COMMUNITY VIOLENCE
AS A POPULATION
HEALTH ISSUE
Proceedings of a Workshop
Darla Thompson and Joe Alper, Rapporteurs
Roundtable on Population Health Improvement
Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice
Health and Medicine Division
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu
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This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the Aetna Foundation, The California Endowment (#10002009), Fannie E. Rippel Foundation, Health Resources and Services Administration (DHHS-10002817), New York State Health Foundation (#10001272), and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (#10001270). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-45047-8
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-45047-0
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/23661
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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Community violence as a population health issue: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/23661.
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PLANNING COMMITTEE ON COMMUNITY VIOLENCE AS A POPULATION HEALTH ISSUE1
THOMAS LaVEIST (Chair), Professor and Chair, Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University
THEODORE CORBIN, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine
RACHEL DAVIS, Managing Director, Prevention Institute
AMANDA GELLER, Clinical Associate Professor of Sociology, New York University
MARTHE R. GOLD, Visiting Scholar, The New York Academy of Medicine
GARY GUNDERSON, Vice President of Faith & Health Ministries, Medical Center Administration; Professor, Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine
JOHN RICH, Professor, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University
THERESE S. RICHMOND, Andrea B. Laporte Professor of Nursing and Associate Dean for Research and Innovation, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania
LOURDES RODRÍGUEZ, Program Officer, New York State Health Foundation
DANIEL WEBSTER, Professor, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Director, Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research; Deputy Director for Research, Johns Hopkins Center for the Prevention of Youth Violence
__________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
ROUNDTABLE ON POPULATION HEALTH IMPROVEMENT1
GEORGE J. ISHAM (Co-Chair), Senior Advisor, HealthPartners, and Senior Fellow, HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research
SANNE MAGNAN (Co-Chair), former President and Chief Executive Officer, Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement
DAVID A. KINDIG (Co-Chair Emeritus), Professor Emeritus and Emeritus Vice Chancellor, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
TERRY ALLAN, Health Commissioner, Cuyahoga County Board of Health
JOHN AUERBACH, Associate Director for Policy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Acting Director, Office for State, Tribal, Local and Territorial Support, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CATHERINE BAASE, Global Director of Health Services, The Dow Chemical Company
RAYMOND J. BAXTER, Senior Vice President, Community Benefit, Research and Health Policy, Kaiser Permanente and President, Kaiser Permanente International
RAPHAEL BOSTIC, Professor and Judith and John Bedrosian Chair in Governance and Public Enterprise, Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California
DEBBIE I. CHANG, Vice President, Policy and Prevention, Nemours
CHARLES J. FAZIO, Senior Vice President and Medical Director, HealthPartners
GEORGE R. FLORES, Program Manager, The California Endowment
ALAN GILBERT, Director, Global Government and NGO Strategy, GE Healthymagination
MARY LOU GOEKE, Executive Director, United Way of Santa Cruz County
MARTHE R. GOLD, Visiting Scholar, The New York Academy of Medicine
GARTH GRAHAM, President, Aetna Foundation
GARY GUNDERSON, Vice President of Faith & Health Ministries, Medical Center Administration; Professor, Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine
ROBERT M. KAPLAN, Chief Science Officer, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
__________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
JAMES KNICKMAN, Derzon Clinical Professor, Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University School of Medicine
PAULA LANTZ, Professor and Associate Dean for Research and Policy Engagement, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan
MICHELLE LARKIN, Assistant Vice President, Program Portfolios, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
THOMAS A. LaVEIST, Professor and Chair, Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University
JEFFREY LEVI, Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University
SARAH R. LINDE, Rear Admiral, U.S. Public Health Service, Chief Public Health Officer, Health Resources and Services Administration
PHYLLIS D. MEADOWS, Senior Fellow, The Kresge Foundation, and Associate Dean for Practice and Clinical Professor, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
BOBBY MILSTEIN, Director, ReThink Health
JOSÉ T. MONTERO, Vice President of Population Health and Health Systems Integration, Cheshire Medical Center/Dartmouth Hitchcock Keene
MARY PITTMAN, President and Chief Executive Officer, Public Health Institute
PAMELA RUSSO, Senior Program Officer, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
DAVID SANDMAN, President and Chief Executive Officer, New York State Health Foundation
Health and Medicine Division Staff
ALINA BACIU, Roundtable Director
COLIN FINK, Senior Program Assistant
DARLA THOMPSON, Program Officer
ROSE MARIE MARTINEZ, Senior Board Director
Consultant
JOE ALPER, Rapporteur
Reviewers
This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published Proceedings of a Workshop as sound as possible and to ensure that the Proceedings of a Workshop meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this Proceedings of a Workshop:
Delores Jones-Brown, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York
Desmond Patton, Columbia University
Amanda Stylianou, Safe Horizon
Mark A. Zimmerman, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the Proceedings of a Workshop before its release. The review of this Proceedings of a Workshop was overseen by Ned Calonge, The Colorado Trust. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this Proceedings of a Workshop was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this Proceedings of a Workshop rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the institution.
Acknowledgments
The sponsors of the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement have made it possible to plan and conduct “Community Violence as a Population Health Issue: A Workshop,” which this Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes. Federal sponsorship was provided by the Health Resources and Services Administration. Non-federal sponsorship was provided by the Aetna Foundation, The California Endowment, New York State Health Foundation, Rippel Foundation, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
The roundtable wishes to express its appreciation to the following speakers at the workshop for their engaging and informative presentations: DeVone Boggan, Advance Peace; Charles Branas, University of Pennsylvania; Jeffrey Butts, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; Medina Howard, Center for Court Innovation; Thea James, Boston Medical Center; Steve Marans, Yale School of Medicine; John Markovic, U.S. Department of Justice; Howard Pinderhughes, University of California, San Francisco, School of Nursing; John Rich, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University; Roberto Rodríguez, Stand Up to Violence at Jacobi Medical Center; and Daniel Webster, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
The roundtable also wishes to express its thanks to the planning committee for its knowledge and enthusiasm in arranging the workshop: Thomas LaVeist (Chair), Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University; Theodore Corbin, Department of Emergency Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine; Rachel Davis,
Prevention Institute; Amanda Geller, New York University; Marthe R. Gold, The New York Academy of Medicine; Gary Gunderson, Wake Forest School of Medicine; John Rich, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University; Therese S. Richmond, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania; Lourdes Rodríguez, New York State Health Foundation; and Daniel Webster, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
The roundtable also extends its thanks to Brenda Grandell, a member of the Board of Trustees at Lutheran Medical Center, and Rev. Don Stiger, the senior vice president, Mission and Spiritual Care, New York University Lutheran Medical Center. They both provided crucial assistance to the staff by making it possible to hold the workshop in a community setting at the Lutheran Church of the Good Shepherd in Brooklyn, New York.
Contents
Organization of the Proceedings
2 THE IMPACT OF RACISM AND VIOLENCE ON COMMUNITIES
3 CHANGING LANDSCAPES OF VIOLENCE THROUGH SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL INTERVENTIONS
A Framework for Community Trauma
Changing Blighted Urban Environments to Stop Gun Violence
4 LOCAL STRATEGIES TO BUILD COMMUNITY RESILIENCE AND SAFETY
A Public Health Model for Treating Violence
5 LESSONS LEARNED: EVALUATING COMMUNITY- AND HOSPITAL-BASED MODELS AND INITIATIVES
Lessons Learned from Baltimore’s Safe Streets Program
Evaluating the Cure Violence Program
A Hospital-Based Approach to Violence Intervention
6 PUBLIC HEALTH AND LAW ENFORCEMENT COLLABORATIONS
Translating Clinical Observations into Interventions for Childhood Trauma
Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Boxes, Figures, and Table
BOXES
2-1 Highlights of Keynote Presentation Made by John Rich
3-1 Highlights and Main Points Made by Individual Speakers
4-1 Highlights and Main Points Made by Individual Speakers
5-1 Highlights and Main Points Made by Individual Speakers
6-1 Highlights and Main Points Made by Individual Speakers
FIGURES
2-1 Violence in Philadelphia and New York City, 2015
5-1 Social determinants of health
TABLE
5-1 Attitudinal Question on the Legitimacy of Using Guns to Settle Disputes
Acronyms and Abbreviations
| ACA | Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act |
| ACE | adverse childhood experience |
| CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| COPS | Office of Community Oriented Policing Services |
| DOJ | U.S. Department of Justice |
| IOM | Institute of Medicine |
| NIH | National Institutes of Health |
| OMB | Office of Management and Budget |
| PTSD | posttraumatic stress disorder |
| RWJF | Robert Wood Johnson Foundation |
| SUV | Stand Up to Violence |
| VIAP | Violence Intervention Advocacy Program |
