Appendix C
Mosquito Control Strategies
A list of mosquito strategies that are in use or in development are listed in Table C-1. As noted in Chapter 3 of this report, many of the strategies in use are labor intensive, reactive, and are losing their effectiveness if they work at all (Achee et al., 2015).
TABLE C-1 Some Mosquito Control Strategies in Use or in Development
| Name | Primary Outcome(s) | Key Advantage(s) | Primary Challenge(s) | Select References |
| Strategies in Usea | ||||
| Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) | Bite prevention; population reduction | Community impact | Insecticide resistance; daytime biting vectors | Briet and Penny, 2013; |
| Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) | Population reduction | Reduction of household insect pests | Insecticide resistance; outdoor vector resting | Zhou et al., 2010; |
| ULV/Space-spraying | Population reduction | Highly visible by community | Insecticide resistance; delivery inside homes | Esu et al., 2010; |
| Larvicides and larval source management | Population reduction | Minimal interference with end-user lifestyle | Delivery at adequate scale; insecticide resistance | Fillinger and Lindsay, 2011; |
| Biocontrol | Population reduction | Resistance independent | Delivery at adequate scale | Scholte et al., 2006; |
| Gravid ovitraps | Population reduction | Shared health ownership with community | Delivery at adequate scale; maintenance | Mackay et al., 2013; |
| Personal repellents (DEET) | Bite protection | Use for outdoor biting; niche transmission settings (forest) | End-user compliance | Katz et al., 2008; |
| Strategies in Development | ||||
| Attractant-Lethal Sugar Baits (ATSB) | Population reduction | Targets both male and female mosquitoes | Effect on non-target organisms | Muller et al., 2010; |
| Push-Pull | Bite prevention; population reduction | Targets indoor and outside biting | Cost of delivery and maintenance (trap) | Menger et al., 2014; |
| Spatial Repellents | Bite prevention | Continual protection in treated space | Cost of delivery and replacement | Achee et al., 2012; |
| Wolbachia | Population reduction; replacement | Introduced symbiont in mosquitoes | Infrastructure to maintain colonies; multiple releases | Dobson et al., 2002; |
| Name | Primary Outcome(s) | Key Advantage(s) | Primary Challenge(s) | Select References |
| Release of Insects with Dominant Lethality (RIDL) | Population reduction | Release of non-biting males | Infrastructure to maintain colonies; multiple releases | Atkinson et al., 2007; |
| Pyriproxyfen (PPF) | Population reduction | Target of cryptic habitats | Density-dependent phenomena | Devine and Killeen, 2010; |
aRecommended by the World Health Organization.
Source: Modified from Achee et al., 2015.
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