Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding (2016)

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86 BIBLIOGRAPHY Al-Madhhachi, A., G. Hanson, G. Fox, A. Tyagi, and R. Bulut, “Measuring Erodibility of Cohesive Soils Using Laboratory Jet Erosion Tests,” presented at the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, 2011. Anderson, J.T. and Y.H. Lim, “Protecting Roadway Embank- ments from Overtopping,” World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, ASCE, 2012. “Dispersive Clays,” National Engineering Handbook, Part 633, Chapter 13, 2013, pp. 17–20. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Com- prehensive Preparedness Guide 101: Developing and Maintaining Operations Plans, Version 2.0, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C., Nov. 2010. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Flooded Pave- ment Assessment Phase I Report Without Budget Pres- ents the Following Two Pavement Case-Studies. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), HY-8 Culvert Hydraulic Analysis Program, n.d. [Online]. Available: http://www.f hwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics / software/hy8/. Grabowski, R.C., I.G. Droppo, and G. Wharton, “Erodibility of Cohesive Sediment: The Importance of Sediment Properties,” Earth-Science Reviews, Vol. 105, No. 3, 2011, pp. 101–120. Highways in the River Environment—Hydraulic and Envi- ronmental Design Considerations, Civil Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, May 1975. Julian, J.P. and R. Torres, “Hydraulic Erosion of Cohesive Riverbanks,” Geomorphology, Vol. 76, Nos. 1–2, 2006, pp. 193–206. Kayser, M., C. Caruso, A. Key, S. Toebben, Y. Kebede, and M. Gabr, In Situ Measurement of the Scour Potential of Non-cohesive Sediments (ISEP). North Carolina, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Center of Excellence, Washington, D.C., 2012. Lambermont, J. and G. Lebon, “Erosion of Cohesive Soils,” Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1978, pp. 27–44. Mostafa, T.S., J. Imran, M.H. Chaudhry, and I.B. Kahn, “Erosion Resistance of Cohesive Soils,” Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 777–787. Nadal, R., E. Verachtert, and J. Poesen, Pin Hole Test for Identifying Susceptibility of Soils to Piping Erosion, Landform Analysis, Spain, Vol. 17, 2011, pp. 131–134. Neill, C.R., “Mean-Velocity Criterion for Scour of Coarse Uniform Bed-Material,” Proceeding of International Association for Hydraulic Research, 3, 1967, pp. 46–54. Partheniades, E., “Erosion and Deposition of Cohesive Soils,” Journal of Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 91(HY1), 1965, pp. 105–139. Reihsen, G. and L.J. Harrison, Debris Control Structures, HEC-9, Hydraulics Branch, Bridge Division, Office of Engineering, Federal Highway Administration, Wash- ington, D.C., 1971. Richard, H., P.A. McCuen, and R.M. Ragan, Highway Hydrology, FHWA-NHI-02-001, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2002. Ruff, J.F. and S.R. Abt, “Evaluating Scour at Culvert Out- lets,” Transportation Research Record 785, Transporta- tion Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1980, pp. 37–40. Schüttrumpf, H. and M.R. Van Gent, “Wave Overtopping at Seadikes,” In Proceedings, Coastal Structures ‘03, ASCE, 2003, pp. 431–443. Smerdon, E.T. and R.P. Beasley, “Critical Tractive Forces in Cohesive Soils,” Journal of Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 42, No. 1, 1961, pp. 26–29. Thoman, R.W. and S.L. Niezgoda, “Determining Erodibil- ity, Critical Shear Stress, and Allowable Discharge Esti- mates for Cohesive Channels: Case Example in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 134, No. 12, 2008, pp. 1677–1687. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Engineering and Design, Seepage Analysis, and Control for Dams, EM 1110-2-1914, Washington, D.C., 1993. Utley, B. and T. Wynn, “Cohesive Soil Erosion: Theory and Practice,” presented at the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress, Honolulu, Hawaii, May 12–16, 2008. Van Gent, M.R, “Wave Run-Up on Dikes With Shallow Foreshores,” Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 127, No. 5, 2001, pp. 2203–2215. Wan, C.F. and R. Fell, Investigation of Internal Erosion and Piping of Soils in Embankment Dams by the Slot Erosion Test and the Hole Erosion Test, UNICIV Report No. R-412, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 2002. Wang W., A Hydrograph-Based Prediction of Meander Migration, PhD dissertation, Zachry Department of

87 Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Sta- tion, 2006. Yeh, P.-H., Physical Models of Meander Channel Migration, PhD dissertation, Zachry Department of Civil Engineer- ing, Texas A&M University, College Station, 2008. Yeh, P.-H., N. Park, K.-A. Chang, H.-C. Chen, and J.-L. Bri- aud, “Time Dependence Channel Meander Migration Based on Large Scale Laboratory Experiments,” Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 49, 2011, pp. 617–629. A- Design documents currently used by agencies for high- way embankments subjected to flooding American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, AASHTO Drainage Manual, Washington D.C., 2014. Arneson, L.A., L.W. Zevenbergen, P.F. Lagasses, and P.E. Clopper, Evaluating Scour at Bridges, Report FHWA- HIF-12-003, HEC-18, 5th ed., Federal Highway Admin- istration, Washington D.C., April 2012. Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), Drainage Design Manual, Denver, 2004 [Online]. Available: https://www.codot.gov/about. Connecticut Department of Transportation, Drainage Man- ual, Newington [Online]. Available: http://www.ct.gov/ dot/cwp/view.asp?a=3200&q=260116&dotPNavCtr=|. Corry, M.L., P.L. Thompson, F.J. Watts, J.S. Jones, and D.L. Richards, Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipators for Culverts and Channels, HEC-14, Hydraulics Branch, Bridge Division, Office of Engineering, FHWA, Wash- ington, D.C., 1983. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Hydraulic Engi- neering Circular Number 25, Highways in the Coastal Environment, Washington, D.C., June 2008. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Hydraulic Engi- neering Circular Number 23, Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures, Vols. 1 and 2, Washington, D.C., Sept. 2009. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Hydraulic Engi- neering Circular Number 26, Culvert Design for Aquatic Organism Passage, HEC-26, Washington, D.C., Oct. 2010, 234 pp. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Hydraulic Engi- neering Circular Number 20, Stream Stability at High- way Structures, HEC-20, Washington, D.C., April 2012. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), Office of Design, Tallahassee, 2015 [Online]. Available: http:// www.dot.state.f l.us/officeofdesign/PublicationsList. shtm. Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT), Drainage Manual, Atlanta, p. 8-6. Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT), Pavement Design Manual, Atlanta, pp. 2-2, 3-2, 4-9. Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT), Design Policy Manual, Atlanta, pp 4-22, 4-23. Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT), Geotechni- cal Manual (falls under application for all embankments), Springfield. Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), Bridge Load and Resistance Factor Design (LFRD) Manual, Boston, 2013 [Online]. Available: http://www. massdot.state.ma.us/highway/DoingBusinessWithUs/ ManualsPublicationsForms/. Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), Design of Bridges and Culverts for Wildlife Passage at Freshwater Streams, Boston, 2010. Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT), MnDOT Drainage Manual, St. Paul, Aug. 30, 2000 [Online]. Available: http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/ hydraulics/drainagemanual.html. New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT), NMDOT Drainage Manuals, Santa Fe, [Online]. Available: http://dot.state.nm.us/en/Engineering_Support.html#c. North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT), Design Manual, Section III-04.13, Bismarck [Online]. Available: http://www.dot.nd.gov/manuals/design/design- manual/chapter3/DM-3-04_tag.pdf. Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT), ODOT Hydraulics Manual, Oklahoma City [Online]. Available: http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/ GEOENVIRONMENTAL/pages/hyd_manual_info. aspx#Hydraulics_Manual. South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT), Drainage Manual, Pierre [Online]. Available: http:// www.sddot.com/business /design/forms/drainage/ default.aspx. Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT), TDOT Drainage Manual, Nashville [Online]. Available: http:// www.tdot.state.tn.us/Chief_Engineer/assistant_engi- neer_design/design/DrainManChap%201-11.htm. Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT), UDOT Drain- age Manual, Salt Lake City [Online]. Available at: http:// www.udot.utah.gov/main/f?p=100:pg:0:::1:T,V:826. Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT), Drainage Manual Design Guidelines, Charlottesville.

88 B- List of design criteria to be addressed in the design of highway embankments subjected to flooding. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO Drainage Manual. Washington D.C., 2014. Arneson, L.A., L.W. Zevenbergen, P.F. Lagasses, and P.E. Clopper, Evaluating Scour at Bridges, Report FHWA- HIF-12-003, HEC-18, 5th ed., Federal Highway Admin- istration, Washington D.C., April 2012. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Hydraulic Engi- neering Circular Number 23, Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures, Vols. 1 and 2, Sept. 2009. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Hydraulic Engi- neering Circular Number 20, Stream Stability at High- way Structures, HEC-20, Washington, D.C., April 2012. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Hydraulic Engi- neering Circular Number 25, Highways in the Coastal Environment, HEC-25, Washington, D.C., April 2012. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Hydraulic Engi- neering Circular Number 23, Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures: Experience, Selection, and Design Guidance, HEC-23, Washington, D.C., Sept. 2009. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Hydraulic Engi- neering Circular Number 25, Highways in the Coastal Environment, Washington, D.C. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), Office of Design, Tallahassee, 2015 [Online]. Available: http:// www.dot.state.fl.us/officeofdesign/PublicationsList.shtm. Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), Bridge Load and Resistance Factor Design (LFRD) Manual, Boston, 2013 [Online]. Available: http://www. massdot.state.ma.us/highway/DoingBusinessWithUs/ ManualsPublicationsForms/. Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), Design of Bridges and Culverts for Wildlife Passage at Freshwater Streams, Boston, 2010 [Online]. Available: http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/highway/DoingBusi- nessWithUs/ManualsPublicationsForms/. Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT), MnDOT Drainage Manual, Overtopping criteria (DM Table 3.1) and Risk Assessment (Appendix A), St. Paul, Aug. 30, 2000 [Online]. Available: http://www.dot.state. mn.us/bridge/hydraulics/drainagemanual.html. North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT), Design Manual, Section III-04.13, Bismarck [Online]. Available: http://www.dot.nd.gov/manuals/design/ designmanual/chapter3/DM-3-04_tag.pdf. South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT), Drainage Manual, Pierre [Online]. Available at: http:// www.sddot.com/business /design/forms/drainage/ default.aspx. Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT), TDOT Drainage Manual, Nashville [Online]. Available: http:// www.tdot.state.tn.us /Chief_Engineer/assistant_ engineer_design/design/DrainManChap%201-11.htm. Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT), Drainage Man- ual of Instruction, Salt Lake City [Online]. Available: http:// www.udot.utah.gov/main/f?p=100:pg:0:::1:T,V:826. Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT), UDOT Drain- age Manual, Chapter 17, “Bank Protection,” Salt Lake City [Online]. Available: http://www.udot.utah.gov/ main/uconowner.gf?n=200403161050503. C- Other design criteria considered helpful in the design of highway embankments subjected to flooding Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), Arizona Roadway Guidelines, Phoenix. Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), Manual on Uniform Traffic Control, Denver [Online]. Available: https://www.codot.gov/about. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), Office of Design, Tallahassee, 2015 [Online]. Available: http:// www.dot.state.f l.us/officeofdesign/PublicationsList. shtm. New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT), NMDOT Drainage Manuals, Santa Fe [Online]. Avail- able: http://dot.state.nm.us/en/Engineering_Support. html#c. South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT), Drainage Manual, Pierre [Online]. Available: http:// www.sddot.com/business /design/forms/drainage/ default.aspx. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USCOE). Engineering and Design Manual 1110-2-1614, “Design of Coastal Revet- ments, Seawalls, and Bulkheads.” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conser- vation Service (NRCS), National Engineering Hand- book, Part 654, Technical Supplement 14K, “Stream Bank Armor Protection with Stone Structures,” Wash- ington, D.C. D- Specifications used by agencies for embankment con- struction in flood-prone areas Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, Denver, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://www.codot.gov/about. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), Program Management, Standard Specification Library, Tallahas- see, 2015 [Online]. Available: http://www.dot.state.fl.us/

89 specificationsoffice/Implemented/SpecBooks/default. shtm. Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT), Specifica- tions 208 and 810, Atlanta. Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT), Standard Specifications, Springfield. South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT), Drainage Manual, Pierre [Online]. Available: http:// www.sddot.com/business /design/forms/drainage/ default.aspx. Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT), TDOT Drainage Manual, Nashville [Online]. Available: http:// www.tdot.state.tn.us/Chief_Engineer/assistant_engineer_ design/design/DrainManChap%201-11.htm. E- Sources of hydraulic and hydrologic information (e.g., dis- charge, precipitation, wave height) used by agencies in the design of highway embankments subjected to flooding Cornell University, Northeast Regional Climate Center (NRCC), Extreme Precipitation in New York and New England, Web Application, Ithaca [Online]. Available: http://precip.eas.cornell.edu/. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), Office of Design, Documents and Publications, Tallahassee, 2015 [Online]. Available: http://www.dot.state.fl.us/ officeofdesign/PublicationsList.shtm. Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT), MnDOT Drainage Manual, St. Paul, Aug. 30, 2000 [Online]. Available: http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/ hydraulics/drainagemanual.html. NRCS, Web Soil Survey Web Application [Online]. Avail- able: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/. Penn Department of Transportation, Design Manual, Part 2, Harrisburg [Online]. Available: http://www.dot.state. pa.us/public/PubsForms/Publications/PUB%20584.pdf. South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT), Drainage Manual, Pierre [Online]. Available: http:// www.sddot.com/business /design/forms/drainage/ default.aspx. Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT), TDOT Drainage Manual, Nashville [Online]. Available: http:// www.tdot.state.tn.us/Chief_Engineer/assistant_engineer_ design/design/DrainManChap%201-11.htm. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Incorporating Sea Level Change in Civil Works Programs, CECW-CE No. 1100-2-8162, Dec. 2013. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Center for Opera- tional Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS), Washington, D.C. [Online]. Available: http://tidesand- currents.noaa.gov/products.html. USGS Flood Database for Oklahoma. A Web-Mapping Application for Historical Flood Information Organiza- tion and Access [Online]. Available: http://ok.water.usgs. gov/projects/dbflood/. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) StreamStats in Massachu- setts Web Application [Online]. Available: http://water. usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/massachusetts.html. Utah Department of Transportation, UDOT Drainage Man- ual, Chapter 7, “Bank Hydrology,” Salt Lake City [Online]. Available: http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/ uconowner.gf?n=200403161016513. F- Sources of geologic and geotechnical information used by agencies in the design of highway embankments sub- jected to flooding Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), State Materials Office, Material Manual, Tallahassee, 2015 [Online]. Available: http://www.dot.state.fl.us/statematerialsoffice/ administ rat ion /resources / l ibrar y/publ icat ions / materialsmanual/index.shtm. Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), Bridge Load and Resistance Factor Design (LFRD) Manual, Boston, 2013 [Online]. Available: http://www. massdot.state.ma.us/highway/DoingBusinessWithUs/ ManualsPublicationsForms/. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Web Soil Survey (WSS) [Online]. Available: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs. usda.gov/app/. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), USGS, Geotechni- cal Manual, Washington, D.C. G- Documents used by agencies to assess embankment con- ditions for flood resistance Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Hydraulic Engi- neering Circular Number 25, Highways in the Coastal Environment, Washington, D.C., June 2008. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Hydraulic Engi- neering Circular Number 23, Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures, Vols. 1 and 2, Washington, D.C., Sept. 2009. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Hydraulic Engi- neering Circular Number 26, Culvert Design for Aquatic Organism Passage, HEC-26, Washington, D.C., Oct. 2010, 234 pp. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Hydraulic Engi- neering Circular Number 20, Stream Stability at High- way Structures, HEC-20, Washington, D.C., April 2012.

90 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Highway Embankments Versus Levees and Other Flood Control Structures. Memo, Sept. 10, 2008, Washington, D.C. Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), Bridge Load and Resistance Factor Design (LFRD) Manual, Boston, 2013 [Online]. Available:http://www. massdot.state.ma.us/highway/DoingBusinessWithUs/ ManualsPublicationsForms/. South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT), Drainage Manual, Pierre [Online]. Available at: http:// www.sddot.com/business /design/forms/drainage/ default.aspx. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Web Soil Survey (WSS), Washington, D.C. [Online]. Available: http:// websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/. H- Documents used by agencies to obtain funding for rede- sign, maintenance, and repair of an embankment dam- aged by flooding Government Publishing Office (GPO), Code of Federal Reg- ulations, Washington, D.C. [Online]. Available: http:// w w w. g p o . g o v / f d s y s / b r o w s e / c o l l e c t i o n C f r . action?collectionCode=CFR. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Emergency Relief Manual (Federal-Aid Highways), Washington D.C., updated May 31, 2013 [Online]. Available: http:// www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/erm/er.pdf. Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), Massachusetts Highway Department Project Develop- ment and Design Guidebook, Boston, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/highway/ DoingBusinessWithUs/ManualsPublicationsForms/. I- Guidance documents on legal and regulatory factors that play a role in the design, maintenance, and repair of highway embankments subjected to flooding Government Publishing Office, Code of Federal Regulations, Washington, D.C. [Online]. Available: http://www.gpo.gov/ fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?collectionCode=CFR. Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), Bridge Load and Resistance Factor Design (LFRD) Manual, Boston, 2013 [Online]. Available: http://www. massdot.state.ma.us/highway/DoingBusinessWithUs/ ManualsPublicationsForms/. Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT), Massachusetts Highway Department Project Develop- ment and Design Guidebook, Boston, 2006 [Online]. Available: http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/highway/ DoingBusinessWithUs/ManualsPublicationsForms/. J- Additional references Cox, A.L., C.I. Thornton, and S.R. Abt, “Articulate Concrete Block Stability Assessment for Embankment-Overtop- ping Conditions,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 140, No. 5, 2014, pp. 06014007-1–7. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), Office of Design, Design Standard eBooklet, 104 Permanent Ero- sion Control and 105 Shoulder Sodding and Turf on Existing Facilities, Tallahassee, 2014 [Online]. Avail- able: http://www.dot.state.fl.us/rddesign/DS/14/STDs. shtm. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), Roadway Design, Florida Green Book (for use on all public roads that are not part of the State Highway System), Tallahas- see, 2011 [Online]. Available: http://www.dot.state.fl.us/ rddesign/FloridaGreenbook/FGB.shtm. Haselbach, L.M. and A.S. Navickis-Brasch, Low Impact Development (LID) and Transportation Stormwater Prac- tices, TNW 210-08, Transportation Northwest, Seattle, 2010. Hermann, G.R. and T.G. Cleveland, “Moving Substrate in an Ephemeral Stream: Case Example in Bridge Survival,” In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2201, Transporta- tion Research Board of the National Academies, Wash- ington, D.C., 2010, pp. 3–9. Hoffmans, G.J.C.M., A. van Hoven, B. Hardeman, and H.J. Verheij, “Erosion of Grass Covers at Transitions and Objects on Dikes,” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Scour and Erosion, Perth, Australia, Dec. 2–4, 2014, pp. 643–649. Idaho Department of Transportation, IDOT Drainage Man- ual and IDOT Geotechnical Manual, Boise [Online]. Available: http://www.idot.illinois.gov/home/resources/ Manuals/Manuals-and-Guides. Illinois StreamStats, Springfield [Online]. Available: http:// water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/illinois.html. Integrated Streambank Protection Guidelines, Washington State Aquatic Habitat Guidelines Program, Olympia, 2012. Moraci, N., D. Ielo, and M.C. Mandaglio, “A New Theoreti- cal Method to Evaluate the Upper Limit of the Retention Ratio for the Design of Geotextile Filters in Contact with Broadly Granular Soils,” Geotextiles and Geomem- branes, Vol. 35, 2012, pp. 50–60. Moraci, N., M.C. Mandaglio, and D. Ielo, “A New Theoreti- cal Method to Evaluate the Internal Stability of Granular Soils,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 49, No. 1, 2012, pp. 45–58.

91 Moraci, N., M.C. Mandaglio, and D. Ielo, “Analysis of the Internal Stability of Granular Soils Using Different Methods,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 51, No. 9, 2014, pp. 1063–1072. Moraci, N., M.C. Mandaglio, and D. Ielo, “Reply to the Dis- cussion by Dallo and Wang on ‘A New Theoretical Method to Evaluate the Internal Stability of Granular Soils,’” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 49, No. 7, 2012, pp. 869–874. Moraci, N., M.C. Mandaglio, and D. Ielo, “Reply to the Dis- cussion by Ni et al. on ‘Analysis of the Internal Stability of Granular Soils Using Different Methods,’” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 52, No. 3, 2015, pp. 385–391. Navickis-Brasch, A.S., “Eastern Washington Steep Slope Research for Management of Highway Stormwater,” Master’s thesis, Washington State University, Seattle, May 2011. Sreendam, G.J., A. van Hoven, J. van der Meer, and G. Hoff- mans, “Wave Overtopping Simulator Tests on Transi- tions and Obstacles at Grass Covered Slopes of Dikes,” Coastal Engineering Proceedings, Vol. 1, No. 34, 2014. Transportation Northwest (TransNOW), Stormwater Prac- tices, TNW 2009, University of Washington, Seattle, Dec. 2010, 46 pp. WSDOT, Instructional Letter IL 4076.00, “Use of Large Woody Material in Water Bodies,” Feb. 23, 2012 [Online]. Available: http://wdfw.wa.gov/publications/00046/.