Bus Operator Workstation Design for Improving Occupational Health and Safety (2016)

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104 A P P E N D I X C Construction of Multivariate Manikins in Human Modeling Software Introduction The following information is provided in order to demonstrate the steps and specifications that were applied when developing manikins representative of a North American commercial vehicle operator population for human modeling validation of the Engineering CAD Model. Manikin Development Role Definition The body dimensions shown in Table C-1 are structured to be in order of priority from primary to secondary to tertiary. The priority also provides the procedure that other research or industry practitioners might use to replicate these manikins in a human modeling software. Prior to editing specific manikin dimensions at these three levels, the role and the anthropometric population were selected (see Figure C-1). The role was created to carry the “Heavy Truck XXL” posture model, which was developed between the human modeling software developer and a major European truck and bus vehicle manufacturer. The “Kapandji” range of motion was applied to the manikins’ biomechanical limits. The population was created to apply the NIOSH survey data, so-named “Truck Driver (USA),” with the age group set to 18–65 (default) and in the current reference year, 2014. Figure C-1. Manikin sample vehicle packaging role and anthropometry population interfaces.

Construction of Multivariate Manikins in Human Modeling Software 105 Manikin Development Primary Dimensions Next the length, corpulence, and torso proportion dimensions for each manikin were set to match the values of the NIOSH model (e.g., Female U, see Figure C-2). The corpulence (waist circumference) was not provided in the NIOSH survey report. Therefore, this dimension had to be determined by iteration either until the tertiary “abdominal depth” manual dimension matched the NIOSH model or until it was within an allowable error tolerance, which has been discussed in more detail in Chapter 5 in the section regarding manikin modeling deviations. Figure C-2. Manikin body builder, primary “control” dimensional interface, Female U. Manikin Development Secondary Dimensions The interdependent secondary dimensions were set using the interface displayed in Figure C-3. The same process applied to the corpulence was also applied with manual measures of NIOSH “acromial height, sitting” and “eye height, sitting” in the human modeling software between iterations of the primary dimensions of “length (body height)” and “torso proportion (sitting height).” See Figure C-4 for an example of the manual measurement process on a manikin. For reference, Table C-2 reproduces data excerpted from Table 2.5, anthropometric variable hierarchy and data—linear dimensions, in the TCRP Project F-4 Final Report that accompanied TCRP Report 25.

106 Bus Operator Workstation Design for Improving Occupational Health and Safety Figure C-3. Manikin body builder, secondary “dependent” dimensional interface, Female U. Figure C-4. Example of tertiary measurement iteration with primary dimensions, Female U.

Table C-1. Operator Cadre, Simulation Manikin Construction Dimensions (mm) versus NIOSH Survey Models Variable Type Source Body Dimension (mm) Allowable Error (mm) Female (Stature/Waist %
le) Male (Stature/Waist %
le) 1st / 26th 47th / 69th 98th / 95th 1st / 13th 42nd / 57th 97th / 96th Model U Model O Model V Model U Model O Model V P r i m a r y I n d e p e n d e n t RAMSIS Length (Body Height) 4 1478 1627 1776 1617 1756 1906 NIOSH Stature, No Shoes 1482 1627 1772 1617 1756 1906 RAMSIS Corpulence (Waist Circumf.) 11 934 1104 1275 928 1133 1379 NIOSH (Iterated through Abdominal Depth ) na na na na na na RAMSIS Torso Propor†on (Si‡ng Height) 5 787 864 942 850 918 996 NIOSH Si‡ng Height 791 864 937 850 918 991 S e c o n d a r y D i m e n s i o n a l I n t e r d e p e n d e n t RAMSIS Upper Arm Length 7 274 300 325 300 325 353 NIOSH Shoulder Elbow Length 304 333 361 333 361 392 NIOSH † Shoulder Elbow Length * 90% 274 300 325 300 325 353 RAMSIS Forearm Length with Hand 6 404 440 476 448 486 527 NIOSH Elbow Fingerp Length 403 440 477 448 486 528 RAMSIS Bu ock Knee Length 10 542 606 669 567 631 701 NIOSH Bu ock Knee Length 542 606 669 567 631 701 RAMSIS Knee Height, Si†ng 8 472 526 580 513 568 629 NIOSH Knee Height, Si†ng 472 526 580 513 568 629 RAMSIS Hip Width 8 386 460 534 360 425 502 NIOSH Hip Breadth, Si†ng 386 460 534 360 425 502 RAMSIS Shoulder Width Deltoidal 1 426 499 572 468 535 612 NIOSH Bideltoid Breadth 426 499 572 468 535 612 † Simula on Upper Arm Length measurement adjustment. (connued on next page) ‡ Manikin dimension exceeds the model’s sample measurement allowable error.

Table C-1 (Continued). Variable Type Source Body Dimension (mm) Allowable Error (mm) Female (Stature/Waist %
le) Male (Stature/Waist %
le) 1st / 26th 47th / 69th 98th / 95th 1st / 13th 42nd / 57th 97th / 96th Model U Model O Model V Model U Model O Model V T e r  a r y R e s u l t a n t RAMSIS Manual Dimension 11 262 325 389 252 327 418 NIOSH Abdominal Depth (Nominal Manikin Skin Reference) 262 325 389 252 324 417 RAMSIS Manual Dimension 9 ‡ 529 578 634 ‡ 569 616 ‡ 666 NIOSH Acromial Height, Si‚ng (Nominal Manikin Skin Reference) 517 580 642 554 614 680 RAMSIS Manual Dimension 7 674 748 827 729 797 873 NIOSH Eye Height, Sing (Nominal Manikin Skin Reference) 681 753 825 736 798 866 † Simula on Upper Arm Length measurement adjustment. ‡ Manikin dimension exceeds the model’s sample measurement allowable error.

Table C-2. Excerpt from TCRP Project F-4 (unpublished Final Report), Table 2.5: Anthropometric variable hierarchy and data—linear dimensions. Anthropometric Variable Code Anthropometric Data (unit: cm or kg) 1st Level 2nd Level 3rd Level 5th Percentile Female (cm) 50th Percentile (Person) (cm) 95th Percentile Male (cm) Head Depth eye to body center line HL1 7.6 8.1 8.6 Length top-of-head to eye HL2 10.2 11.0 11.5 eye to cervical pivot HL3 11.1 11.2 11.3 Neck Length cervical pivot to shoulder pivot HL4 11.7 13.5 15.3 Torso Width shoulder pivot width HL5 29.2 33.4 37.6 abdominal width (sitting) HL6 17.5 24.7 31.8 Depth abdominal depth (sitting) HL7 14.0 19.6 25.1 Length shoulder pivot to hip pivot HL8 40.4 44.2 48.0 Pelvis Width hip pivot width (standing) HL9 16.8 17.7 18.6 hip width (sitting) HL10 32.5 36.0 39.5 Length vertical length from hip pivot to SRP (sitting) HL11 6.4 8.0 9.6 horizontal length from hip pivot to SRP (sitting) HL12 11.6 12.8 14.0 Upper Leg Thickness thigh thickness (sitting) HL13 13.5 15.8 18.0 Length femoral link HL14 36.2 40.7 45.2 Lower Leg Length shank link HL15 35.1 39.8 44.5 Foot with Shoes Width shoe width HL16 9.0 10.3 11.6 Length ankle pivot height from floor with shoes HL17 10.3 11.1 11.9 horizontal length from heel point to ankle joint HL18 6.8 7.8 8.7 horizontal length from ankle pivot to ball-of-foot HL19 9.2 10.2 11.3 shoe length HL20 25.0 28.5 32.0 Upper Arm Length humeral link HL21 25.0 27.5 30.0 Lower Arm Length forearm link HL22 22.1 24.4 26.7 Hand Length wrist to hand-grip HL23 6.9 7.5 8.1 wrist to finger-grip HL24 10.5 11.5 12.5 hand length HL25 16.5 18.5 20.5 Diameter Grip diameter (inside) HL26 4.1 4.7 5.3 Stature with shoes (cm) - 155.0 171.5 188.0 Body weight (kg) - 48.0 73.0 98.0 Sources: Diffrient et al. (1981), Kroemer et al. (1994), SAE Handbook (1990), Sanders and McCormick (1994), Woodson (1981).