Operations and Maintenance Cost Fact Sheet Number 82 83 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Online Monitors Implementation Considerations Typical Costs (EPA Approved;
On-Site Monitoring Method Criteria Tables A-13 Characteristics Method Amperometric/ Polarographic Sensor Optical/Fluorescence Sensor Winkler Titration Colorimetric Type Hand Held Hand Held Test Kit Test Kit Demonstrated Technology for Airport Stormwater? General Availability of Technology Regulatory-Approved Method? (EPA Method 360.1) Method # Not Available) (EPA Method 360.2) Measurement Range 0 to 50 mg/L 0 to 50 mg/L 0.2 to 20 mg/L 0 to 15 mg/L Accuracy ± 2 to 6% ± 1 to 15% ± 0.1% Color comparator only identifies range in DO concentration ±0.01 mg/L Flow and Stream Constraints Interferences - Dissolved Inorganic Salts - Reactive Compounds/Gases (e.g., CL 2 , H 2 S) - Temperature sensitive - Air bubbles - Nitrate. Can be eliminated by using azide-containing reagents - Reducing or oxidizing substances (e.g., organic matter) - Sulfides - Nitrate. Can be eliminated by using azide-containing reagents - Reducing or oxidizing substances (e.g., organic matter) - Sulfides - Copper, Iron, Chromium, Manganese, and Nickel (10 mg/L for high concentration DO samples) Staff Time Requirements Level of Staff Knowledge O&M Issues Capital Cost Annual Operations and Maintenance Cost Fact Sheet Number 84 85 86 87 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Handheld Monitors and Test Kits Implementation Considerations Typical Costs (EPA Approved;
A-14 Guidebook for Selecting Methods to Monitor Airport and Aircraft deicing Materials Characteristics Method Thermocouple Resistance-Temperature Detectors (RTD)/ Thermistors Demonstrated Technology for Airport Stormwater? General Availability of Technology Regulatory-Approved Method? (EPA Approved; Method # Not Available) (EPA Method 170.1) Measurement Range -418 to 2282°F (-250 to 1250°C) 32 to 212°F (0 to 100°C) Accuracy ±1.9 to 4.0°F (±1.0 to 2.2°C) ±0.2 to 0.4°F (±0.1 to 0.2°C) Siting Constraints/Needs Flow and Stream Constraints Interferences - Electromagnetic (i.e., high- voltage wires, magnetic flow meters) - Electromagnetic (i.e., high- voltage wires, magnetic flow meters) Staff Time Requirements Level of Staff Knowledge O&M Issues Capital Cost Typical Additional Capital Cost Annual Operations and Maintenance Cost Fact Sheet Number 88 89 Temperature Online Monitors Implementation Considerations Typical Costs
On-Site Monitoring Method Criteria Tables A-15 Characteristics Method Infrared Detectors Bimetal Glass Liquid Thermometer Thermocouple Resistance-Temperature Detectors (RTD)/ Thermistors Demonstrated Technology for Airport Stormwater? General Availability of Technology Regulatory-Approved Method? (EPA Method 170.1) Method # Not Available) (EPA Method 170.1) Measurement Range -76 to 3632°F (-60 to 2000°C) -94 to 1004°F (-70 to 540°C) -328 to 1112°F (-200 to 600°C) -418 to 2282°F (-250 to 1250°C) -328 to 752°F (-200 to 400°C) Accuracy ±3.6°F (±2°C) ±1.8°F (±1°C) ±0.05 to 0.9°F (±0.03 to 0.5°C) ±1.8 to 4.0°F (±1.0 to 2.2°C) ±0.2 to 0.4°F (±0.1 to 0.2°C) Flow and Stream Constraints Interferences - Electromagnetic (i.e., high- voltage wires, magnetic flow meters) - Surface reflectivity - Electromagnetic (i.e., high- voltage wires, magnetic flow meters) - Electromagnetic (i.e., high- voltage wires, magnetic flow meters) Staff Time Requirements Level of Staff Knowledge O&M Issues Capital Cost Annual Operations and Maintenance Cost Fact Sheet Number 90 91 92 93 94 Temperature Handheld Monitors Implementation Considerations Typical Costs (EPA Approved;
A-16 Guidebook for Selecting Methods to Monitor Airport and Aircraft deicing Materials Characteristics Method Scattered Light Detection Optical/Absorbance Laser Diffraction Demonstrated Technology for Airport Stormwater? General Availability of Technology Regulatory-Approved Method? Measurement Range 0 to 1,000 mg/L (up to 4,000 mg/L depending on manufacturer and model) 10 to 10,000 mg/L 10 to 3,000 mg/L Accuracy ±5% (down to ±1% depending on manufacturer and model) ±5% Not Available Siting Constraints/Needs Flow and Stream Constraints Interferences - Air bubbles - Dyes or coloring - Air bubbles - Dyes or coloring None known Staff Time Requirements Level of Staff Knowledge O&M Issues Capital Cost Typical Additional Capital Cost Annual Operations and Maintenance Cost Fact Sheet Number 95 96 97 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Online Monitors Implementation Considerations Typical Costs
On-Site Monitoring Method Criteria Tables A-17 Characteristics Method Optical/Absorbance Optical/Absorbance Laser Diffraction Type Handheld Test Kit Test Kit Demonstrated Technology for Airport Stormwater? General Availability of Technology Regulatory-Approved Method? Measurement Range 1 to 400,000 mg/L 0 to 750 mg/L 10 to 3,000 mg/L Accuracy ±4% or 1 mg/L, whichever is greater Not available Not available Flow and Stream Constraints Interferences - Air bubbles - Dyes or coloring - Air bubbles - Dyes or coloring None known Staff Time Requirements Level of Staff Knowledge O&M Issues Capital Cost Annual Operations and Maintenance Cost Fact Sheet Number 98 99 100 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Handheld Monitors and Test Kits Implementation Considerations Typical Costs
