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A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP RESEARCH REPORT 162 2016 Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviationâ â¢â Environment Guidebook for Assessing Airport Lead Impacts Jim Lyons Jeremy Heiken Poornima Dixit Sierra reSearch Sacramento, CA Jay Turner Neil Feinberg WaShington UniverSity in St. LoUiS St. Louis, MO Mary Vigilante Synergy conSULtantS, inc. Seattle, WA Deborah Dutcher Wilson DW environmentaL conSULting Tampa, FL
AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and interna- tional commerce. They are where the nationâs aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal responsibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agen- cies and not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. ACRP is modeled after the successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). ACRP undertakes research and other technical activi- ties in various airport subject areas, including design, construction, legal, maintenance, operations, safety, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100â Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Associa- tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academy of Sciences formally initiating the program. ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research organi- zations. Each of these participants has different interests and responsibili- ties, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel appointed by TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport professionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing coop- erative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended users of the research: airport operating agencies, service pro- viders, and academic institutions. ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties; industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, webinars, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport industry practitioners. ACRP RESEARCH REPORT 162 Project 02-57 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN 978-0-309-37570-2 Library of Congress Control Number 2016952288 © 2016 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The research report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturersâ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published research reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to http://www.national-academies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America
The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Boardâs varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.
C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR ACRP RESEARCH REPORT 162 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Marci A. Greenberger, Senior Program Officer Jeffrey L. Oser, Program Coordinator Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Maria Sabin Crawford, Editor ACRP PROJECT 02-57 PANEL Field of Environment Michael J. Clow, A.A.E., MJC Aviation Services, Kensington, MD (Chair) John L. Collins, AOPA Air Safety Institute, Frederick, MD Susan Fizzell, Oakland International Airport, Oakland, CA Samuel J. Hartsfield, Portland, OR Leonard A. Krugler, Los Angeles World Airports, Van Nuys Airport, Van Nuys, CA Danuta Leszczynska, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS Warren Gillette, FAA Liaison Meredith Pedde, U.S. EPAâNVFEL Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison
ACRP Research Report 162: Guidebook for Assessing Airport Lead Impacts discusses two strategies that airport operators can potentially implement to minimize the impacts of lead emissions from piston-engine aircraft. These strategies are (1) making available unleaded ethanol-free motor gasoline (MOGAS) for use by aircraft that are compatible with that fuel, and (2) relocating run-up areas. The guidebook begins by educating the user on the history of lead in AVGAS (aviation gasoline), known health impacts, and EPA regulations. The strategies examine how the impact from lead emissions may be minimized, with a chapter on other factors that should be considered. A Frequently Asked Questions document about aviation and lead is included in Appendix A and is also available on the TRB website. The Contractorâs Final Report, which details the research, is also available on the TRB web- site at www.trb.org/acrp. Leaded fuel has been banned in almost all transportation applications except for aviation gasoline (AVGAS). For over two decades, there have been efforts to find a replacement for leaded AVGAS and progress continues. It is expected that any replacement fuel will require infrastructure (fueling) and face other airport challenges before it can be fully implemented. Until such time that there is a replacement for leaded AVGAS, airports may be able to implement practices to reduce baseline lead emissions and/or exposure in order to mitigate lead impacts. Sierra Research, as part of ACRP Project 02-57, built on their previous research that resulted in ACRP Report 133: Best Practices Guidebook for Preparing Lead Emission Inven- tories from Piston-Powered Aircraft with the Emission Inventory Analysis Tool. Their research effort conducted air quality modeling at three airports and was used to identify the potential effectiveness of the two strategies. This information can be used to help airport operators and managers understand lead impacts at their facilities and in determining if one or both of the two strategies outlined in this guidebook can be safely implemented at their airport. F O R E W O R D By Marci A. Greenberger Staff Officer Transportation Research Board
Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions. 1 Chapter 1â Background 1 1.1 Health Impacts from Lead Exposure 1 1.2 Addition of Lead to Gasoline 2 Chapter 2â RegulationâofâAirborneâLeadâinâtheâUnitedâStates 2 2.1 U.S. Standards for Airborne Lead Concentrations 2 2.2 Elimination of Lead from Gasoline Used in Cars and Trucks 4 Chapter 3â UseâofâLeadâinâAviationâGasoline 6 Chapter 4â CurrentâSourcesâofâAirborneâLeadâinâtheâUnitedâStatesâ 8 Chapter 5â AssessingâLeadâImpactsâinâtheâVicinityâofâAirports 14 Chapter 6â âOtherâFactorsâtoâConsiderâWhenâEvaluatingâ â â PotentialâStrategiesâtoâReduceâLeadâImpactsâ â â atâGeneralâAviationâAirports 14 6.1 Unleaded MOGAS 16 6.2 Relocation of Run-Up Areas 18 Chapter 7â DataâCollectionâatâAirports 18 7.1 Aircraft Fleet Inventory 19 7.2 Activity Data 19 7.3 AVGAS Lead Concentrations 20 Chapter 8â PublicâOutreachâRegardingâLead 21 References 22 Appendix Aâ SuggestedâPublicâOutreachâDocument C O N T E N T S