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Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding (2016)

Chapter: APPENDIX A Survey Questionnaire

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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX A Survey Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23604.
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX A Survey Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23604.
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX A Survey Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23604.
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX A Survey Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23604.
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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX A Survey Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23604.
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92 APPENDIX A Survey Questionnaire Dear Survey Respondents: The Transportation Research Board (TRB) is preparing a synthesis on minimizing roadway embankment damage from flooding. This is being done for NCHRP, under the sponsorship of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration. An 80% response rate is required. This questionnaire is part of NCHRP Synthesis Topic 46-16 to gather information on minimizing roadway embankment damage from flooding. We are interested in the experience and opinions of your agencies regardless of their direct or indirect involve- ment in embankment projects. In order to maximize the benefit from the questionnaire, please answer the questions and provide relevant references. We accept all forms of references including hyperlinks, photos, videos, soft copies, and hard copies. In addition to the spaces provided herein for hyperlinks, other supporting materials (soft copies or hard copies) can be sent directly to Professor Jean-Louis Briaud by e-mail or at the postal address shown below: Jean-Louis BRIAUD, PhD Professor and Holder of the Buchanan Chair Zachry Dept. of Civil Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA Tel: 979-845-3795 Cell: 979-777-1692 E-mail: briaud@tamu.edu This questionnaire is being sent to Professor Jean-Louis Briaud. Your cooperation in completing the questionnaire will ensure the success of this effort. If you are not the appropriate person at your agency to complete this questionnaire, please forward it to the correct person. Please compete and submit this survey and the relevant references by the 15th of February, 2015. The questionnaire has 22 questions and we estimate that it should take approximately 30 minutes to complete. If you have any questions, please contact Professor Jean-Louis Briaud. QUESTIONNAIRE INSTRUCTIONS 1. To view and print the entire questionnaire prior to starting the survey: //surveygizmolibrary.s3.amazonaws.com/ library/64484/NCHRP_Synthesis_4616.pdf 2. To view and print the entire questionnaire: Click on the following link and print using “Ctrl” + “P” 3. To save your partial answers and complete the questionnaire later: Click on the “Save and Continue Later” link in the upper-right-hand corner of your screen. A link to the incomplete questionnaire will be e-mailed to you from Sur- veyGizmo. To return to the questionnaire later, open the e-mail from SurveyGizmo and click on the link. We suggest using the “Save and Continue Later” feature if there will be more than 15 minutes of inactivity while the survey is open, as some firewalls may terminate due to inactivity. 4. To pass a partially completed questionnaire to a colleague: Click on the on the “Save and Continue Later” link in the upper-right-hand corner of your screen. A link to the incomplete questionnaire will be emailed to you from Sur- veyGizmo. Open the e-mail from SurveyGizmo and forward it to a colleague. 5. To view and print your answers before submitting the survey: Click forward to the page following question 22. Print using “Ctrl” + “P”

93 6. To submit the survey: Click on “Submit” on the last page. QUESTIONNAIRE DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this survey, the following definition is used: • Flooding: Flooding occurs when the water flows over the top of the embankment and generates potential erosion. Thank you very much for your time and expertise. Please enter the date (MM/DD/YYYY). Please enter your contact information. First Name*: Last Name*: Title: _______________________________________ Agency/Organization*: _____________________________________________ Street Address*: ___________________________________________________ Suite: City: State*: _________________________________________________ Zip Code*: Country: ________________________________________________ E-mail Address*: __________________________________________________ Phone Number*: ___________________________________________________ Fax Number: ______________________________________________________ Mobile Phone: _____________________________________________________ URL: ____________________________________________________________ SECTION I: CASE EXAMPLES 1) Please provide up to three successful case examples (and photos/videos if available) of a highway embankment sub- jected to flooding and why you think it was successful. Successful means no damage or limited damage. Please provide relevant contact information that will assist in a follow-up interview and a brief description of the project under the “Comments” section. Case example -1- Project Name: _______________________________________ Comments: Environment: ( ) Riverine ( ) Coastal Pavement Details: ( ) Paved Roadways ( ) Unpaved Roadways Available Information: [ ] Hydrological [ ] Geotechnical [ ] Geological

94 [ ] Plans & Sections [ ] Relevant Literature [ ] Other(s): _______________________________________________________ Case example -2- Project Name: Comments: Environment: ( ) Riverine ( ) Coastal Pavement Details: ( ) Paved Roadways ( ) Unpaved Roadways Available Information: [ ] Hydrological [ ] Geotechnical [ ] Geological [ ] Plans & Sections [ ] Relevant Literature [ ] Other(s): _______________________________________________________ Case example -3- Project Name: Comments: Environment: ( ) Riverine ( ) Coastal Pavement Details: ( ) Paved Roadways ( ) Unpaved Roadways Available Information: [ ] Hydrological [ ] Geotechnical [ ] Geological [ ] Plans & Sections [ ] Relevant Literature [ ] Other(s): ______________________________________________________

95 2) Please provide up to three failure case examples (and photos/videos if available) of a highway embankment subjected to flooding and why you think it failed. Failure means significant damage or complete destruction. Please provide relevant contact information that will assist in a follow-up interview and a brief description of the project under the “Comments” section. Case example -1- Project Name: Comments: Environment: ( ) Riverine ( ) Coastal Pavement Details: ( ) Paved Roadways ( ) Unpaved Roadways Extent of Damage: [ ] Full Breach [ ] Partial Erosion [ ] Pavement Damage [ ] Other(s): ______________________________________________________ Cause of Damage: [ ] Overtopping [ ] Internal Erosion [ ] Wave Erosion [ ] Softening due to Saturation [ ] Failure due to Sliding on Foundations [ ] Underseepage [ ] Other(s): ______________________________________________________ Case example -2- Project Name: Comments: Environment: ( ) Riverine ( ) Coastal Pavement Details: ( ) Paved Roadways ( ) Unpaved Roadways Extent of Damage: [ ] Full Breach [ ] Partial Erosion

96 [ ] Pavement Damage [ ] Other(s): ______________________________________________________ Cause of Damage [ ] Overtopping [ ] Internal Erosion [ ] Wave Erosion [ ] Softening due to Saturation [ ] Failure due to Sliding on Foundations [ ] Underseepage [ ] Other(s): ______________________________________________________ Case example -3- Project Name: Comments: Environment; ( ) Riverine ( ) Coastal Pavement Details: ( ) Paved Roadways ( ) Unpaved Roadways Extent of Damage: [ ] Full Breach [ ] Partial Damage [ ] Pavement Damage [ ] Other(s) _______________________________________________________ Cause of Damage: [ ] Overtopping [ ] Internal Erosion [ ] Wave Erosion [ ] Softening due to Saturation [ ] Failure due to Sliding on Foundations [ ] Underseepage [ ] Other(s) _______________________________________________________

97 SECTION II: REQUEST FOR DOCUMENTS 3) Do you have hyperlinks, hard copies, and/or soft copies of the following documents? Please check the documents provided and fill in the reference(s). You can provide us with the references through hyperlinks pasted under the “Comments” section, through the “Upload” provided at the end of this question, and through e-mail/mail to Professor Jean-Louis Briaud provided at the beginning of the survey. Design documents that your agency currently uses for highway embankments subjected to flooding. ( ) Yes [Please provide reference(s)]: _________________________________________________________________ ( ) No List of design criteria to be addressed in the design of highway embankments subjected to flooding. ( ) Yes [Please provide reference(s)]: _________________________________________________________________ ( ) No Other design documents that you consider helpful in the design of highway embankments subjected to flooding. ( ) Yes [Please provide reference(s)]: _________________________________________________________________ ( ) No Specifications used by your agency for embankment construction in flood-prone areas. ( ) Yes [Please provide reference(s)]: _________________________________________________________________ ( ) No Sources of hydraulic and hydrologic information (e.g., discharge, precipitation, wave height) used by your agency in the design of highway embankments subjected to flooding. ( ) Yes [Please provide reference(s)]: _________________________________________________________________ ( ) No Sources of geologic and geotechnical information used by your agency in the design of highway embankments sub- jected to flooding. ( ) Yes [Please provide reference(s)]: _________________________________________________________________ ( ) No Documents used by your agency to assess embankment conditions for flood resistance. ( ) Yes [Please provide reference(s)]: _________________________________________________________________ ( ) No

98 Documents used by your agency to obtain funding for redesign, maintenance, and repair of an embankment damaged by flooding. ( ) Yes [Please provide reference(s)]: _________________________________________________________________ ( ) No Guidance documents on legal and regulatory factors that play a role in the design, maintenance, and repair of high- way embankments subjected to flooding. ( ) Yes [Please provide reference(s)]: _________________________________________________________________ ( ) No Please upload the documents you have: _______________________________________________________________1 SECTION III: MODES OF FAILURE 4) Please identify the failure modes of highway embankments due to flooding that your agency has experienced. Please rank them from the least common (1) to the most common (5). Also, please add your comments (if any) at the bottom of this question. Experienced Rank Yes No 1 (least common) 2 3 4 5 (most common) Overtopping Flow ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Wave Erosion ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Internal Erosion ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Softening by Saturation ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Underseepage ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Failure due to Sliding on Foundations ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Other(s), specify under the “Comments” section ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Comments: _______________________________________________________ PART IV: GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 5) What are the geologic and geomorphologic factors that should be addressed in the design of highway embankments subjected to flooding and why? From the following list, please check all that apply and rank from the most important factor (1) to the least important factor in minimizing embankment damage from flooding. Space is provided for your comments (if any). Rank 1 (Least Important) 2 3 4 5 (Most Important) Topography ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Meandering Potential ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Floodplain ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Channel Dimensions ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Basin Roughness ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Erosion and Deposition ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Other(s), specify under the “Comments” section ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

99 Comments: _______________________________________________________ PART V: HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS 6) Please indicate the recurrence interval of the design flood/hurricane adopted for highway embankments. Please pro- vide relevant references (and any comments) under the “Comments” section. Type of Storm Flood Hurricane 2 years ( ) ( ) 10 years ( ) ( ) 25 years ( ) ( ) 50 years ( ) ( ) 100 years ( ) ( ) 500 years ( ) ( ) Other(s), specify under the “Comments” section ( ) ( ) Comments: _______________________________________________________ 7) How do you predict the flood recurrence interval (RI) that would lead to overtopping for an existing embankment? Please specify the methods and provide references. Use Specify Method and Reference or Link Yes No Hand calculations and equations ( ) ( ) – Software (specify the software you use) ( ) ( ) – Other(s), specify ( ) ( ) 8) How do you estimate the peak discharge and the associated water depth corresponding to a flood recurrence interval for gaged and non-gaged sites? Please provide links to the relevant sources and comments. Use Instrumentation in Sites Comments and Links to Source Yes No Gaged Non-Gaged Direct available data ( ) ( ) [ ] [ ] – Regression equation ( ) ( ) [ ] [ ] – Software (please specify the software and the models you use) ( ) ( ) [ ] [ ] – Other(s), specify ( ) ( ) [ ] [ ] –

100 9) When overtopping takes place, how long does it typically last? Riverine Flow Riverine Project Name and Contact Information Coastal Flow Coastal Project Name and Contact Information Riverine Coastal Flow 0.5 hour [ ] – [ ] – 1 hour [ ] – [ ] – 2 hours [ ] – [ ] – 5 hours [ ] – [ ] – 10 hours [ ] – [ ] – 24 hours [ ] – [ ] – 48 hours [ ] – [ ] – Other(s), specify [ ] – [ ] – PART VI: GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 10) What is the soil type typically used to build highway embankments? Use Comments Yes No Homogeneous Embankment: Coarse Grained Soils (sand and gravel) ( ) ( ) – Homogeneous Embankment: Fine Grained Soils (silt and clay) ( ) ( ) – Zoned Embankment ( ) ( ) – Other materials (specify) – 11) Please indicate the in-situ tests and/or laboratory tests carried out to obtain the design parameters used in the design of highway embankments subjected to flooding (e.g., erosion tests, strength tests, classification tests). Test Name 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 –

101 PART VII: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS 12) Please specify the chosen design life of embankments. Use Comments Yes No 5 years ( ) ( ) – 10 years ( ) ( ) – 25 years ( ) ( ) – 50 years ( ) ( ) – 75 years ( ) ( ) – 100 years ( ) ( ) – Other(s), specify ( ) ( ) – None ( ) ( ) – 13) Are there any special pavement or subbase requirements/techniques that are used to decrease the chance of pavement loss due to flooding? Please specify: ( ) Yes ( ) No If Yes, please specify the method: 1: _______________________________________________________________ 2: _______________________________________________________________ 3: _______________________________________________________________ 4: _______________________________________________________________ 5: _______________________________________________________________ Please provide references: 1: _______________________________________________________________ 2: _______________________________________________________________ 3: _______________________________________________________________ 4: _______________________________________________________________ 5: _______________________________________________________________

102 PART VIII: PROTECTION, MAINTENANCE, AND CONTROL TECHNIQUES 14) What current design, maintenance, and repair techniques do you use to minimize roadway embankment damage during flooding? Please check all that apply and specify an approximate cost for each selected method. Use Cost ($/square feet of cover) Time required for Installation (days/100 feet of embankment length) Yes No High Intermediate Low Long Intermediate Short Precast concrete blocks (cable- tied articulated block systems, interlocking, overlapping) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Armoring (roller- compacted concrete, reinforced concrete) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Vegetation and turf reinforcement ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Riprap ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Gabions ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Geotextile ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Other(s), please specify under the “Comments” section ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Comments: _______________________________________________________ 15) What type of vegetation, vegetation cover density, and height of the vegetation is used to protect highway embank- ments from damage during flooding? Please provide a link to the relevant criteria used by your agency and any com- ments under the “Comments” section. Use Density Height Yes No Sparse/ Scattered (10%–50%) Continuous Light (50%– 80%) Continuous Dense (90%–100%) Tall (>2ft) Medium (6–12 in.) Short/ Cut (<6 in.) Weeds ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Brush ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Willows ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Trees/Tree Stumps ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Pasture Grass ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Bermuda Grass ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Weeping Lovegrass ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Other(s), specify under the “Comments” section ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Comments: _______________________________________________________ 16) Sedimentation in rivers raises the river bottom and increases the chance of flooding. What sediment control tech- niques do you use upstream of highway embankments to capture sediments and minimize the potential for flooding? Please provide relevant references and any comments under the “Comments” section. Use Yes No Bales ( ) ( ) Silt Fencing ( ) ( ) Retaining Walls ( ) ( ) Filter Strips ( ) ( ) Other(s), specify under the “Comments” section ( ) ( ) Comments: _______________________________________________________

103 PART IX: PROBABILITY AND RISK 17) What probability of failure does your agency consider acceptable for a highway embankment and for a pavement? Please specify in the “Comments” section how this probability is selected. Probability of Failure Comments 1/100,000 1/10,000 1/1,000 1/100 1/10 Differs with project, elaborate: Other(s), specify Embankment ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) – Pavement ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) – 18) Does your agency tie the selection of the probability of failure to the value of consequences? ( ) Yes ( ) No Comments: _______________________________________________________ PART X: DECISION-MAKING PROCESS AND FUNDING 19) Who is responsible for repairing highway embankment damage due to flooding in your state? Please specify the agency. [ ] 1: _____________________________________________________________ [ ] 2: ____________________________________________________________ [ ] 3: _____________________________________________________________ [ ] 4: ____________________________________________________________ [ ] 5: _____________________________________________________________ Comments: _______________________________________________________ 20) Please specify the source of funding available in cases of emergency repair due to damage by flooding events. Please elaborate on your preferred source and/or the advantages/limitations of the selected source under the “Comments” section. Also provide hyperlinks to funding processes. [ ] ER Funding (Emergency Relief Funding) [ ] FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) [ ] Other(s), specify: ________________________________________________ Comments: _______________________________________________________ 21) Sometimes, there may be a request by a related agency to design the embankment as a levee and this impacts the design or repair process. What are the factors that influence the design and/ or repair decision process to minimize highway embankment damage during flooding? [ ] Funding agency (e.g., FEMA, ER funding); specify the name of the agency: _________________________________________________________________ [ ] Requests of other agencies; specify the name of the agency: _________________________________________________________________ [ ] Time considerations: _________________________________________________________________ [ ] Feasibility considerations: _________________________________________________________________

104 [ ] Prioritizing between two or more embankment projects: _________________________________________________________________ [ ] Environmental considerations; specify the name of the agency: _________________________________________________________________ [ ] Request that embankment be designed as a levee: _________________________________________________________________ [ ] Other(s), specify: _________________________________________________________________ Comments: _______________________________________________________ PART XI: CURRENT AND FUTURE RESEARCH AREAS 22) What research do you know of that has been conducted to help minimize highway embankment damage due to flooding? Organization Contact Person Contact Information/ Hyperlink – – 1 – – 2 – – – 3 – – – 4 – – – 5 – – – 6 – – – 23) Which areas of embankment damage due to flooding require further research? Please prioritize (from most impor- tant -1- to least important -6-). 1: _______________________________________________________________ 2: _______________________________________________________________ 3: _______________________________________________________________ 4: _______________________________________________________________ 5: _______________________________________________________________ 6: _______________________________________________________________ Thank You Page Thank You! Thank you for taking our survey. Your response is very important to us. If you have any questions or comments, please feel free to contact Professor Jean-Louis Briaud (contact information provided below). Jean-Louis BRIAUD, PhD Professor and Holder of the Buchanan Chair Zachry Dept. of Civil Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA Tel: 979-845-3795 Cell: 979-777-1692 E-mail: briaud@tamu.edu

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 500 F ifth S treet, N .W . W ashing to n, D .C . 20001 A D D R ESS SER VICE R EQ UESTED

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 496: Minimizing Roadway Embankment Damage from Flooding documents the state-of-the-practice on how the transportation community is protecting roadways and mitigating damage from inundation and overtopping. This report highlights major issues and design components specific to roadway embankment damage from flooding. It documents the mechanics of damage to the embankment and pavement, and the analysis tools available. The probable failure mechanisms are identified and various design approaches and repair countermeasures are highlighted.

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