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13 BReAKOuT SeSSION Mobility Issues in Africa and Asia Maryvonne Plessis-Fraissard, World Bank, Presiding Julie Babinard, World Bank Kinnon Scott, World Bank Roselle leah Kolipano Rivera, University of the Philippines Purnima Parida, Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, India Manoranjan Parida, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India The session on mobility issues in Africa and Asia, moderated by Maryvonne Plessis-Fraissard, included discussions on how existing surveys and other data sources can serve transportation research in developing countries. The speakers discussed known differences in travel behavior and perspectives on travel across gender lines in these places. They also discussed the continued importance of the pedestrian environment as part of the transportation infrastructure, even as (or perhaps especially as) some countries experience rapid increases in vehicular traffic. whaT do exisTing household surveys Tell us abouT gender and TransporTaTion in developing CounTries? Julie Babinard and Kinnon Scott Access to transport is critical for growth and poverty reduction in developing countries, but transport policies tend not to address gender differences. Surveys on travel in developing countries, especially longitudinal surveys or surveys conducted at the subhousehold unit of anal- ysis, are needed. For this reason, it is worth exploring what sort of data existing survey efforts produce and what they tell us about gender and transportation in developing countries. The authors reviewed four major surveys with more frequent implementation across countries and years, individual-level data, and potentially relevant content: (a) the living Standard Measurement Study (lSMS) Surveys; (b) Household BudgetâIncome and expenditure Surveys (HBâIeS); (c) Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS); and (d) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). Collectively, these surveys already provide a sub- stantial amount of data, but with some limitations. For instance, while no overall measure of transport access can be constructed, the lSMS provides community-level data on transport access, and the HBSâIeS provides data on expenditures on modes of transport (addressing afford- ability), though not number of trips taken, and modes requiring no expenditures are not measured. While often only collected at the household level, some HBSâIeS expenditure data are collected at the individual level and allow for comparisons of affordability of transport by gender. The lSMS also provides use of transportation by gender for certain trip types, especially related to educa- tion and health care. DHS and some implementations of the MICS provide data on barriers to accessing health care or education, including transportation barriers. Transport quality and security are not well addressed in any of the surveys. Although not a replacement for detailed transport studies, these surveys have the advantage of providing national-level data, the ability to link transport use with welfare status, and the ability to track changes over time and across countries for specific groups. In the long run, the authors observe, even better data can be generated by incorporating additional questions on gender and transport to existing surveys, when possible; by system- atizing survey questions for better comparability; and by investigating existing data sources before launching a new survey.
14 WOMeNâS ISSueS IN TRANSPORTATION, vOluMe 1 undersTood, misundersTood, or ignored: poverTy, plaCe, gender, and inTraCiTy TransporTaTion in The philippines Roselle Leah Kolipano Rivera The Philippines has one of the fastest urbanization rates in east Asia, and like many developing countries, it is also rapidly becoming more motorized. Conventional transpor- tation planning, which relies on aggregate data and costâ benefit analysis, may not adequately address the needs of certain groups, such as women. In addition, international concern about climate change has focused much of the attention relating to transportation in developing coun- tries on vehicle ownership and air quality rather than on issues of safety and access, which are especially relevant. To examine travel experiences by income level and gender, the author conducted a multimethod study that included a survey of 360 employed men and women, a sub- sample of eight women, and key informant interviews of transport planners in Davao City in the Philippines. Women in the study reported longer travel times, more trips, and a greater share of their income spent on transport, though they spent less on transport overall. Significant differences in the modes men and women used occurred, with women being less likely to use private motorized transport, more likely to walk, and more likely to use formal public trans- port; however, significant differences were not found in the use of informal public transport by gender. The author also gathered accident data in the city from hospital and police records, exploring a sometimes overlooked safety issue. Although the rate of vehicle acci- dents in Davao City has declined over the past decade, with the number of accidents remaining constant as the number of vehicles has increased, the number of physical injuries resulting from vehicle accidents has more than doubled. In one hospital, 95% of the emergency room cases were related to vehicle accidents. About 90% of the patients seen for vehicle-related accidents were male, and their accidents mostly involved motorcycles. This unique data source can be further explored for trends by vehicle type and to identify vulnerable user groups. appreCiaTion of gender differenCe in developmenT of QualiTaTive level of serviCe for sidewalKs Purnima Parida and Manoranjan Parida The needs and requirements of pedestrians are seldom given importance in the planning and design of road infra- structure in metropolitan cities in developing countries. Yet walking is important. First, with rapidly increasing vehicular traffic, about half of road fatalities in India are pedestrians. Second, walking should be promoted as a healthy and more sustainable transportation mode and one that is a necessary companion to public tran- sit. Design metrics for pedestrian facilities generally only take capacity into account, while many other dimensions of the quality of the pedestrian environment may affect the pedestrian experience. Furthermore, with a growing number of women on the streets with their increased participation in the labor force, it is worth evaluating womenâs perspectives on the pedestrian environment. An intercept survey was conducted at various loca- tions in Delhi, India, with a total sample size of 600 men and women who were asked to give both importance and satisfaction ratings for five different aspects of the sidewalk: its width, surface quality, presence of obstruc- tions, sense of security, and comfort. On average, rat- ings were similar across gender except for security, for which women gave higher importance ratings and lower satisfaction ratings. Women also seemed more willing to compromise physical factors in favor of security and comfort. For instance, while men might consider side- walk vendors as an inconvenient obstruction, women might feel that they help establish a sense of vibrancy and security. The authors propose a method for incor- porating ratings of these qualitative elements into a single composite score, which can then be used as the basis for five qualitative level of service (lOS) grades. This method offers a simplified approach for evaluating sidewalks and for identifying the types of improvements necessary for achieving a higher lOS rating in a given location. Differences in perceptions by gender under- score the importance of incorporating female perspec- tives in the development of design criteria. TopiCs for furTher researCh 1. Collect more individual-level data so that experi- ences of different household members can be captured and gender trends can be examined. 2. Improve measurement of nonmotorized trip mak- ing in developing countries. (One major data source is expenditure surveys, which inherently exclude any modes that incur no cost.) 3. Provide more research to support policy recom- mendations focused on walking because it remains the prevalent mode for the poor, is especially vulnerable as vehicular traffic increases, and is an important compan- ion mode to public transportation, which many coun- tries would like to foster in the long run. 4. Continue exploration by gender of the qualitative elements of the pedestrian environment that make a dif- ference in decisions to walk and in route selection in dif- ferent parts of the world. 5. examine safety by different types of vehicles, espe- cially the great diversity of motorized and nonmotorized vehicles used in developing countries. In addition, identify the most vulnerable users, strategies for improving safety, and whether specific considerations are gender specific.
