Blast-Resistant Highway Bridges: Design and Detailing Guidelines (2010)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

138 ABAQUS Inc. (2004). ABAQUS, Version 6.5. www.abaqus.com. ABC News. (2007). “Iraq: 2 Bridge Blasts in 2 Days.” June 11, 2007. http://abcnews.go.com/International/popup?id=3265885&content Index=1&page=3&start=false. Accessed June 30, 2008. Abramson, H. N., et al. (1999). Improving Surface Transportation Secu- rity: A Research and Development Strategy. National Academy Press: Washington, D. C. Agrawal, A. (2007) “Blast and Seismic Effects on Highway Bridges.” NJJDOT Technology Transfer Seminar. October 30, 2007. http:// www.utrc2.org/events/events.php?viewid=172. Accessed July 3, 2008. Alaoui, S. (2004). RECONASANCE: REinforced CONcrete Analysis Spreadsheet enhANCEnced. MS Report. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas: Austin, Texas. Alia, A., and M. Souli. (2006). “High Explosive Simulation Using Multi- material Formulations.” Applied Thermal Engineering. Vol. 26. pp. 1032–1042. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). (2007). AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition. Washington, D.C. American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2005). Building Code Require- ments for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-05). ACI Committee 318, Farmington Hills, MI. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). (2006). Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Steel Buildings. 13th Edition. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Task Committee on Blast- Resistant Design. (1997). Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petro- chemical Facilities. ASCE: Reston, VA. ANSYS Inc. (2004). ANSYS, Version 8.1. www.ansys.com. Applied Research Associates Inc. (2005). Computational Physics Group: Capabilities. http://www.ara.com/mpsp/SWD/Computational%20 Physics_Group.htm?. Accessed February 12, 2006. Bae, S., and O. Bayrak (2008). “Seismic Performance of Full-Scale Rein- forced Concrete Columns.” ACI Structural Journal. Vol. 105, No. 2. pp. 123–133. Baker, W. E. et al. (1983). Explosion Hazard and Evaluation. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.: Amsterdam. Barker, D. D., and M. G. Whitney. (1992). “Design of Blast Hardened Control Rooms: A Case Study.” Structures under Shock and Impact II. Bulson, P. S., Ed. Proceedings of the 2nd International Confer- ence on Structures under Shock and Impact. Portsmouth, UK. June 16–18. Computational Mechanics Publications. Bentz, E. (2001). Response-2000, Shell-2000, Traix-2000, Membrane- 2000: User Manual. Version 1.1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto: Toronto, Ontario, Canada. http://www.ecf. utoronto.ca/∼bentz/manual2/final.pdf. BERGER/ABAM Engineers Inc. (1996). Seismic Design of Bridges Design Example No. 1: Two-Span Continuous CIP Concrete Box Bridge. Pub- lication No. FHWA-SA-97-006. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). October 1996. Biggs, J. M. (1964). Introduction to Structural Dynamics. McGraw-Hill, Inc.: New York. The Blue Ribbon Panel on Bridge and Tunnel Security. (2003). Recom- mendations for Bridge and Tunnel Security. Special report prepared for FHWA and AASHTO. Bounds, W., ed. (1998). Concrete and Blast Effects. Special Publication (SP-175). American Concrete Institute. Farmington Hills, MI. Bruneau, M., D. Lopez-Garcia, and S. Fujikura. (2006). “Multihazard- Resistant Highway Bridge Bent.” ASCE Structures Congress. St. Louis, Missouri. Bruneau, M., S. Fujikura, and D. Lopez-Garcia. (2007). “Blast Resistant Bridge Piers.” Structure Magazine. March, pp. 19–21. Bulson, P. S. (1997). Explosive Loading of Engineering Structures. E & F N Spon. Routledge: London. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). (2003). Bridge Design Specifications. http://www.dot.ca.gov.hq/esc/techpubs/. Accessed August 10, 2006. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). (2006). Seismic Design Criteria, Version 1.4. http://www.dot.ca.gov.hq/esc/techpubs/. Accessed February 10, 2008. Cendon, D. A., V. S. Galvez, and F. Galvez. (2004). “Modeling Explo- sions Using ALE Meshes: The Influence of Mesh Refinement in Pressures and in Efforts Induced by Blast/Structure Interaction.” Structures and Materials. Vol. 15. Eighth International Conference on Structures under Shock and Impact. pp. 173–180. Century Dynamics. (2004). AUTODYN, Version 6.0. www.century- dynamics.com. Collins, M., and M. Bentz. (1990). Response1990. University of Toronto. Computers and Structures Inc. (2006a). ETABS, Version 9. 1995 Univer- sity Avenue, Suite 540, Berkeley, CA 94704. www.csiberkeley.com/ products_ETABS.html. Computers and Structures Inc. (2006b). SAP 2000, Version 10. 1995 Uni- versity Avenue, Suite 540, Berkeley, CA 94704. www.csiberkeley.com/ products_SAP.html. Conrath, E. J., T. Krauthammer, K. A. Marchand, and P. F. Alakar. (1999). Structural Design of Physical Security: State of Practice. ASCE: Reston, VA. References

139 Department of the Army. (1986). Fundamentals of Protective Design for Conventional Weapons (TM 5-855-1). Washington, D.C. Department of the Army. (1990). Structures to Resist the Effects of Acci- dental Explosions (TM 5-1300). Washington, D.C. Departments of the Army, Air Force, and Navy and the Defense Special Weapons Agency. (2002). Design and Analysis of Hardened Struc- tures to Conventional Weapons Effects. Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 3-340-01. Washington, D.C. (for official use only). Department of Defense. (2005). Design of Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse. Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 4-023-03. Approved for public release January 25, 2005. Eytan, R. (1992). “Response of Real Structures to Blast Loadings—The Israeli Experience.” Structures under Shock and Impact II. Bulson, P. S., Ed. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Struc- tures under Shock and Impact. Portsmouth, UK. June 16–18, 1992. Computational Mechanics Publications. pp. 483–495. Farahany, M. (1983). User Oriented Computer Program for Flexural Behavior of General Reinforced Concrete Sections. MS Report. Depart- ment of Civil Engineering, University of Texas: Austin, Texas. December 1983. FEA Information Inc. (2006). LS-DYNA: Applications. http://www. ls-dyna.com/. Accessed March 13, 2006. Fox News. (2004). “Terror Threat against U.S. Allies.” http://www. foxnews.com/story/0,2933,117836,00.html. Fujikura, S., M. Bruneau, and D. Lopez-Garcia. (2008). “Experimen- tal Investigation of Multihazard Resistant Bridge Piers Having Concrete-Filled Steel Tube under Blast Loading.” Journal of Bridge Engineering. Vol. 13, No. 6. pp. 586–594. Gannon, J. C. (2004). Design of Bridges for Security against Terrorist Attacks. MS Thesis. Department of Structural Engineering, Univer- sity of Texas at Austin. Fall, 2004. General Services Administration. (2003). GSA Progressive Collapse Analysis and Design Guidelines for New Federal Office Buildings and Major Modernization Projects. Washington, D.C. Glasstone, S., and P. J. Dolan. (1997). The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 3rd Edition. The United States Department of Defense and the United States Department of Energy: Washington, D.C. Gokani, V. (2006). Design and Evaluation of Retrofit T203 and T501 Barriers with Mechanical Anchors using Experimental Testing and Finite-Element Simulation. MS Thesis. Department of Civil, Envi- ronmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Texas at Austin. Hinman, E. (1998). “Approach for Designing Civilian Structures against Terrorist Attack.” Concrete and Blast Effects. SP-175, ACI Commit- tee 370. Bounds, W., Ed. American Concrete Institute: Farmington Hills, Michigan. pp. 1–17. HydeSoft Computing, LCC. (2008). DPLOT 2.1.8.0. Engineer Research and Development Center: Vicksburg, MS. www.dplot.com. Islam, A. (2005). Performance of AASHTO Girder Bridges under Blast Loading. Dissertation, Florida State University. Jenkins, B. M. (1997). “Protecting Public Surface Transportation and Patrons from Terrorist Activities: Case Studies of Best Security Practices and a Chronology of Attacks.” MTI Report 97-4. Mineta Transportation Institute: San Jose, CA. Jenkins, B. M., and L. N. Gersten. (2001). Protecting Public Surface Transportation against Terrorism and Serious Crime. Mineta Trans- portation Institute: San Jose, California. Karagiozova, D., and N. Jones. (2000). “Energy Absorption of a Layered Cladding under Blast Loading.” Structures under Shock and Impact VI. WIT Press. Southampton, UK. pp. 447–456. Knight, G., J. Mathis, and M. Barsotti. (2004). An Investigation into the Effects of Blast Clearing Around Structures. Final Report, ME 5653 Computational Fluid Dynamics, University of Texas at San Antonio. Kowalsky, M. (2000). “Deformation Limit States for Circular Reinforced Bridge Columns.” Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 126, No. 8. pp. 869–878. LSTC. (2007). LS-DYNA Keyword User’s Manual, Version 971. Livermore Software Technology Corporation. Luccioni, B., D. Ambrosini, and R. Danesi. (2006). “Blast Load Assessment Using Hydrocodes.” Engineering Structures. Vol. 28. pp. 1736–1744. Magallanes, J. (2008). “Importance of Concrete Material Characteri- zation and Modeling to Predicting the Response of Structures to Shock and Impact Loading.” Structures under Shock and Impact X. WIT Press: Southampton, UK. Mathworks, Inc. (2008). Matlab 7.6. www.mathworks.com. “Military Studies in the Jihad against the Tyrants.” Al Qaeda Terror- ist Training Manual (1995). On the United States Department of Justice Website at http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/terrorism/ alqaida_manual/. Accessed December 3, 2009. Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT). (2007). “Interstate 35W Bridge Collapse.” http://www.dot.state.mn.us/i35wbridge/ index.html. Accessed April 20, 2008. Mlakar, P. F., W. G. Corley, M. A. Sozen, and C. H. Thornton. (1998). “The Oklahoma City Bombing: Analysis of Blast Damage to the Murrah Building.” Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. Vol. 12, No. 3. pp. 113–119. National Research Council. (1995). Protecting Buildings from Bomb Damage: Transfer of Blast-Effects Mitigation Technologies from Military to Civilian Applications. Committee on Feasibility of Apply- ing Blast-Mitigating Technologies and Design Methodologies from Military Facilities to Civilian Buildings. National Academy of Sciences: Washington, D.C. National Research Council. (2003). ISC Security Design Criteria for New Federal Office Buildings and Major Renovations. National Acad- emies Press: Washington, D.C. Priestley, M. J. N., and R. Park. (1987). “Strength and Ductility of Concrete Bridge Columns under Seismic Loading.” ACI Struc- tural Journal. Jan–Feb 1987. pp. 61–76. Pujol, S., M. Sozen, and J. Rameriz. (2000). “Transverse Reinforcement for Reinforced Concrete Frames to Resist Earthquakes.” Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 126, No. 4. pp. 461–466. Raftenberg, M. N. (1997). “Close-in Blast Loading of a Steel Disc; Sen- sitivity to Steel Strength Modeling.” International Journal of Impact Engineering. Elsevier Science Ltd.: Oxford, UK. Ray, J. C. (2006). “Validation of Numerical Modeling and Analysis of Steel Bridge Towers Subjected to Blast Loadings.” Proceedings of the Structures Congress and Expositions, p. 129. Ray, J. C., B. J. Armstrong, and T. R. Slawson. (2003). “Airblast Environ- ment beneath a Bridge Overpass.” Transportation Research Record, n. 1827, pp. 63–68. RISA Technologies. (2005). RISA 3-D, Version 5.5. www.risatech.com/ risa-3d.asp. Rummel, T., M. Hyzak, and M. L. Ralls. (2002). “Transportation Security Activities in Texas.” International Bridge Conference 2002 Presenta- tion #IBC-02-A3. Texas Department of Transportation: Austin, TX. Rushton, N., G. Schleyer, and R. Cheesman. (2008). “Analysis of the Explosive Loading of Open-Ended Steel Pipes.” Structures under Shock and Impact X. WIT Press: Southampton, UK. Rusinek, A. (2008). “Influence of Conical Projectile Diameter on Per- pendicular Impact of Steel Plate.” Engineering Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 75, N. 10. pp. 2946–2967.

140 Rutner, M., A. Astaneh-Asl, and J. Son. (2005). “Protection of Bridge Piers against Blast.” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 103, No. 6, pp. 842–849. Schwer, L. E., and L. J. Malvar. (2005). “Simplified Concrete Modeling with *MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_REL3.” JRI LS-DYNA USER WEEK. Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). (1994). Inter- national Blast and Thermal Environment for Internal and External Explosions: A User’s Guide for the BLASTX Code. Version 3.0. (SAIC 405-94-2). https://pdc.usace.army.mil/software/blastx. Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). (2001). BlastX, Version 4.2.3.0. Science Applications International Corporation, San Diego, California, (distribution limited to U.S. government agencies and their contractors). Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), Transporta- tion Policy and Analysis Center. (2002). A Guide to Highway Vul- nerability Assessment for Critical Asset Identification and Protection. Report prepared for the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ Security Task Force. Available at http://security.transportation.org/community/security/doc/guide- VA_FinalReport.pdf. Sezen, H. and J. Moehle. (2006). “Seismic Tests of Concrete Columns with Light Reinforcement.” 6th Japanese–German Bridge Sympo- sium, Munich, Germany. Tedesco, J. (1999). Structural Dynamics: Theory and Approach. Addison Wesley Longman: Menlo Park, CA. Texas Office of the Governor. (2001). “Queen Isabella Causeway to Re-Open Before Thanksgiving.” http://www.governor.state.tx.us/ divisions/press/pressreleases/PressRelease.2001-11-14.0443. Ac- cessed April 20, 2008. Transportation Pooled Fund Program (TPFP). (2008). Blast Testing of Full-Scale, Precast, Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges. Project TPF-5(115). http://www.pooledfund.org/projectdetails.asp?id = 346&status=4. Turhan, L., Ö. Eksik, E. B. Yalçin, A. Demirural, T. Baykara, and V. Günay. (2008). “Computational Simulations and Ballistic Verification Tests for 7.62 mm AP and 12.7 mm AP Bullet Impact against Ceramic Metal Composite Armours.” Structures under Shock and Impact X. WIT Press: Southampton, UK. United States Geological Survey (USGS). (2008). “2008 United States National Seismic Hazard Maps.” http://earthquake.usgs.gov/ research/hazmaps/products_data/2008. Accessed June 19, 2008. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2000). BEL, Version 1.1.0.3. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi. (For Official Use Only). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2001). ConWep, Version 2.0.6.0. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2002). SPAn32, Version 1.2.6.9. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Omaha District, Omaha, NE. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2006). ERDC MSRC: Major Shared Re- source Center. http://erdc.hpc.mil/hardSoft/Software/dysmas.htm. Accessed March 3, 2006. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2007). SBEDS: Single Degree of Free- dom Blast Effects Design Spreadsheet, Version 3.2. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. Bridge and Tunnel Vulnerability Workshop: May 13–15, 2003. Vicksburg, MS, Sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration Office of Bridge Technology, Washington, D.C. (Distribution Limited) Wikipedia. (2008). 1993 World Trade Center Bombing. http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_ Center_bombing. Williamson, E. B., and D. G. Winget. (2005). “Risk Management and Design of Critical Bridges for Terrorist Attacks.” Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 96–106. Williamson, E. B. (2008). “CE 397: Blast-Resistant Structural Design” Class Notes. Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin. Winget, D. G. (2003). Design of Critical Bridges for Security against Ter- rorist Attacks. M.S. Thesis, the University of Texas at Austin. Winget, D. G., K. A. Marchand, and E. B. Williamson. (2004). “Analysis of Blast Loads on Substructures.” Proceedings, Structures under Shock and Impact. Greece. Winget, D. G., K. A. Marchand, and E. B. Williamson. (2005). “Analysis and Design of Critical Bridges Subjected to Blast Loads.” Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 131, No. 8, pp. 1243–1255. Zehrt Jr., W. H., and P. M. LaHoud. (1998). “Development of Design Criteria for Reinforcing Steel Splices in Blast Resistant Concrete Structures.” Special Publication, ACI, Vol. 175, pp. 131–140.