National Academies Press: OpenBook

Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round (2016)

Chapter: Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round

« Previous: Front Matter
Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×

Image

October 27, 2016

Jodi Swidzinski Hezky, Ph.D.

D. E. Shaw Research

120 West 45th Street, 39th Floor

New York, NY 10036

Dear Dr. Hezky:

This letter describes the work and transmits the final report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round.

The committee evaluated submissions received in response to a Request for Proposals (RFP) for Biomolecular Simulation Time on Anton, a supercomputer designed and built by D. E. Shaw Research (DESRES). Over the past five years, DESRES has made an Anton system housed at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) available to the non-commercial research community, based on the advice of previous National Research Council committees. This year, DESERES made an Anton 2 system, also house at the Pittsburg Supercomputing Center (PSC) available to the non-commercial research community. As in prior rounds, the goal of the seventh RFP for simulation time on Anton 2 is to continue to facilitate breakthrough research in the study of biomolecular systems by providing a massively parallel system specially designed for molecular dynamics simulations. These capabilities allow multi-microsecond simulation timescales. The program seeks to continue to support research that addresses important and high impact questions demonstrating a clear need for Anton’s special capabilities.

The success of the program has led DESRES to make the Anton 2 machine housed at PSC available for 15,800,000 molecular dynamic units (MDUs) over the period following November 2016, and DESRES asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to once again facilitate the allocation of time to the non-commercial community. The work of the committee to evaluate proposals for time allocations was supported by a contract between D. E. Shaw Research and the National Academy of Sciences and was performed under the auspices of the National Academies’ Board on Life Sciences.

To undertake this task, the National Academies convened a committee of experts to evaluate the proposals submitted in response to the RFP. The committee of 19 was chaired by Dr. Robert Eisenberg, Bard Endowed Professor and Chairman Emeritus of the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology at Rush University. The committee members were selected for their expertise in molecular dynamics simulations and experience in the subject areas represented in the 99 proposals that were considered. The members comprised a cross section of the biomolecular dynamics field in academia, industry, and government including both senior and junior investigators.

Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×

The Anton 2 RFP described the three criteria against which the committee was asked to evaluate proposals:

  • Scientific Merit, including the potential to advance understanding on an important problem or question in the field; potential for breakthrough science resulting in new discoveries and understanding; the impact that successful completion of the proposed research would have on knowledge, methods, and current barriers in the field; and a scientifically and technologically feasible project with clear, well-developed, and appropriate goals, objectives, and approach to the proposed studies.
  • Justification for Requested Time Allocation, including a clear and well-justified need for multi-microsecond simulation timescales and a clear and convincing justification that the length and number of proposed simulation runs and node-hours requested are necessary and sufficient to achieve the scientific objectives.
  • Investigator Qualifications and Past Accomplishments, including the appropriate experience and training to successfully conduct the proposed studies, evidence of knowledge and prior experience in molecular simulations, and past publications.

Proposals from investigators who had previously received an allocation of time on Anton were required to include progress reports, which the committee drew on as supplemental material in its consideration of proposals. As explained in the RFP, staff at PSC conducted an initial assessment of all proposal submissions for completeness and to determine whether they were technically feasible for simulation on Anton. A member of the PSC staff was present as an observer throughout the review committee’s discussions to address any additional questions that arose on Anton’s technical capabilities or on how the computer will be made available to researchers during the period of the project.

The committee was asked to identify proposals that best met the selection criteria defined above. Anton 2 time allocations of 460,000 MDUs were the maximum amount of time available to a proposal. Principal investigators could also request a lesser time allocation. The committee was further asked to allocate at least 25% of the time to principal investigators who had not previously received an Anton allocation. The judgments of the committee are based on which proposals best met the selection criteria described above and on the estimates of required simulation time provided by the applicants. The committee was permitted to consider a modified time allocation if it concluded that the proposed research required a greater or lesser number of node-hours than initially requested by an applicant.

Initial reviews of the proposals were provided by the 19 committee members. Each proposal was assigned a minimum of two primary reviewers who were asked to evaluate the proposal based on the RFP and guidelines described above. Review assignments were made so that proposals were not evaluated by reviewers from the applicant’s same institution or who had close collaborative relationships with an applicant.

The committee held its meeting in Washington, D.C. on August 31, 2016. At the meeting, the two primary reviewers were asked to summarize their reviews for the committee, which was

Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×

followed by discussion of the proposed research. As described in detail above, committee members considered the scientific merit, justification of the requested time, and the qualifications of the principal investigator and key personnel. The committee considered the slate of proposals under consideration, came to a consensus on which proposals it judged best met the selection criteria, and, in some cases, decided to suggest a modified allocation of time on Anton 2. Detailed comments for each of the 99 proposals are included in Appendix B.

The committee concluded that the proposals listed below best met the selection criteria set forth in the RFP for Biomolecular Simulation Time on Anton 2. Of these 52 proposals, 26 proposals were selected for a modified allocation (identified below with an *).

In numerical order by proposal submission number, the proposals judged by the committee as best meeting the selection criteria of the RFP are:

PSCA16005P Bykhovskaia, Wayne State University; Protein Machinery Regulating Synaptic Vesicle Fusion [Returning user, identified for 230,000 MDUs]

PSCA16006P Im, The University of Kansas; Molecular dynamics simulation of the HIV-1 Env trimer [Returning user, identified for 306,667 MDUs]*

PSCA16007P Klauda, University of Maryland; Ligand Effects on the Biological Function of the Serotonin Receptor in model Raft-forming Membranes [Returning user, identified for 460,000 MDUs]

PSCA16008P Feigenson, Cornell University; Leaflet Communication in Compositionally Asymmetric Lipid Membranes [New user, identified for 250,000 MDUs]

PSCA16009P Lazaridis, City College of New York; The mechanism of membrane pore formation by β-hairpin antimicrobial peptides [Returning user, identified for 460,000 MDUs]

PSCA16010P Weinstein, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University; Molecular mechanisms of lipid scrambling by TMEM16 proteins [Returning user, identified for 450,000 MDUs]

PSCA16012P Lyubchenko, University of Nebraska Medical Center; MD Simulations of Interactions and Misfolding of Amyloid Beta (Aβ) Proteins [Returning user, identified for 230,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16013P Hwang, Texas A&M University; Allosteric communication between dimeric motor heads in the processive motility of kinesin [Returning user, identified for 460,000 MDUs]

PSCA16016P Bahar, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh; Structural Plasticity of Eukaryotic TriC/CCT Chaperonins Resolved by Cryo-EM [Returning user, identified for 455,000 MDUs]

Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×

PSCA16018P Wereszczynski, Illinois Institute of Technology; Understanding the Role of LPS Modification on Bacterial Outer Membrane Permeability [New user, identified for 234,552 MDUs]

PSCA16020P Feig, Michigan State University; Microsecond Diffusion of Macromolecules in Realistic Cellular Environments [New user, identified for 460,000 MDUs]

PSCA16021P Beratan, Duke University; Simulating the Electron Transfer Mechanisms of Extremophiles [Returning user, identified for 224,888]*

PSCA16023P Evans, University of New Mexico; All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate the interaction of curcumin with Amyloid-β (Aβ) and to determine its role in the disruption of cell membranes observed in Alzheimer’s Disease [New user, identified for 100,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16024P Kaback, UCLA; Identifying the molecular determinants of substrate specificity in sugar transport [Returning user, identified for 100,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16027P Cowburn, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; FG repeat domain interactions of the Nuclear Pore by simulation and experiment [Returning user, identified for 460,000 MDUs]

PSCA16030P Loverde, City University of New York, College of Staten Island; Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Melting of the Nucleosome Core Particle [New user, identified for 50,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16033P Roux, University of Chicago; Selective ion binding and self-correcting occlusion in the sodium-potassium pump ATPase [Returning user, identified for 460,000 MDUs]

PSCA16035P McCammon, University of California San Diego; Investigatingthe mechanism of conformational activation of the CRISPR-Cas9 system via long-time scale molecular dynamics [Returning user, identified for 225,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16037P Houk, University of California, Los Angeles; Understanding the Role of Mutations and Flexible Loops in the Directed Evolution of a Sitagliptinase [Returning user, identified for 200,000 MDUs]

PSCA16038P Zhu, Georgia Institute of Technology; Forced-induced pathways employed by viral epitopes to decrease immune recognition by the TCR [Returning user, identified for 115,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16039P Lyman, University of Delaware; Toward Minimal Complexity Mixtures: Packing, Lateral Structure, and Nanoscale Dynamics in the Outer Leaflet of the Plasma Membrane [Returning user, identified for 230,000 MDUs]*

Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×

PSCA16043P Amaro, University of California, San Diego; Exploring protein core plasticity and rapid ligand access to buried binding sites [Returning user, identified for 460,000 MDUs]

PSCA16045P Phorille, UC San Francisco; Toward rational design of antiviral drugs: computational electrophysiology for evaluating models of viral ion channels [Returning user, identified for 115,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16047P Shea, UC Santa Barbara; Utilizing Underwater Mussels for Next-Generation Biological Adhesives and Lubricants [New user, identified for 250,000 MDUs]

PSCA16049P Hoogerheide, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Molecular Mechanisms of the Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel Regulation by Dimeric αβ-Tubulin [New user, identified for 360,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16050P Dror, Stanford University; Structural basis for arrestin activation by G protein-coupled receptors [Returning user, identified for 345,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16051P Pastor, National Institutes of Health; Characterization of ApoA-I and a Mimetic Peptide on Nascent High-Density Lipoproteins [Returning user, identified for 457,688 MDUs]

PSCA16054P Polenova, University of Delaware; Dynamic Characterization of the Spacer Peptide 1 in HIV-1 Capsid Protein Assemblies [Returning user, identified for 345,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16059P Best, National Institutes of Health, NIDDK; Molecular dynamics simulations of amyloid elongation [New user, identified for 460,000 MDUs]

PSCA16065P Madura, Duquesne University; Determining Potassium Ion Transport Mechanism and Pathways in the Serotonin Transporter [New user, identified for 230,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16066P Thirumalai, The University of Texas at Austin; Phosphate Release Mechanism From Myosin VI Nucleotide Binding Site [Returning user, identified for 460,000 MDUs]

PSCA16067P Onuchic, Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University; Quantitative study of Influenza Hemagglutinin in a Membrane-bound Environment [Returning user, identified for 416,022 MDUs]

PSCA16069P Schulten, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; A Computational Study on Dynamic Instability of Microtubules [Returning user, identified for 460,000 MDUs]

PSCA16070P May, University of Connecticut; Membrane Insertion and Oligomerization of Lytic Peptides from a Non-Enveloped Virus [Returning user, identified for 153,333 MDUs]*

Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×

PSCA16072P Gorfe, University of Texas Medical School at Houston; Membrane reorientation and assembly of K-Ras [New user, identified for 291,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16077P Axelsen, University of Pennsylvania; Mechanisms of Amyloid Fibril Nucleation [Returning user, identified for 330,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16078P Ulmschneider, Johns Hopkins University; Exploring the mechanism of lipid-mediated modulation of regulatory protein binding to the ammonia channel AmtB [Returning user, identified for 197,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16080P Yarov-Yarovoy, University of California, Davis; Modeling of sodium channel state-dependent modulation by drugs and peptide toxins [Returning user, identified for 230,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16082P Tajkhorshid, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Gating and ion permeation mechanism and pathway in a P2X receptor [Returning user, identified for 340,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16083P Tobias, University of California, Irvine; Atomistic modeling of water permeation in the Aquaporin 0-Calmodulin complexes [Returning user, identified for 235,000 MDUs]

PSCA16086P Freites, University of California, Irvine; Molecular modeling studies of eye lens proteins at physiological concentrations [Returning user, identified for 230,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16091P Aksimentiev, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Molecular mechanism of histone–DNA interactions [Returning user, identified for 230,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16098P Vashisth, University of New Hampshire; Understanding the role of transmembrane helices in signaling via insulin receptor [New user, identified for 120,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16099P Buck, Case Western Reserve University; The Signaling Mechanism of Plexin-B1—Computer Simulation of Plexin-B1 interacting with Small GTPase at the Membrane: Moving towards the full length Receptor [Returning user, identified for 120,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16100P Vukovic, University of Texas at El Paso; RNA recognition by the exosome complex [New user, identified for 273,000 units]

PSCA16101P Gruebele, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Testing the Mechanistic Convergence of Protein Folding Experiments and Simulations [Returning user, identified for 460,000 MDUs]

PSCA16105P Lau, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Glutamate Receptor Activation [Returning user, identified for 460,000 MDUs]

Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×

PSCA16106P Moradi, University of Arkansas; Energetically Downhill Conformational Transition of a Bacterial Multidrug ABC Transporter [New user, identified for 460,000 MDUs]

PSCA16107P Miller, California Institute of Technology; Understanding the effect of membrane protein integration induced forces on restarting protein synthesis in SecMstalled ribosomes [Returning user, identified for 200,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16108P Vorobyov, University of California, Davis; Structural mechanisms of drug-induced cardiac toxicity [New user, identified for 230,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16112P Kuriyan, University of California, Berkeley; Membrane Effects on the Structure and Oligomerization of EGFR Kinase Domains [New user, identified for 340,000 MDUs]*

PSCA16115P Agard, University of California, San Francisco; Conformational Dynamics of the Molecular Chaperone Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) [Returning user, identified for 460,000 MDUs]

The time allocations for the 52 proposals identified by the committee as best meeting the selection criteria for time allocations total approximately 15,879,150 MDUs. Approximately 29% MDUs were allocated to proposals whose principal investigator have not received time on Anton during the past five years (identified as “new users”). Approximately 71% of the MDUs are allocated to proposals from investigators who have received allocations of time on Anton in previous rounds (identified as “returning users”).

In carrying out its task, the committee identified as many promising proposals as possible given the constraints on the total available simulation time. The total simulation time requested by the submitted proposals was over 37 million MDUs. As a result, a number of interesting proposals were not able to be recommended in this round, entailing difficult decisions.

The committee would like to thank D. E. Shaw Research, the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, and all of the 2016 Anton 2 applicants for the opportunity to assist in identifying the proposals best meeting the selection criteria for time allocations on the Anton machine. The committee members were universally enthusiastic about the potential advances in the field that are facilitated by Anton 2 and are looking forward to seeing the important new results from the Anton users.

Sincerely,

Robert Eisenberg

Chair

cc: Dr. Phillip Blood, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center

Dr. Gregory Symmes, The National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Dr. Frances Sharples, The National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×
Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×
Page 1
Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×
Page 2
Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×
Page 3
Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×
Page 4
Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×
Page 5
Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×
Page 6
Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×
Page 7
Suggested Citation:"Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23688.
×
Page 8
Next: Appendix A: Table 1: Proposals Reviewed by the Committee »
Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Seventh Round Get This Book
×
Buy Ebook | $4.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

This report describes the work of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round. The committee evaluated submissions received in response to a Request for Proposals (RFP) for biomolecular simulation time on Anton, a supercomputer specially designed and built by D.E. Shaw Research (DESRES). Over the past five years, DESRES has made an Anton system housed at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) available to the non-commercial research community, based on the advice of previous National Research Council committees. As in prior rounds, the goal of the seventh RFP for simulation time on Anton is to continue to facilitate breakthrough research in the study of biomolecular systems by providing a massively parallel system specially designed for molecular dynamics simulations. The program seeks to continue to support research that addresses important and high impact questions demonstrating a clear need for Anton's special capabilities.

Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Seventh Round is the report of the committee's evaluation of proposals based on scientific merit, justification for requested time allocation, and investigator qualifications and past accomplishments. This report identifies the proposals that best met the selection criteria.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!