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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23604.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23604.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23604.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23604.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23604.
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81 REFERENCES Asquith, W.H. and R.M. Slade, Jr., Regional Equations for Estimation of Peak-Streamflow Frequency for Natural Basins in Texas, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96–4307, 1997, 68 pp. Baecher, G.B. and J.T. Christian, Reliability and Statistics in Geotechnical Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 2003, 605 pp. Benahmed, N. and S. Bonelli, “Internal Erosion of Cohesive Soils: Laboratory Parametric Study,” Sixth International Conference on Scour and Erosion, Paris, France, 2012. Bloomquist, D., D.M. Sheppard, S. Schofield, and R.W. Crow- ley. “The Rotating Erosion Testing Apparatus (RETA): A Laboratory Device for Measuring Erosion Rates Versus Shear Stresses of Rock and Cohesive Materials.” In press, ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, 2012. Bonelli, S., et al., Erosion in Geomechanics Applied to Dams and Levees, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 2013. Bradley, J.N., Hydraulics of Bridge Waterways, Hydraulic Design Series No. 1, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 1973. Briaud, J.-L., “Case Histories in Soil and Rock Erosion: Woodrow Wilson Bridge, Brazos River Meander, Nor- mality Cliffs, and New Orleans Levees (The 9th Ralph B Peck Lecture),” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvi- ronmental Engineering, Vol. 134, No. 10, 2008. Briaud, J.-L., Geotechnical Engineering: Unsaturated and Saturated Soils, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 2013, 1,000 pp. Briaud, J.-L., et al., Simplified Method for Estimating Scour at Bridges, Report FHWA/TX-09/0-5505-1, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University System, College Station, 2009, 484 pp. Briaud, J.-L., L. Brandimarte, J. Wang, and P. D’Odorico, “Probability of Scour Depth Exceedance Due to Hydro- logic Uncertainty,” Georisk Journal for Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geo- hazards, Vol. 1, March 2, 2007, pp. 77–88. Briaud, J.-L., P. Gardoni, and C. Yao, “Statistical, Risk, and Reliability Analysis of Bridge Scour,” Journal of Geo- technology and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 140, No. 2, 2014. Briaud, J.-L., F. Ting, H.C. Chen, Y. Cao, S.-W. Han, and K. Kwak, “Erosion Function Apparatus for Scour Rate Pre- dictions,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmen- tal Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 127, No. 2, 2001, pp. 105–113. Briaud, J., M. Bernhardt, and M. Leclair, “The Pocket Erodometer Test: Development and Preliminary Results,” Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 35, No. 2, 2012, pp. 1–11 [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/ GTJ102889. ISSN 0149¬6115. Brice, J.C., “Evolution of Meander Loops,” Geological Soci- ety of America Bulletin, Vol. 85, 1974, pp. 581–586. Brown, S.A. and E.S. Clyde, Design of Riprap Revetment, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 11, FHWA- IP-89-016, Federal Highway Administration, Washing- ton, D.C., 1989. Brown, S.A., J.D. Schall, J.L. Morris, C.L. Doherty, S.M. Stein, and J.C. Warneret, Urban Drainage Design Man- ual, HEC-22, 3rd ed., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2009. Caruso, C. and M.A. Gabr, In Situ Measurement of the Scour Potential of Non-Cohesive Sediments (ISEEP), Geotech- nical Special Publication No. 211, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2010, pp. 115–125. Chapuis, R.P. and T. Gatien, “Improved Rotating Cylinder Technique for Quantitative Measurements of the Scour Resistance of Clays,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1986, pp. 83–87. Charles, J.A., General Report, Special Problems Associated with Earthfill Dams, 19th International Congress on Large Dams, Florence, Italy, GR Q73, Vol. II, 1997. Chen Y.H. and B.A. Anderson, “Methodology for Estimating Embankment Damage Caused by Flood Overtopping,” Transportation Research Record 1151, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1986, pp. 1–15. Chen, Y.H. and B.A. Anderson, Minimizing Embankment Damage During Overtopping Flow, FHWA/RD-88-181, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1987. Chen, Y.H. and B.A. Anderson, Development of a Methodol- ogy for Estimating Embankment Damage Due to Flood Overtopping, FHWA/RD-86/126, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1987. Chow, V.T., D.R. Maidment, and L.W. Mays, Applied Hydrol- ogy, McGraw Hill, New York, N.Y., 1988, pp. 375–378. Clarke, C., Flood Effect Evaluation on: SH-24-North of Washington, Oklahoma in McClain County, Oklahoma Department of Transportation Materials Division, 2007. Clopper, P.E., Hydraulic Stability of Articulated Concrete Block Revetment Systems During Overtopping Flow, FHWA-RD-89-199, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1989, 140 pp.

82 Clopper, P.E. and Y.-H. Chen, Minimizing Embankment Damage During Overtopping Flow, Commission on Large Dams, Paris, France, 1997, pp. 1083–1198. Cornett, A.M. and E. Mansard. “Wave Stresses on Rubble Mound Armour,” In Proceedings of 24th International Coastal Engineering Conference, ASCE, Vol. 1, 1994, pp. 986–1000. Crowley, R.W., D.B. Bloomquist, J.R. Hayne, and C.M. Holst, “Estimation and Measurement of Shear Stresses on Bed Materials in Erosion Rate Testing Devices,” Jour- nal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, in press, 2012. De Moor, J.J., R.T. Van Balen, and C. Kasse, “Simulating Meander Evolution of the Geul River (the Netherlands) Using a Topographic Steering Model,” Earth Surface Pro- cesses and Landforms, Vol. 32, No. 7, 2007, pp. 1077–1093. De Waal, J.P. and J.W. Van der Meer, “Wave Run-Up and Overtopping on Coastal Structures,” In Proceedings of the 23rd International Coastal Engineering Conference, ASCE, Vol. 2, 1992, pp. 1758–1771. Douglas, S.L. and J. Krolak, Highways in the Coastal Envi- ronment, HEC-25, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., Vol. 1, 2008. Douglas, S.L., et al., Highways in the Coastal Environment: Assessing Extreme Events, HEC-25, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., Vol. 2, 2014. Fay, L., M. Akin, and X. Shi, NCHRP Synthesis 430: Cost- Effective and Sustainable Road Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington D.C., 2012. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), “About the Agency,” U.S. Department of Homeland Security [Online]. Available: http://www.fema.gov/about-agency. Last updated April 2, 2014. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Public Assistance Applicant Handbook, FEMA P-323. Mar. 2010 [Online]. Available: https://www.fema.gov/pdf/ government/grant/pa/fema323_app_handbk.pdf. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Con- duits Through Embankment Dams. Best Practices for Design, Construction, Problem Identification and Evalu- ation, Inspection, Maintenance, Renovation and Repair, Washington, D.C., 2006. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Project Develop- ment and Design Manual (PDDM), Office of Federal Lands Highway, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2014. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Emergency Relief Manual (Federal-Aid Highways) [Online]. Avail- able: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/erm/er.pdf. Updated May 31, 2013. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), HDS-5, Hydrau- lic Design of Highway Culverts, 3rd ed., FHWA HIF-12- 026, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2012. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Highway Embankments Versus Levees and Other Flood Control Structures, Memo, Sept. 10, 2008. Fell, R., M. Foster, and R. Davidson, A Unified Method for Estimating Probabilities of Failure of Embankment Dams by Internal Erosion and Piping, UNICIV Report No. 446, The School of Civil and Environmental Engi- neering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Austra- lia, 2008. Fell, R., and J.-J. Fry, “The State of the Art of Assessing the Likelihood of Internal Erosion of Embankment Dams, Water Retaining Structures and Their Foundations,” In Internal Erosion of Dams and Their Foundations, Taylor and Francis Group, London, 2005. Fenton, G.A. and D.V. Griffiths, Risk Assessment in Geo- technical Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 2008, 480 pp. Gabr, M.A., C.W. Caruso, A. Key, and M. Kayser, “Assessment of In Situ Scour Profile in Sand Using a Jet Probe,” Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2013, pp. 264–274 [Online]. Available: http://www.astm. org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/JOURNALS/GEOTECH/ PAGES/GTJ20120046.htm. Hanson, G.J. and K.R. Cook, “Apparatus, Test Procedures and Analytical Methods to Measure Soil Erodibility in Situ,” Applied Engineering in Agriculture, Vol. 20, No. 4, 2004, pp. 455–462. HEC-HMS, Hydrologic Center, Application, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Davis, Calif. [Online]. Available: http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-hms/. Henderson, F. M., Open Channel Flow, MacMillian Publish- ing Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1966. Heibaum, M.H., “Geotechnical Filters—The Important Link in Scour Protection,” In Proceedings of 2nd ICSE, Singa- pore, 2004. Henderson, M.R., “A Laboratory Method to Evaluate the Rates of Water Erosion of Natural Rock Materials,” M.S. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 1999. Hewlett, H.W.M, L.A. Boorman, and M.E. Bramely, Design of Reinforced Grass Waterways, Report 116, CIRIA, London, 1987. Hickin, E.J. and G.C. Nanson, “Lateral Migration Rates of River Bends,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 110, 1984, pp. 1557–1567. Hooke, J.M., “Changes in River Meanders: A Review of Techniques and Results of Analysis,” Progress in Physi- cal Geography, Vol. 8, 1984, pp. 473–508.

83 Hughes, S.A, Combined Wave and Surge Overtopping of Levees: Flow Hydrodynamics and Articulated Concrete Mat Stability, Engineer Research and Development Cen- ter, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss., 2008. Hughes, S.A., “Estimation of Wave Run-Up on Smooth, Impermeable Slopes Using the Wave Momentum Flux Parameter,” Coastal Engineering, Elsevier, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vol. 51, No. 11, 2004, pp. 1085–1104. HydroCAD, Storm Water Modeling, Choccuroa, N.H. [Online]. Available: http://www.hydrocad.net/. Jones, C., et al., Wave Run-Up and Overtopping, FEMA Coastal Flood Hazard Analysis and Mapping Guidelines, Focused Study Report, 2005. Kerr, K., “A Laboratory Apparatus and Methodology for Testing Water Erosion in Rock Materials,” M.E. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 2001. Kilgore, R.T. and G.K. Cotton, Design of Roadside Channels with Flexible Linings, HEC-15, 3rd ed., FHWA- NHI-05-1142005, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2005. Kindsvater, Discharge Characteristics of Embankment- Shaped Weirs, U.S. Department of Interior Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., 1964. Koerner, R.M., Designing with Geosynthetics, 6th ed., Xli- bris Publishing, 2012, 914 pp. Lagasse, P.F., et al., Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures: Experience, Selection, and Design Guidance, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 23, 3rd ed., Vol. 2, Federal Highway Administration, Washing- ton, D.C., 2006a. Lagasse, P.F., et al., Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures, HEC-23, Vol. 1, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2009a. Lagasse, P.F., et al., Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures, HEC-23, Vol. 2, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2009b. Lagasse, P.F., P.E. Clopper, L.W. Zevenbergen, and L.G. Girard, NCHRP Report 593: Countermeasures to Protect Bridge Piers from Scour, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2007. Lagasse, P.F., P.E. Clopper, L.W. Zevenbergen, and J. F. Ruff, NCHRP Report 568: Riprap Design Criteria, Recom- mended Specifications, and Quality Control, Transporta- tion Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2006b. Lagasse, P.F., J.D. Schall, and E.V. Richardson, Stream Sta- bility at Highway Bridges, Hydraulic Engineering Circu- lar No. 20, 3rd ed., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2001. Lagasse, P.F., L.W. Zevenbergen, W. J. Spitz, and L.A. Arne- son, Stream Stability at Highway Structures, HEC-20, 4th ed., FHWA-HIF-12-0042012, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2012. Lefebvre, G., K. Rohan, and S. Douville, “Erosivity of Natu- ral Intact Structured Clay: Evaluation,” Canadian Geo- technical Journal, Vol. 22, 1985, pp. 508–517. McNeil, J., C. Taylor, and W. Lick, 1996. “Measurements of Erosion of Undisturbed Bottom Sediments with Depth,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 122, No. 6, 1996, pp. 316–324. Moore, W.L. and F.D. Masch, “Experiments on the Scour Resistance of Cohesive Sediments,” Journal of Geophys. Res., Vol. 67, No. 4, 1962, pp. 1437–1446. Nakanishi, Y.J. and P.M. Auza, NCHRP Synthesis 472: FEMA and FHWA Emergency Relief Funds Reimburse- ments to State Departments of Transportation, Transpor- tation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington D.C., 2015. National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), Web Soil Survey Web Application, U.S. Department of Agri- culture, n.d. [Online]. Available: http://websoilsurvey. nrcs.usda.gov/. National Weather Service, Hydrometeorlogical Design Studies Center, Precipitation Frequency Data Server, Sil- ver Spring, Md., n.d. [Online]. Available: http://hdsc. nws.noaa.gov/hdsc/pfds/. Perzlmaier, S., “Hydraulic Criteria for Internal Erosion in Cohesionless Soils,” In Internal Erosion of Dams and Their Foundations, R. Fell and J.-J. Fry, eds., Taylor and Francis Group, London, 2005, pp. 179–190. Petersen, M., River Engineering, Prentice Hall, New York, N.Y., 1986. Phoon, K.K. and J. Ching, Risk and Reliability in Geotechni- cal Engineering, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, London, 2015, 300 pp. Powledge, G., D. Ralston, P. Miller, Y. Chen, P. Clopper, and D. Temple, “Mechanics of Overflow Erosion on Embank- ments,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 115, No. 8, 1989, pp. 1056–1075. Richardson, E.V., D.B. Simons, and P.F. Lagasse, River Engi- neering for Highway Encroachments, FHWA NHI 01-004, HDS-6, Federal Highway Administration, Wash- ington, D.C., 2001. Roberts, J.D., R.A. Jepsen, and S.C. James, “Measurements of Sediment Erosion and Transport with the Adjustable Shear Stress Erosion and Transport Flume,” Journal of

84 Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 129, No. 11, 2003, pp. 862–871. Schneider, V.R. and K.V. Wilson, Hydraulic Design of Bridges with Risk Analysis, Report FHWA-TS-80-226, FHWA HDV-21, U.S. Geological Survey for Federal Highway Administration Office of Development, Wash- ington, D.C., 1980. Schüttrumpf, H. and H. Oumeraci, “Layer Thicknesses and Velocities of Wave Overtopping Flow at Seadikes,” Coastal Engineering, Vol. 52, 2005, pp. 473–495. Schüttrumpf, H., J. Möller, and H. Oumeraci, “Overtopping Flow Parameters on the Inner Slope of Seadikes,” In Pro- ceedings, 28th International Coastal Engineering Con- ference, Vol. 2, World Scientific, 2002, 2116–2127. Seed, R.B., et al, Investigation of the Performance of the New Orleans Flood Protection Systems in Hurricane Katrina, Vol. I: Main Text and Executive Summary, Independent Levee Investigation Team, University of California, Berkeley, 2005. Sheppard, D.M., D.B. Bloomquist, J. Marin, and P. Slagle, Water Erosion of Florida Rock Materials, FDOT Report No. BC354 RPWO #12, Florida Department of Transpor- tation, Tallahassee, 2005. Sherard, J.L., “Sinkholes in Dams of Coarse, Broadly Graded Soils,” In Proceedings of the 13th International Congress on Large Dams, New Delhi, International Commission on Large Dams, Paris, France, Vol. 2, 1979, pp. 23–35. Sherard, J.L., R.S. Decker, and N.L. Ryker, “Hydraulic Frac- turing in Low Dams of Dispersive Clay,” Proceeding of the Specialty Conference on Performance of Earth and Earth Supported Structures, ASCE, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1972b, pp. 653–689. Sherard, J.L., R.S. Decker, and N.L. Ryker, “Piping in Earth Dams of Dispersive Clay,” In R.C. Hirschfield and S.J. Poulos, eds., Proceedings, Specialty Conference on Per- formance of Earth and Earth-Supported Structures, ASCE, Vol. 1, Part 1, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1972a, pp. 589–626. Thompson, P.L. and R.T. Kilgore, Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipaters for Culverts and Channels, Hydrau- lic Engineering Circular No. 14 (HEC-14), 3rd ed., FHWA-NHI-06-086, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2006. Tracy, H.J., Discharge Characteristics of Broad-Crested Weirs, Geological Survey Circular 397, 1957. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System Guidelines, New Orleans District Engineering Division, 2012. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Coastal Engineer- ing Manual, EM 1110-2-1100, Vicksburg, Miss., 2008. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Recommenda- tions for Seepage Design Criteria, Evaluation, and Design Practice, prepared by USACE, Sacramento Dis- trict, 2003a. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Slope Stability Manual, EM 1110-2-1902. Washington, D.C., 2003b. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Design and Con- struction of Levees, EM 1110-2-1913, 2000. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), HEC-RAS, n.d. [Online]. Available: http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/ software/hec-ras/. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Statistical Soft- ware Package, Washington, D.C., n.d. [Online]. Avail- able: http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ssp/. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Bulletin 17B, Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency, U.S. Depart- ment of Interior, Washington, D.C., 1982. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), “Computation of Discharge over Highway Embankments,” Memo, 1955. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), StreamStats Program, n.d. [Online]. Available: http://water.usgs.gov/osw/stream- stats/ssinfo1.html. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 23, “Highways,” Part 668, Emergency Relief Program, Washington, D.C. U.S. Society on Dams (USSD), “21st Century Dam Design— Advances and Adaptations,” 31st Annual USSD Confer- ence, San Diego, Calif., April 11–15, 2011, pp. 1023–1032. Van Gent, M.R., “Wave Overtopping Events at Dikes,” In Proceedings, 28th International Coastal Engineering Conference Vol. 2, World Scientific, 2002. Vennapusa, P.K.R., et al., Western Iowa Missouri River Flooding, Geo-Infrastructure Damage Assessment, Repair, and Mitigation Strategies, IHRB Project TR-638, Institute for Transportation, Iowa State University, Ames, 2013, 267 pp. Vennapusa, P., D.J. White, and D.K. Miller, “Western Iowa Missouri River Flooding—Geo-Infrastructure Damage Assessment, Repair and Mitigation Strategies,” In Trans Project Report 11-419, Iowa DOT Project TR-638, Paper 97, 2013 [Online]. Available: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ intrans_reports/97. Wahl, T.L., P.L. Regazzoni, and Z. Ergodan, 2009, “Practical Improvement of the Hole Erosion Test,” 33rd IAHR Con- gress, Vancouver, BC, Aug. 2009.

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 496: Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding documents the state-of-the-practice on how the transportation community is protecting roadways and mitigating damage from inundation and overtopping. This report highlights major issues and design components specific to roadway embankment damage from flooding. It documents the mechanics of damage to the embankment and pavement, and the analysis tools available. The probable failure mechanisms are identified and various design approaches and repair countermeasures are highlighted.

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