Methodology to Develop the Airport Terminal Building Energy Use Intensity (ATB-EUI) Benchmarking Tool (2016)

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7 Table 2. Final EUI per ATB Zone Airport Terminal Building (ATB) Zones Final EUI per Zone (kBtu/sqft-yr) 1 Concession - Food 258.3 2 Concession - Retail 73.9 3 Office 92.9 4 Transient Space 93.9 5 Ticketing Check-In 93.9 6 Departures Hold Room 93.9 7 Departure/Border Security 115.8 8 Outbound/Inbound Baggage Handling 93.9 9 Arrivals/Baggage Claim 93.9 10 Service (Mech/Elec/Server) 164.4 3. Annual EU Calculation per ATB System Figure 5 shows the process for determining the Energy Use (EU) per system that is located in an ATB or that receives energy from the ATB. In this process, systems that are specific to ATBs were identified and relevant literature was reviewed. The sources we identified assisted in the development of the method for determining the annual EU per system. The ATB Systems identified in this study include: • People movers, escalators, elevators, • Baggage handling systems, • Alternative Systems (i.e., electric, heating/cooling), • Airport Ground Support Equipment (GSE), and • External/parking lighting. Figure 5. Defining EU per ATB System Parameters of Each System EU per ATB System Hours of Operation per Year for Each System Calculate: Energy for Each Hour of Use per System, in kBTUs Define EUI and EU Table: • Proposed EUI per ATB Zone • Proposed EU per ATB System

8 For an Airport Terminal Building (ATB), the overall energy use of all systems would be: EUall-systems, total = EUescalator-total + EUpeople-mover-total + EUbaggage handling-total + EUelevator-total + EUalternative systems-total + EUground support equipment + EUexternal/parking lighting + EUother Where: EUall-systems, total = Annual energy use of all systems (kBtu/yr). 3.1 Annual EU of Escalator, People-mover and Baggage Handling Systems. Figure 6 illustrates the process of calculating the total annual energy use for escalators, people movers (moving walkways), and baggage handling systems (TIAX, 2006). Figure 6. Calculating Total Annual Energy Use for Escalators, Moving Walkways, and Baggage Handling Systems in ATB Collect Information Mode active Mode standby Calculate EU for a Single Unit PowerDraw unit- PowerDraw unit- TIM active (hr/day) TIM standby (hr/day) 365 (day/yr) 365(day/yr) EU unit-single (kWh/yr) EU unit-single (kWh/yr) # units 3.412 (kBtu/kWh) EU unit-total (kBtu/yr) Calculate Total EU for Units in ATB EU unit-active , EU unit-standby , TIM active , TIM standby , # units

9 3.1.1 Annual EU of Escalator Systems: EUescalator-total = {(EUescalator-active x TIMactive x 365) + (EUescalator-standby x TIMstandby x 365)} x #units x 3.412 Where: EUescalator-total = Annual electricity use of all units in the ATB (kBtu/yr), EUescalator-active = Power Draw per Unit in mode; active (kW), TIMactive = Time in mode; active (hr/day), EUescalator-standby = Power Draw per Unit in mode; standby (kW), TIMstandby = Time in mode; standby (hr/day), #units = Number of Escalators in Airport Terminal Building. 1 kWh = 3.412 kBtu In TIAX 2006, pg. 30, the Commercial Loads – Escalators – Key Assumptions are: Table 3. Commercial Loads, Escalators—Key Assumptions Assuming standard Power Draw per unit (TIAX 2006, pg. 30, Commercial Loads – Escalators – Key Assumptions): EUescalator-active = 4.671 kW EUescalator-standby = 0 kW EUescalator-total = {(4.671 kW x TIMactive x 365) + (0 kW x TIMstandby x 365)} x #units x 3.412 Assuming standard Annual Unit usage (TIAX 2006, pg. 30, Commercial Loads – Escalators – Key Assumptions): TIMactive = 4380 hr/yr / 365 = 12 hr/day TIMstandby = 4380 hr/yr / 365 = 12 hr/day EUescalator-total = {(4.671 kW x 12 hr/day x 365 day/yr) + (0 W x 12 hr/day x 365 day/yr) x #units x 3.412 EUescalator-total = 20,458 kWh/yr x #units x 3.412 kBtu/kWh EUescalator-total = 69,806 kBtu/yr x #units

10 3.1.2 Annual EU of People-Mover Systems: EUpeople mover-total = {(EUpeople mover-active x TIMactive x 365) + (EUpeople mover-standby x TIMstandby x 365)} x #units x 3.412 Where: EUpeople mover-total = Annual electricity use of all units in the ATB (kBtu/yr), EUpeople mover-active = Power Draw per Unit in mode; active (kW), TIMactive = Time in mode; active (hr/day), EUpeople mover-standby = Power Draw per Unit in mode; standby (kW), TIMstandby = Time in mode; standby (hr/day), #units = Number of Units in Airport Terminal Building. 1 kWh = 3.412 kBtu Assuming a standard Power Draw per unit (Otis 2000): EUpeople mover-active = 10.4 hp = 7.755 kW EUpeople mover-standby = 0 kW EUpeople mover-total = {(7.755 kW x TIMactive x 365) + (0 kW x TIMstandby x 365)} x #units x 3.412 Assuming the people movers standard Annual Unit usage is similar to the escalators (TIAX 2006, pg. 30, Commercial Loads – Escalators – Key Assumptions): TIMactive = 4380 hr/yr / 365 =12 hr/day TIMstandby = 4380 hr/yr / 365 =12 hr/day EUpeople mover-total = {(7.755 kW x 12 hr/day x 365 day/yr) + (0 kW x 12 hr/day x 365 day/yr)} x #units x 3.412 EUpeople mover-total = 33,966.900 kWh/yr x #units x 3.412 kBtu/kWh EUpeople mover-total = 115,895 kBtu/yr x #units 3.1.3 Annual EU of Baggage Handling Systems: EUbaggage handling-total = {(EUbaggage handling-active x TIMactive x 365) + (EUbaggage handling-standby x TIMstandby x 365)} x #units x 3.412 Where: EUbaggage handling-total = Annual electricity use of all units in the ATB (kBtu/yr), EUbaggage handling-active = Power Draw per Unit in mode; active (kW), TIMactive = Time in mode; active (hr/day), EUbaggage handling-standby = Power Draw per Unit in mode; standby (kW), TIMstandby = Time in mode; standby (hr/day), #units = Number of Units in Airport Terminal Building. 1 kWh = 3.412 kBtu

11 Using an example from Harrisburg International Airport (MDT) for Power Draw per unit: EUbaggage handling-active = 1.5 hp = 1.119 kW EUbaggage handling-standby = 0 W EUbaggage handling-total = {(1.119 kW x TIMactive x 365) + (0 kW x TIMstandby x 365)} x #units x 3.412 Using an example case of Harrisburg International Airport (MDT) for Annual Unit Usage: TIMactive = 16 hr/day TIMstandby = 8 hr/day EUbaggage handling-total = {(1.119 kW x 16 hr/day x 365 day/yr) + (0 kW x 8 hr/day x 365 day/yr)} x #units x 3.412 EUbaggage handling-total = 6,532.333 kWh/yr x #units x 3.412 kBtu/kWh EUbaggage handling-total = 22,288 kBtu/yr x #units

12 3.2 Annual EU of Elevators Figure 7 illustrates the process of calculating the total annual energy use for elevators (TIAX, 2006). Figure 7. Calculating Total Annual Energy Use for Elevators in ATB Collect Information Mode ready Mode active Mode standby Calculate Total EU for Units in ATB Calculate EU for a Single Unit PowerDraw elevator- PowerDraw elevator- PowerDraw elevator- TIM ready (hr/day) TIM active (hr/day) TIM standby (hr/day) EU elevator-single (kWh/yr) 365 (day/yr) 365 (day/yr) 365 (day/yr) EU elevator-single (kWh/yr) EU elevator-total (kBtu/yr) # units 3.412 (kBtu/kWh) EU elevator-active , EU elevator-ready , EU elevator-standby , TIM active , TIM ready , TIM standby ,

13 The annual Energy Use (EU) of elevators is calculated using (TIAX 2006): EUelevator-total = {(EUelevator-active x TIMactive x 365) + (EUelevator-ready x TIMready x 365) + (EUelevator-standby x TIMstandby x 365)} x #units x 3.412 Where: EUelevator-total = Annual electrical energy use of all elevators in the ATB (kBtu/yr), EUelevator-active = Power Draw per Unit in mode; active (kW), TIMactive = Time in mode; active (hr/day), EUelevator-ready = Power Draw per Unit in mode; ready (kW), TIMready = Time in mode; ready (hr/day), EUelevator-standby = Power Draw per Unit in mode; standby (kW), TIMstandby = Time in mode; standby (hr/day), #units = Number of elevator Units in Airport Terminal Building. 1 kWh = 3.412 kBtu In TIAX 2006, pg. 28, the Commercial Loads – Elevators – Key Assumptions are: Table 4. Commercial Loads, Elevators – Key Assumptions Assuming standard Power Draw per unit (TIAX 2006, pg. 28, Commercial Loads – Elevators – Key Assumptions): EUelevator-active = 10 kW EUelevator-ready = 0.5 kW EUelevator-standby = 0.25 kW EUelevator = {(10 kW x TIMactive x 365) + (0.5 kW x TIMready x 365) + (0.25 kW x TIMstandby x 365)} x #units x 3.412 Assuming standard Annual Unit Usage (TIAX 2006, pg. 28, Commercial Loads – Elevators – Key Assumptions): TIMactive = 300 hr/yr / 365 = 0.82 hr/day TIMready = 8,460 hr/yr / 365 = 23.18 hr/day TIMstandby = 0 hr/day EUelevator-total = {(10 kW x 0.82 hr/day x 365 day/yr) + (0.5 kW x 23.18 hr/day x 365 day/yr) + (0.25 kW x 0 hr/day x 365 day/yr)} x #units x 3.412 kBtu/kWh EUelevator-total = 7,223 kWh/yr x #units x 3.412 EUelevator-total = 24,646 kBtu/yr x #units

14 3.3 Annual EU of Alternative Systems (Ground Power and PCA) Figure 8 illustrates the process of calculating the total annual energy use of Alternative Systems, including Ground Power and PCA Power (Environmental Science Associates 2012). Following our site visits and further research, the Time In Mode (TIM) for both the gate-in mode and the gate-out mode were set to 30 minutes. Due to the lack of a definitive study of US airlines, the TIM for all aircraft types are assumed to be the same. However, to refine this, the survey form allows new users from airports to input more accurate TIM per aircraft type according to their knowledge for better predictions. If no new information is provided, the calculation will use the default value of 30 minutes for gate-in and for gate-out modes, which means 60 minutes for a full Landing/Takeoff (LTO) cycle, regardless of the aircraft type. Source: Tables from ACRP Report 64 (Environmental Sciences Associates 2012) Figure 8. Calculating Total Annual Energy Use of Alternative Systems in ATB Collect Information Neutral Conditions (50%) Cold Conditions (25%) Hot Conditions (25%) Gate In Gate Out Ground Power & Heat Ground Power Ground Power & Cool Central System w/Airport Boilers Central System POU System Determine Airport Alternative System Determine Alternative System ground Power and PCA Power Settings (Table 2, 11)* Cooling (kW) Heating (kW) Determine TIM Ground Power (kW) Ground Power (kW) Cooling (kW) Heating (kW) Heating (kBtu/hr) Determine System Electricity Requirements (Tables 8, 9, 10)* Calculate Total Energy Use (kBtu/yr) Gate In Gate Out Gate In Gate Out LTO Cycles, Aircraft Type, % of gates covered by each system (f i ) Gate-In Mode: 30 mins Gate-Out Mode: 30 mins 3 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 % % %Alternative systems-total Cold Conditions Neutral Conditions Hot ConditionsEU EU x25 EU x50 EU x25 x fi i j j j= = = =   = + +    ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

15 The annual Energy Use (EU) of Alternative Systems is calculated using (Environmental Science Associates 2012): 3 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 % % %Alternative systems-total Cold Conditions Neutral Conditions Hot ConditionsEU EU x25 EU x50 EU x25 x fi i j j j= = = =   = + +    ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ Where: EUAlternative systems-total = Annual electrical energy use of all Alternative System units in the ATB (kBtu/yr), EUCold Conditions = EUground power + EUheating, EUNeutral Conditions = EUground power, EUHot Conditions = EUground power + EUcooling , i = 1,2,3, representing three alternative system types, including POU system, Central system, and Central system with Airport Boilers, j = 1,2,3,4,5, representing up to five aircraft types, including narrow body, wide body, jumbo-wide body, regional jet, and turbo prop, fi = Percentage of gates using this system to deliver ground power, heating and cooling. Then, the EUAlternative systems-total expression can be simplified as: 3 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 % %Alternative systems-total ground power heating coolingEU EU EU x25 EU x25 x fi i j j j= = = =   = + +    ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ Where: EUground power = EP x (TIM/60) x LTOcycles/yr x 3.412 Where: EUground power = Annual electricity used by the alternative systems (kBtu/yr), EP = Electric power (kW); values from ACRP Report 64, Tables 8, 9, or 10 (below), TIM = Time in mode (min/LTO); values from ACRP Report 64, Table 3 (below), LTOcycles/yr = Number of Landing and Takeoff cycles per year (Number of cycles/yr). EUheating = (HP x3.412+HR) x (TIM/60) x LTOcycles/yr Where: EUheating = Annual heating energy used by the alternative systems (kBtu/yr), HP = Heating power (kW); values from ACRP Report 64, Tables 8, 9, or 10 (below), HR=Heating rate (Btu/hr) for natural gas; if any, values from ACRP Report 64, Table 10 (below), TIM = Time in mode (min/LTO), LTOcycles/yr = Number of Landing and Takeoff cycles per year (Number of cycles/yr). EUcooling = CP x (TIM/60) x LTOcycles/yr x3.412 Where: EUcooling = Annual cooling energy use of the alternative systems (kBtu/yr), CP = Cooling Power (kW), TIM = Time in mode (min/LTO), LTOcycles/yr = Number of landing and takeoff cycles per year (Number of cycles/yr).

16 The above calculations use the following Tables (Environmental Science Associates 2012): Figure 9. Source: Environmental Sciences Associates. ACRP Report 64: Handbook for Evaluating Emissions and Costs of APUs and Alternative Systems. Tables 3, 8, 9, 10