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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23551.

×

Appendix B

Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators

Note for online reading: A metric column is included on the even-numbered pages only due to continuation of the table to the next odd numbered page.

ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS

Metric	Vancouver	Los Angeles	New York	Philadelphia
Air Quality Criteria Pollutant (NAAQS) Nonattainment^a	PM-2.5 (24 hr), Ozone (8 hr) Canadian Ambient Air Quality (AQ) Stds.	PM-2.5, 8-hour ozone, lead	PM-10, 8-hour ozone	8-hour ozone
Particulate Matter 2.5 (ppm) (2011) (Average density of fine particulate matter 2.5 microns in diameter in micrograms per cubic meter (PM_2.5))^b	4.3 (2011) 4.1 (2012) 6.6 (2013)	8.1	10.8	11.6
Air Quality Index (AQI) (EPA, 2012):^c	AQHI 2013	AQI	AQI	AQI
Total days AQI available	NA	366	366	366
Good days (AQI = 0-50)	>99% hr	33	130	109
Moderate days (AQI = 51-100)	<1% hr	228	214	230
Maximum AQI (out of 500)	0%	192	150	154
Median AQI (out of 500)	NA	77	55	58
Greenhouse Gas Emissions of SMA in 2010^d
Residential CO₂ per capita (metric tons of CO₂ per capita from residential energy consumption)	0.80	1.6	1.8	1.8
Commercial CO₂ per $ gross domestic product (GDP) (kgCO2/$-GDP (2005-$))	NA	0.04	0.01	0.02
Industrial CO₂ per $ value of products (kgCO2/$-GDP from industry (2005-$)	NA	0.27	NA	NA

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23551.

×

Pittsburgh	Chattanooga	Grand Rapids	Cedar Rapids	Flint	U.S.*	Std**
8-hour ozone, PM-2.5, SO₂, lead	PM-2.5	—	—	—	Population Exposed**: 130,886 in 000s	Y
14.0	13.5	12.2	11.1	12.2	10.2	Y
AQI	AQI	AQI	AQI	AQI	AQI	N
366	352	366	366	242
80	194	254	227	178
230	150	97	138	50
200	137	135	104	147
62	48	41	44	40
					17.62
2.7	3.1	4.7	NA	NA	3.41	N
0.05	0.07	0.22	NA	NA	5.20	N
0.44	0.75	1.22	NA	NA	5.74	N

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23551.

×

Metric	Vancouver	Los Angeles	New York	Philadelphia
Water Quality 2012^e: State level only	NA	1,052	1,543	6,954
Number of waterways impaired
Example of a waterway applicable to the city		LA River	East, Harlem, Hudson Rivers	Schuylkill, Delaware Rivers
Hydrology^f
Average Annual Precipitation in inches/year	46.8	18.67	46.23	41.45
Landslide Vulnerability^g	L	M/H	L	L
Existing Tree Canopy (% land cover)^h	18	21	21	20
Park Acres/1,000 residents 2014ⁱ	NA	9.3	4.6	7.0
Ecological footprint by Global Footprint Network (Ecological Footprint is calculated by considering all of the biological materials consumed by all the residents in a city and all of the carbon dioxide emissions generated by that city in a given year). Units are global hectares per capita.^j	6.21	6.4	6.1	6.2
Natural Hazards Vulnerability^k (#events 1/1/05-6/1/15)	NA	411	656	500+
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Economic sector mix (% employment)^l
Agric, forestry, fishing, hunting, and mining	0.97%	0.40%	0.10%	0.30%
Construction
Manufacturing	4.53%	6.40%	5.40%	4.80%
Wholesale trade	5.12%	8.10%	3.30%	5.70%
Retail trade	3.77%	3.10%	2.30%	2.30%
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	9.13%	9.30%	9.00%	8.80%
Information; finance and insurance, and real estate and rental and leasing	4.30%	5.90%	6.10%	6.00%
Professional, scientific, management, and administrative, waste management services	13.08%	11.20%	15.40%	8.50%
	17.49%	13.50%	14.10%	12.20%
Educational services, and health care and social assistance
Arts, entertainment, and recreation, and accommodation and food services	19.33%	20.60%	25.20%	30.80%
Other services (except public admin) Public administration	13.20%	11.10%	10.00%	9.20%
Armed forces	4.96%	6.60%	4.90%	4.50%
	4.11%	3.70%	4.20%	6.80%
	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Financial Health (G.O. Bond ratings 2014 or 2015 S&P ratings or *Moody’s – AA+ is S&P equivalent to Aa1)^m	AA+	AA-	AA	A+
Median Household Income (2009-2013)ⁿ	$56,113 (2010)	$55,909	$53,107	$37,192
% Unemployment (% of population 16 and older seeking work or employed, but are unemployed)^o	7.1 (15 yrs and older)	9.9	7.2	10.0

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23551.

×

Pittsburgh	Chattanooga	Grand Rapids	Cedar Rapids	Flint	U.S.*	Std**
6,954	1,012	2,584	480	2,584	—	Y
Allegheny Monongahela, Ohio Rivers	Tennessee River	Grand River	Cedar River	Flint River
N
34.8	52.44	38.27	37.63	31.38	40.78
H	H/M	L	L	L	—	N
42	23	34	13	13	24.95	N
9.8	NA	NA	NA	NA	12.5	N
NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	6.7	N
500+	290	163	500+	365	500+	N
			NA	NA		N
0.50%	0.10%	0.50%			2.00%
3.90%	5.10%	4.30%			6.10%
5.80%	12.60%	15.70%			10.50%
1.90%	2.40%	2.50%			2.60%
6.10%	12.60%	7.40%			11.60%
3.50%	7.30%	2.30%			4.90%
16.00%	9.70%	6.20%			8.70%
13.00%	10.50%	10.90%			10.90%
32.90%	22.90%	33.30%			22.80%
8.30%	9.10%	8.40%			9.50%
3.40%	4.40%	4.90%			5.00%
4.60%	3.10%	3.60%			4.80%
0.00%	0.30%	0.10%			0.70%
A+	AAA	AA-	Aa1*	—	AA+	N
$51,366	$46,702	$51,667	$57,260	$42,089	$53,046	N
6.5	7.9	6.5	4.8	9.7	7.6	N

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23551.

×

Metric	Vancouver	Los Angeles	New York	Philadelphia
ENERGY SECTOR
Average residential electricity rate (cents/kWh)^p	7.75	13.03	23.21	12.90
Energy Intensity of SMA in 2010^q
Residential energy consumption per capita (MMBtus)	30.8	34.5	49.3	71.2
Commercial energy intensity (kBtu/$ GDP (2005-$))		0.9	0.6	1.2
Industrial energy intensity (kBtu/$GDP(2005-$))	24	8.0	NA	NA
LED Street Lighting (Yes or No)^r	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)^s	3.29	65.0	19.0	66.5
TRANSPORTATION SECTOR
Transportation mode share (% by public transportation)^t	30.4	10.4	58.7	29.3
Transportation alternatives: walkscore.com (out of 100)^u
Walk score	78	64	88	77
Transit score	74	50	81	67
Bike score	—	56	65	68
Transportation Usage:
Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel 2012^v Total in thousands (U.S. in millions)	2,908	272,850	290,116	102,015
Per capita DVMT per capita (cities); VMT and DVMT for the United States^x	NA	23.1	16.3	19.8
Licensed drivers per 1,000 driving-age population (state only)^y	NA	807	705	857
Mean Travel Time to Work in Minutes (all modes) 2014^z	20.9	33.6	44.6	35.0
Congestion –TTI (auto only)^aa	—
Yearly delay (hours/commuter)	—	85	74	48
Excess fuel (gallons)	—	25	35	23
Cost (dollars/commuter)	1134 (metro	1711	1739	1112
Public Transportation Ridership Average	Vancouver)	1433	11664 (NYCT only)	NA
Weekday in ‘000s 2014^bb
WATER SECTOR
Water usage, county^cc	73	100	75	52
Domestic gallons per capita per day
SOCIAL INDICATORS
Population (in ‘000s)^dd
City	603,502	3,928,864	8,491,079	1,560,297
CBSA	2,313,328 (metro)	13,262,220	20,092,883	6,051,170

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23551.

×

Pittsburgh	Chattanooga	Grand Rapids	Cedar Rapids	Flint	U.S.*	Std**
11.44	10.13	13.71	12.99	13.71	11.88	N
					312	N
66.4	91.9	71.6	NA	NA	NA
1.7	2.1	3.2	NA	NA	NA
14.2	25.4	20.2	NA	NA	NA
No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No		N
75.0	83.8	218.0	108.1	218.0	NA	N
17.6	0.9	3.5	0.6	2.4	5.0	N
					NA	N
60	27	48	32	40
54	—	—	—	—
40	30	55	—	—
33,226	NA	NA	NA	NA	2,969^w	N
19	NA	NA	NA	NA	9,457 VMT 25.9 DVMT	N
857	890	882	876	882	NA	N
31.4	24.1	22.7	20	24.9	25.7	N
39	28	39	7	25	NA
21	—	19	—	—	NA
889	730	854	153	570	NA
213	NA	NA	—	21	NA
60	81	65	75	75	88	N
					308.8 million	N
305,412	173,778	193,792	129,195	99,002
2,355,968	544,559	1,027,703	263,885	412,895

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23551.

×

Metric	Vancouver	Los Angeles	New York	Philadelphia
Population Density (People per square mile)^ee
City	13,598	8,382	28,060	11,635
CBSA	2,079	2,735	3,005	1,315
Demographics^ff
Percent Black or African American	1%	9.2%	28.1%	44.1%
Percent Hispanic or Latino	1.6%	48.4%	29.0%	13.6%
Percent Asian	41%	14.8%	14.4%	7.2%
Median Age (in years)	39.7	35.5	35.8	33.7
Percent Female Population	51.1%	50.7%	52.3%	52.7%
Poverty and Wealth
% Below 100% of Poverty Level^gg		17.8%	20.4%	26.5%
Income Inequality (Ratio of household income at the 80th% to income 20th%)^hh	NA	5.3	10.8	6.2
Children in poverty % (NYC 5 counties are given: Bronx, Kings, NY, Queens, Richmond)ⁱⁱ	NA	27%	42%	36%
			33
			27
			22
			19
Children in single-parent households % (NYC 5 counties are given: Bronx, Kings, NY, Queens, Richmond)^jj	NA	36%	64%	59%
			39
			42
			33
			27
% home ownership (2009-2013)^kk	48.5% (2011)	46.9%	32.8%	53.3%
Housing Cost and Income:^ll
% Median Gross Rent is of Median	16.1%	36.8%	32.2%	34.9%
Household Income % Housing Costs are of Median Income
With Mortgages
Without Mortgages	32.1%	34.2%	30.5%	25.6%
Without Mortgages	17.4%	13.5%	15.2%	15.6%
Education^mm
High School Graduate (Among Those 25 or older) (2009-2013)	92.0% (2011)	76.6%	79.4%	81.2%
Some College (Among Those 25-44) (2009-2013)	73.0% (2011)	58.9%	63.9%	56.5%
Bachelor’s Degree (Among Those 25 or Older) (2009-2013)	43.5% (2011)	29.7%	33.7%	23.9%
Safety: Rate of Violent Crimes (Type 1 Violent Crime Offenses Reported/100,000 people)ⁿⁿ	—^oo	474	628	1,190
Safety-Transportation: Roadway fatalities per hundred million Annual VMT^pp	0.74	0.91	0.92	1.22
Health (selected indicators only)	197.5	265.7	363.1	492.1
Premature Age-adjusted mortality per 100,000			302.7
Premature Age-adjusted mortality per 100,000			240.1
(NYC 5 counties are given: Bronx, Kings, NY, Queens, Richmond)^qq			242.8
			296.3

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23551.

×

Pittsburgh	Chattanooga	Grand Rapids	Cedar Rapids	Flint	U.S.*	Std**
					89.5	N
5,513	1,267	4,365	1,825	2,907
446	261	369	131	648
						N
13.4%	19.8%	10.4%	4.5%	20.6%	13.2%	N
1.9%	5.1%	10.1%	2.9%	3.2%	17.4%	N
3.4%	2.1%	2.8%	2.2%	1.1%	5.4%	N
40.8	39.4	34.9	36.9	39.7	37.5	N
51.8%	51.8%	50.8%	50.6%	51.8%	50.8%	N
12.9%	16.6%	15.5%	9.7%	21.0%	15.4%	N
5.0	5.0	4.3	4.0	4.8	4.4	N
19%	26%	19%	12%	33%	23%	N
33%	36%	32%	29%	44%	33%	N
65.5%	64.9%	70.1%	73.0%	70.3%	64.9%	N
30.3%	30.2%	34.3%	27.7%	49.3%	21.6%	N
19.9%	23.5%	23%	20.9%	26.5%	33.6%	N
13.9%	12.9%	12.9%	12.2%	15.9%	10.6%
						N
92.9%	86.3%	89.4%	93.8%	88.7%	86.0%	N
75.9%	64.7%	68.1%	76.2%	62.7%	56%	N
35.9%	27.2%	31.7%	31.2%	18.9%	28.8%	N
421	636	409	212	854	191	N
1.22	1.40	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.10	N
352.7	389.8	292.4	281.2	433.7	NA	N

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23551.

×

Metric	Vancouver	Los Angeles	New York	Philadelphia
Adult obesity % (NYC 5 counties are given: Bronx, Kings, NY, Queens, Richmond)^rr	NA	21%	28%	30%
			23
			15
			24
			28
Poor or fair health % (NYC 5 counties are given: Bronx, Kings, NY, Queens, Richmond)^ss	NA	22%	24%	20%
			18
			16
			18
			12

NOTES

*U.S. information is given where it is available and applicable. NA indicates not available. A double dash (—) indicates not applicable. National data for countyhealthrankings.org for the United States are primarily 2014 national average values from the RWJF (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation) and University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. 2014. National Statistics Reference Table. Online. Available at http://www.countyhealthrankings.org. Accessed October 12, 2015.

**Std signifies whether or not a regulatory standard is available for the indicator. Y = an official standard. N = no standard; however, guidelines might exist. A (—) = not likely to be relevant or applicable.

^a Nonattainment in 1 or more counties in the Standard Metropolitan Area (SMA) and for various years, as listed in one or the other reports or both: (1) EPA. 2015b. Criteria Pollutant Nonattainment Summary Report (as of October 1, 2015). Online. Available at http://www3.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/multipol.html and (2) EPA. 2015c. Summary Nonattainment Area Population Exposure Report (as of October 1, 2015). Available at http://www3.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/popexp.html. Accessed February 5, 2016. The value indicated in the U.S. column is EPA’s estimate of “population living in an area” across all of the nonattainment criteria pollutants. See EPA. 2015c. Summary Nonattainment Area Population Exposure Report.

^b RWJF and University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. 2014. National Statistics Reference Table identified for each county. NYC values were weighted for the five counties. The U.S. average is inferred from the trends graph which compares smaller areas to the United States.

^c Zero is the best value and 500 is the worst. Canadian cities use the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI). See EPA. 2015a. Air Quality Index. Online. Available at http://www3.epa.gov/airdata/ad_rep_aqi.html. Accessed February 5, 2016.

^d Cox, W. 2014. Sustaining the City: Understanding the Role of Energy and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Sustainable Development in Major Metropolitan Areas. PhD dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, Tables A.4, A.14, and A.22. The U.S. figure is the total for all sectors as Per Capita CO₂ Emissions from the Consumption of Energy (Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide per Person). See Union of Concerned Scientists. 2014. Each Country’s Share of CO₂ Emissions. Online. Available at http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/science/each-countrys-share-of-co2.html#. Accessed February 8, 2016. The residential, commercial, and industrial values for the U.S. are the unweighted mean values across the nation’s largest U.S. metro areas in 2010 based on Cox, 2014.

^e Water quality. Impaired waters are listed by the U.S. EPA (2012) under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. See http://ofmpub.epa.gov/waters10/attains_nation_cy.control.

^f Hydrology. Source for average annual rainfall. US Climate Data. 2016. Online. Available at http://www.usclimatedata.com. Accessed February 8, 2016. Rainfall is one factor in the availability of water for consumption. Other factors include evaporation, uptake by vegetation, and runoff (not captured).

^g Landslide incidence. Values are L, Low (less than 1.5% of area involved); M, Moderate (1.5%-15% of area involved); and H, High (greater than 15% of area involved). See USGS. 2014b. Landslide Overview Map of the Conterminous United States. Online. Available at http://landslides.usgs.gov/hazards/nationalmap. Accessed February 8, 2016.

^h U.S. Forest Service. 2015. Urban Tree Canopy Assessments (New York City, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh). Online. Available at http://gis.w3.uvm.edu/utc. Accessed October 12, 2015; U.S. (forest only, 2006). See USGS. 2015. National Land Cover Database 2006 (NLCD2006): Product Statistics. Online. Available at http://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd06_stat.php. Accessed January 25, 2016; Los Angeles (2008): See McPherson et al., 2008; Glick (1996): See American Forests, 2000.

ⁱ The Trust for Public Land. 2015. 2015 City Park. Online. Available at http://www.tpl.org/2015-city-park-facts. Accessed January 25, 2016. The U.S. figure is the median for all cities reported.

^j Moore, D. 2011. Ecological Footprint Analysis: San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA. Global Footprint Network. Online. Available at http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/SF_Ecological_Footprint_Analysis.pdf. Accessed October 12, 2015. p. 6.

^k Natural Hazards (all hazards) – number of all events, January 1, 2005 through June 1, 2015. Compiled from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Storm Events Database. The New York City number is for all five boroughs (counties) during the time period. 500+ signifies that the number of events exceeded NOAA’s 500-event threshold and the actual number has to be computed by subdividing and reaggregating the time periods (as was done for NYC).

^l Industry Mix. U.S. Census Bureau. 2014b. American Community Survey 2014. Online. Available at http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml### Table S0804. Accessed January 25, 2016.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23551.

×

Pittsburgh	Chattanooga	Grand Rapids	Cedar Rapids	Flint	U.S.*	Std**
27%	29%	29%	28%	37%	28%	N
13%	18%	12%	11%	19%	16%	N

^m Bond ratings (S&P except where otherwise noted). The scale for S&P ratings for investment grade (from high to low): AAA, AA+, AA, AA-, A+, A, A-, BBB+, BBB, BBB- (other ratings are below investment grade). Los Angeles: http://cao.lacity.org/debt/ratings.pdf; New York: http://comptroller.nyc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/NYC-GO-Announcement-060315.pdf; Philadelphia: http://www.phila.gov/investor/Bond_Ratings.html; Pittsburgh: http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2014/08/08/Moody-s-raises-Pittsburgh-s-bond-rating/stories/201408080164; Chattanooga: https://performance.chattanooga.gov/dataset/S-P-Bond-Rating/d8cz-pkf3; Grand Rapids: http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2014/09/credit_rating_why_we_care_what.html; Cedar Rapids: http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/apr/25/moodys-drops-cedar-rapids-bond-rating-a-notch; U.S.: Scaggs, 2015. See http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-10/s-p-affirms-u-s-aa-credit-rating-maintains-stable-outlook.

ⁿ U.S. Census Bureau. 2014d. Quick Facts: United States. Available at http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045214/00. Accessed October 2, 2015.

^o RWJF and University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. 2014. National Statistics Reference Table. Each city accessed in terms of the main county or counties that comprise the area. See Appendix Table 3 for a list of these counties.

^p Applies to the territory served by the principal utility company serving the city. See Electricity Local. 2015. Local Electricity Information & Resources. Online. Available at http://www.electricitylocal.com. Accessed October 12, 2016.

^q Cox, W. 2014. Sustaining the City: Understanding the Role of Energy and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Sustainable Development in Major Metropolitan Areas. Ph.D. dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, Tables A.1, A.11, and A.19. MMBtu = 1 million British thermal units. The U.S. figure of 312 million Btu per person is for all sectors from U.S. Department of State. 2014. U.S. Climate Action Report 2014, p. 65.

^r Municipal Solid-State Street Lighting Consortium. 2013. Primary Participants Organizations. U.S. Department of Energy. Online. Available at http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/consortium-participant-list.pdf. Accessed October 12, 2015. City, either the municipality or a utility in the municipality has installed light-emitting diode (LED) street lighting.

^s SAIDI represents the average amount of time per year that power supply to a customer is interrupted, expressed in minutes per customer per year. 2013 (except Cedar Rapids, which is 2011); Applies to the territory served by the principal utility company serving the city and is not coterminous with the city of metro area. The principal utility company for each city is as follows. LA: Los Angeles Department of Water & Power; NY: Consolidated Edison Co-NY Inc; Philadelphia: PECO Energy Co.; Pittsburgh: Duquesne Light Company; Chattanooga: City of Chattanooga; Grand Rapids: Consumer Energy Company; Cedar Rapids: Cedar Falls Utilities; Flint: Consumer Energy Company. Sources: EIA, 2015. http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia861; http://www.iowarec.org/media/cms/EDR20110150_IPL_6963C8356CC1C.pdf; State of New York Department of Public Service, 2014.

^t Percent using public transportation: http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml### Table S0804

^u Calculated using walkscore.com.

^v DOT. 2014b. Table 5-4: Highway, Demographic, and Geographic Characteristics of 30 Largest Urbanized Areas: 2012. Values are for Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (DVMT) for the Federal-aid urbanized area in 2012.

^w DOT. 2014a. Table 5-3: Highway Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT: 2007, 2012). U.S. figures are in billions for total annual VMT, that is, total VMT in 2012 in the U.S. was 2,968,815,000,000 across the entire year. The per capita value for the U.S. is VMT over the year. An estimated conversion to DVMT (based on 365 days of travel) would be 25.9.

^x DOT. 2014b. Table 5-4: Highway, Demographic, and Geographic Characteristics of 30 Largest Urbanized Areas: 2012. Values are for Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (DVMT) for the Federal-aid urbanized area in 2012.

^y Licensed drivers by sex and ratio to population. See FHWA. 2016. Highway Statistics 2013. Online. Available at https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2013; VMT by urbanized area. See FHWA. 2014b. Highway Statistics Series: Highway Statistics 2010, Table HM-71. Online. Available at https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2010/hm71.cfm. Accessed October 12, 2015.

^z U.S. Census Bureau. 2014a. Online. Available at http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml### Table S0802. Accessed January 25, 2016.

^aa TTI (Travel Time Index)—The ratio of travel time in the peak period to the travel time at free-flow conditions. A value of 1.30 indicates a 20-minute free-flow trip takes 26 minutes in the peak period. Excess Fuel Consumed—Increased fuel consumption [in gallons] due to travel in congested conditions rather than free-flow conditions. Congestion Cost—Value of travel time delay (estimated at $17.67 per hour of person travel and $94.04 per hour of truck time) and excess fuel consumption (estimated using state average cost per gallon for gasoline and diesel).

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23551.

×

See Texas A&M Transportation Institute and INRIX. 2015. 2015 Urban Mobility Scorecard, p. 18. Online. Available at http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility-scorecard-2015-wappx.pdf. Accessed January 25, 2016.

^bb American Public Transportation Association. 2015. Public Transportation Ridership Report: Fourth Quarter & End-Of-Year 2014. Online. Available at http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2014-q4-ridership-APTA.pdf. Accessed January 25, 2016.

^cc Domestic, publicly supplied per capita use, in gallons/day. See USGS. 2014a. Estimated Use of Water in the United States County-Level Data for 2010. http://water.usgs.gov/watuse/data/2010. Accessed January 25, 2016.

^dd U.S. Census Bureau. 2014d. Quick Facts: United States. Online. Available at http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045214/00. Accessed October 2, 2015.

^ee U.S. Census Bureau. 2014d. Accessed October 2, 2015. The U.S. population density would depend upon whether or not just land area is calculated (2,959,064.44 square miles) rather than total area of land plus water (3,119,884.69 square miles for the contiguous area), and whether or not density refers to the contiguous area of 48 states or the entire nation (including Hawaii and Alaska).

^ff U.S. Census Bureau. 2014d. Accessed October 2, 2015. Principal county(ies) representing the case-study city (see Appendix Table 3). For NYC a weighted average for the five counties (boroughs) was used. U.S. population density is for the 50 states and DC. See U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. 2010 Census Data. Online. Available at http://www.census.gov/2010census/data. Accessed April 12, 2016.

^gg U.S. Census Bureau. 2014d. Accessed October 2, 2015. Principal county(ies) representing the case-study city (see Table 2.3). For NYC each county (borough) is listed.

^hh Principal county(ies) representing the case-study city (see Table 2.3). For NYC a weighted average for the five counties (boroughs) was used. See RWJF and University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. 2015b. Los Angeles (LO). Online. Available at http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/california/2015/rankings/los-angeles/county/outcomes/overall/snapshot. Accessed October 12, 2015; Similar citations for the remaining seven cities. RWJF and University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. 2015a. County Health Rankings and Roadmaps. Online. Available at http://www.countyhealthrankings.org. Accessed October 12, 2015.

ⁱⁱ RWJF and University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. 2014. National Statistics Reference Table selected for each county. Online. Available at http://www.countyhealthrankings.org. Accessed October 12, 2015.

^jj RWJF and University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. 2014. National Statistics Reference Table selected for each county. Online. Available at http://www.countyhealthrankings.org. Accessed October 12, 2015.

^kk U.S. Census Bureau. 2014d. Quick Facts: United States. Online. Available at http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045214/00. Accessed October 2, 2015. Principal county(ies) representing the case study city (see Appendix Table 3). For NYC a weighted average for the five counties (boroughs) was used.

^ll Governing Data. 2016. Housing Affordability Burden for U.S. Cities. Online. Accessed April 7, 2016. Available at: http://www.governing.com/gov-data/economy-finance/housing-affordability-by-city-income-rental-costs.html. Drawn from U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2012 American Communities Survey. U.S. Census Bureau. 2014c. American Community Survey 2014. Online. Available at http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_1YR_DP04&prodType=table. Accessed April 8, 2016. MetroVancouver. 2015. Housing and Transportation Cost Burden Study. Online. Available at http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/regional-planning/PlanningPublications/HousingAndTransportCostBurdenReport2015.pdf. Accessed April 8, 2015. Statistics Canada. 2010. Median total income, by family type, by census metropolitan area (All census families). Online. Available at http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/famil107a-eng.htm. Accessed April 8, 2016. MetroVancouver. 2010. Metro Vancouver Housing Data Book. Online. Available at http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/regional-planning/PlanningPublications/MV_Housing_Data_Book.pdf. Accessed April 8, 2016.

^mm U.S. Census Bureau. 2014d. Quick Facts: United States. Online. Available at http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045214/00. Accessed October 2, 2015. Principal county(ies) representing the case study city (see Appendix Table 3). For NYC a weighted average for the five counties (boroughs) was used.

ⁿⁿ Principal county(ies) representing the case study city (see Appendix Table 3). For NYC a weighted average for the five counties (boroughs) was used. See RWJF and University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. 2015b. Los Angeles (LO). Online. Available at http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/california/2015/rankings/los-angeles/county/outcomes/overall/snapshot. Accessed October 12, 2015. Similar citations for the remaining seven cities. See RWJF and University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. 2015a. Loca and Roadmaps. Online. Available at http://www.countyhealthrankings.org. Accessed October 12, 2015.

^oo Data not comparable to U.S. figures.

^pp FHWA. 2014a. Fatality Rate Per 100 Million Annual VMT-2013(1): Functional System, Table FI-30. Online. Available at https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2013/fi30.cfm. Accessed October 12, 2015. States only. Per hundred million Annual VMT. Other sources include the NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS).

^qq RWJF and University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. 2014. National Statistics Reference Table. Online. Available at http://www.countyhealthrankings.org. Accessed October 12, 2015. The health indicators used represent just a few that exist nationally, for example, from the Centers for Disease Control, and also locally. New York City, for example, has produced neighborhood level values under their “Community Health Profiles” for numerous health indicators. Some are disease specific and others pertain to specific dietary habitats.

^rr RWJF and University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. 2014. National Statistics Reference Table. Online. Available at http://www.countyhealthrankings.org. Accessed October 12, 2015.

^ss RWJF and University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute. 2014. National Statistics Reference Table. Online. Available at http://www.countyhealthrankings.org. Accessed October 12, 2015.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23551.

×

REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX B

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Blazina, E. 2014. Rating agency gives Pittsburgh financial outlook an upgrade. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Online. Available at http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2014/08/08/Moody-s-raises-Pittsburgh-s-bond-rating/stories/201408080164. Accessed August 26, 2016.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Details for Urban Sustainability Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23551.

×

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