Pavement Maintenance Guidelines for General Aviation Airport Management (2016)

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A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP REPORT 159 2016 Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation • Pavements Pavement Maintenance Guidelines for General Aviation Airport Management Thomas J. Freeman Jeffrey D. Borowiec Bryan Wilson Poura Arabali Maryam Sakhaeifar Texas a&M TransporTaTion insTiTuTe College Station, TX

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans- portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and interna- tional commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal responsibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agen- cies and not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. ACRP is modeled after the successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). ACRP undertakes research and other technical activi- ties in various airport subject areas, including design, construction, legal, maintenance, operations, safety, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100— Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Associa- tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academy of Sciences formally initiating the program. ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research organi- zations. Each of these participants has different interests and responsibili- ties, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel appointed by TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport professionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing coop- erative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended users of the research: airport operating agencies, service pro- viders, and academic institutions. ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties; industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, webinars, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 159 Project 09-11 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN 978-0-309-37568-9 Library of Congress Control Number 2016951278 © 2016 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to http://www.national-academies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under ACRP Project 09-11 by the Texas A&M Transporta- tion Institute at Texas A&M University. Thomas J. Freeman, program manager of the Pavement Management Program, was the project director and principal investigator. The other authors of this report are Dr. Jeffrey D. Borowiec, Dr. Bryan Wilson, and Dr. Maryam Sakhaeifar, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University. In addition, the work of Dr. Wayne J. Seiler, P.E., All About Pavements, Inc., was instrumental in developing the questionnaire and decision trees. Mark Coppock and Chris Bratlien were the principal programmers on the Airport Pavement Maintenance Recommendation Tool. CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 159 Christopher Hedges, Interim Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Marci A. Greenberger, Senior Program Officer Joseph J. Snell, Administrative Coordinator Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Doug English, Editor ACRP PROJECT 09-11 PANEL Field of Maintenance Joanna K. Ambroz, Port of Portland, Portland, OR (Chair) Jo A. Lary, Pavement Consultants Inc., Seattle, WA Thomas F. Mahoney, Massachusetts DOT, East Boston, MA Joshua Mann, Kenton County Airport Board, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport Angel E. Ramos, Lambert–St. Louis International Airport, St. Louis, MO Laith Tashman, Wellesley, MA Gregory D. Cline, FAA Liaison Stephen F. Maher, TRB Liaison

ACRP Report 159: Pavement Maintenance Guidelines for General Aviation Airport Management provides guidance to general aviation airport managers in determining the most cost-efficient and appropriate preventative maintenance solution to common pavement issues. In addition to the guidebook, two additional products were developed. The Airport Pavement Maintenance Recommendation Tool (available at http://acrp- pavement-tool.tti.tamu.edu) is an interactive tool that will assist the user in identifying pavement issues and will make appropriate recommendations. The Field Guide for the Air- port Pavement Maintenance Recommendation Tool is intended to assist in identifying the specific pavement issues while in the field. Pavements are one of the largest capital investments at an airport, and like every other asset, need to be maintained. General aviation airports, with limited operating funds, struggle with the expense of pavement preventative maintenance, especially compared to competing operat- ing and preventative maintenance expenses. There is also the challenge for these airports of not having in-house staff with expertise in pavement issues who can properly identify the issues and select the pavement maintenance option that will best optimize the life of the pavement. While literature and material exist on pavement maintenance options, the material is typically written for an airport engineer with a technical background in pavement design. The Texas A&M Transportation Institute, as part of ACRP Project 09-11, conducted research on the different types of pavement distresses that occur at airports and the types of preventative pavement practices typically used. The guidance includes the effect the climate has on pavement maintenance options and illustrates the range of costs that are expected for each type of preventative maintenance option. The Airport Pavement Maintenance Recommendation Tool will assist the user in identi- fying the exact type of pavement distress by showing photographs of similar distresses. The tool shows actual examples of the types of distresses so that they can be compared to the user’s own to make correct identifications. More than one type of distress can be entered for the pavement so the user can choose the most applicable maintenance option. The Field Guide for the Airport Pavement Maintenance Recommendation Tool is a compan- ion to the interactive tool that the user can take to the pavement to assist with the identification of distresses. Airport managers and staff of all size airports, but in particular, smaller general aviation airports, will find these resources to be useful in optimizing the life of their pavement. F O R E W O R D By Marci A. Greenberger Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

ix Quick Guide 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Airfield Pavement Management 1 What’s in This Guidebook 1 Where to Start: Determine Your Airport’s Classification and Climate Zone 1 General Aviation Airport Classifications 3 Climatic Zone 3 The Life of a Typical Pavement 3 Pavement Management Principles 5 Use Preventative Maintenance 5 Use a Formal Pavement Management Program 5 Conduct Routine Pavement Inspections 6 Airport Pavement Program Benefits 6 Airport Pavement Management Program Components 6 Pavement Inventory 6 Pavement Inspection Schedule 6 Record Keeping 7 Information Retrieval 8 Chapter 2 Airfield Pavement Distress 8 Determine the Distress Type 8 Pavement Distress Guidelines and Resources 8 Pavement Distress Indicators 9 Pavement Condition Severity 9 What Is the Pavement Condition Index? 10 Measuring Distress Severity 10 Pavement Maintenance Treatments 11 Treatment Decision Trees/Matrices 12 Chapter 3 Airport Pavement Maintenance Recommendation Tool Users’ Guide 13 Getting Started 13 Input Airport Parameters 16 Input Distress Type and Severity 19 Select a Treatment Type 21 Input Additional Distresses 22 Get a Cost/Benefit Estimate 24 View Your Results 25 Chapter 4 How to Use the Field Guide C O N T E N T S

26 Chapter 5 Understanding the Benefit/Cost Analysis Used in the Online Tool Results 26 Applications to GA Airport Managers 26 Pavement Life Span 26 Calculation of Relative Benefit 28 Calculation of Treatment Life 28 Development of Cost Data 31 Appendix A Asphalt Distress Types and Descriptions 53 Appendix B Concrete Distress Types and Descriptions 70 References

Q u i C k G u i D E Airport Pavement Maintenance Recommendation Tool (see Chapter 3) The Airport Pavement Maintenance Recommendation Tool is available online at http://acrp-pavement -tool.tti.tamu.edu. Classification (see Where to Start: Determine Your Airport’s Classification and Climate Zone section in Chapter 1) Airport Category Activity Level Activity Type Based Aircraft National Very high Many jets and multiengine propeller aircraft 200/30 jets Regional High Some jets and multiengine propeller aircraft 90/3 jets Local Moderate Some multiengine propeller aircraft 33/no jets Basic Moderate to low Single-engine aircraft 10/no jets Climate Zone (see Climate Zone section in Chapter 1) Wet Wet Dry Dry Freeze No Freeze Freeze No Freeze ix

Pavement Management Best Practices (see Pavement Management Principles section in Chapter 1) • Use preventative maintenance. • Use a formal airport pavement management system. • Conduct routine pavement inspections. Pavement Condition Index (PCI) (see What Is the Pavement Condition Index section in Chapter 2) PCI Rating Description 100 Good Only minor distresses 85 Satisfactory Low and medium distresses 70 Fair Some distresses are severe. 55 Poor Severity of some of the distresses can cause operational problems. 40 Very poor Severe distresses cause operational problems. 25 Serious Many severe distresses cause operational restrictions. 10 Failed Pavement deterioration prevents safe aircraft operations. 0 Distress Types (see Chapter 2) Asphalt Pavement Concrete Pavement Longitudinal cracking Transverse cracking Edge cracking Joint reflection cracking Block cracking Alligator or fatigue cracking Weathering Raveling Patching Roughness Corner breaks Longitudinal cracking Transverse cracking Joint seal damage Patching Settlement or faulting Shattered slab/intersecting cracks Spalling

Treatment Options (see Pavement Maintenance Treatments section in Chapter 2) Asphalt Treatments Concrete Treatments Do nothing Do nothing Crack seal/fill Crack/joint seal Rejuvenator Partial depth repair Fog/coal tar seal Full-depth repair (localized) Slurry/micro Cross-stitching/dowel-bar retrofit Chip/cape seal Slab stabilization/jacking/underseal AC overlay/mill + overlay Concrete/asphalt overlay Patch/reconstruct area Grinding/grooving Too severe (rehab/reconstruct) Too severe (rehab/reconstruct) Note: AC = asphalt concrete.