Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 1: Research Overview (2016)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

2016 N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 833 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations Volume 1: Research Overview Michael J. Olsen Andre Barbosa Patrick Burns Alireza Kashani Haizhong Wang OregOn State UniverSity Corvallis, OR Marc Veletzos MerriMack cOllege North Andover, MA Zhiqiang Chen UniverSity Of MiSSOUri Kansas City, MO Gene Roe MPn cOMPOnentS, inc. Hampton, NH Kaz Tabrizi advanced infraStrUctUre deSign, inc. Hamilton, NJ Subscriber Categories Bridges and Other Structures • Security and Emergencies Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation results in increasingly complex problems of wide inter- est to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 ini- tiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniques—the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was requested by AASHTO to administer the research program because of TRB’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. TRB is uniquely suited for this purpose for many reasons: TRB maintains an extensive com- mittee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; TRB possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, univer- sities, and industry; TRB’s relationship to the Academies is an insurance of objectivity; and TRB maintains a full-time staff of specialists in high- way transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators and other staff of the highway and transporta- tion departments and by committees of AASHTO. Topics of the highest merit are selected by the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research (SCOR), and each year SCOR’s recommendations are proposed to the AASHTO Board of Directors and the Academies. Research projects to address these topics are defined by NCHRP, and qualified research agencies are selected from submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the Acad- emies and TRB. The needs for highway research are many, and NCHRP can make significant contributions to solving highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement, rather than to substitute for or duplicate, other highway research programs. Published research reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to http://www.national-academies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 833, VOLUME 1 Project 14-29 ISSN 0077-5614 ISBN 978-0-309-44591-7 Library of Congress Control Number 2016953492 © 2016 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The research report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was developed for NCHRP Project 14-29 by Oregon State University (OSU), Merrimack College, University of Missouri–Kansas City (UMKC), MPN Components, Inc., and Advanced Infrastructure Design, Inc. (AID). The authors of the report are: Michael J. Olsen (OSU), Andre Barbosa (OSU), Patrick Burns (OSU), Marc Veletzos (Merrimack), Zhiqiang Chen (UMKC), Gene Roe (MPN), Kaz Tabrizi (AID), Alireza Kashani (OSU), and Haizhong Wang (OSU). The authors appreciate those who responded to the questionnaire and provided the research team with information regarding current processes of state DOTs. In addition, we are thankful for the detailed reviews of the project panel that improved the content of the products of this project. CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 833, VOLUME 1 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Amir N. Hanna, Senior Program Officer Natasha R. Donawa, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Senior Editor NCHRP PROJECT 14-29 PANEL Field of Maintenance—Area of Maintenance of Way and Structures Nevin L. Myers, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg, PA (Chair) Erik D. Andersen, Tennessee DOT, Nashville, TN Herby Gerard Lissade, California DOT, Sacramento, CA Pingbo Tang, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ Peter J. Weykamp, Colonie, NY Everett Matias, FHWA Liaison James W. Bryant, Jr., TRB Liaison

This report presents a process for assessing highway structures in emergency situations and guidelines for related coding and marking that can be recognized by highway agencies and other organizations that respond to emergencies resulting from natural or man-made disas- ters. This information will help highway and other emergency response agencies deal more effectively with these emergencies and provide a safer condition for the public. The material contained in the report should be of immediate interest to the personnel at state agencies and other organizations that generally respond to emergency situations affecting highway structures. The assessing, coding, and marking of highway structures are necessary for ensuring safety in the event of emergencies resulting from natural or man-made disasters, and several state DOTs have adopted processes for performing these activities. However, there are currently no processes that provide a uniform means for conducting these assessments or a common form of coding and marking; neither do current processes explicitly consider the practices of other organizations that often respond to such emergencies with assistance. Also, these processes do not generally address the full range of emergency events, the different highway structure types, or the ranges of traffic levels. These issues tend to impede the effectiveness of involved organizations in dealing with these situations and may lead to undesirable con- sequences. Research was needed to develop a process for assessing highway structures and guidelines for related coding and marking that can be recognized and adopted by highway agencies and other organizations. These uniform processes and guidelines would help coor- dinate the emergency response effort in a safe and efficient manner. Under NCHRP Project 14-29, “Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations,” Oregon State University worked with the objective of developing (a) a process for assessing highway structures in emergency situations, (b) guidelines for cod- ing and marking, and (c) material to facilitate the acceptance and adoption of the developed process and guidelines by state agencies and other organizations. The research was conducted in two phases. The first phase collected background infor- mation through a literature review and a survey of state departments of transportation. The review dealt with common hazards, critical highway structures, inspection technolo- gies, emergency management and response, assessment procedures, and coding and marking practices. Specific hazards considered included earthquakes, tsunamis, tornados, hurricanes, storm surge, high winds, flooding, scour, and fire. Highway structures considered included bridges, tunnels, culverts, walls, embankments, and overhead signs. This work identified assessment, coding, and marking technologies that can be practically implemented by trans- portation and other emergency response agencies. An evaluation of these technologies led F O R E W O R D By Amir N. Hanna Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

to the identification of methods that could be used in each stage in the process for rapid assessment of highway structures in emergency situations. The second phase of research focused on developing the (a) Assessment Process Manual and (b) Coding and Marking Guidelines. The Assessment Process Manual—intended for man- agers who will oversee the emergency response—identifies technologies that are appropriate for each structure type and addresses prioritization, coordination, communication, and redun- dancy. The Coding and Marking Guidelines are intended as a field manual for preliminary damage assessment responders who will evaluate the highway structures. In addition, the proj- ect produced Preliminary Damage Assessment Forms for each structure type, development guidelines to help create a mobile device smart application for the assessment process, and four types of training material to further help highway agencies and other emergency response organizations with the implementation of the developed manual and guidelines. This training material includes: (a) general training for the general audience who will interface with those involved in the assessment process, (b) basic training for damage assessment responders, (c) specialized training for managing engineers who will oversee the assessment process, and (d) a quick refresher for damage assessment responders on the most relevant procedures for Preliminary Damage Assessment. The Assessment Process Manual and Coding and Marking Guidelines are published as Vol- umes 2 and 3, respectively, of this report. Guidelines for Development of Smart Apps for Assess- ing, Coding, and Marking Highway Structures in Emergency Situations is available on the TRB website (www.trb.org) as NCHRP Web-Only Document 223. To facilitate use, the assessment forms and training material are posted on the NCHRP Research Report 833 summary page, available by searching the TRB website for NCHRP Research Report 833.

1 Summary 3 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Background and Problem Statement 3 1.2 Research Objective 3 1.3 Research Scope and Approach 4 1.4 Organization of the Report and Associated Products 6 Chapter 2 State of the Art and State of the Practice: Literature Review and Questionnaire 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Assessment Procedures 20 2.3 Coding and Marking Procedures 26 2.4 Emergency Response and Communication 33 2.5 Training 33 2.6 Technology/Data 36 2.7 Guidelines 37 2.8 Background Summary 39 Chapter 3 Evaluation of Assessment Technologies and Coding/Marking Practices 39 3.1 Damage Characterization 41 3.2 Applicability Categorization 46 3.3 Detailed Evaluation of Techniques 52 Chapter 4 Assessment Process 52 4.1 Introduction 52 4.2 Rationale 54 4.3 Planning and Preparation 56 4.4 Assessment Stages 58 4.5 Response Levels 59 4.6 Supporting Technology 61 4.7 Coordination and Communication 66 Chapter 5 Coding and Marking Guidelines 66 5.1 Volume 3 Overview 67 5.2 Coding and Marking Process 70 Chapter 6 Smart App Development Guidelines 70 6.1 Background and Motivation 70 6.2 Development of Primary Smart App Functions 71 6.3 General Software Design Guidelines 72 6.4 Guidelines for Interface Design 76 6.5 Server Design and Services Design 77 6.6 Summary C O N T E N T S

78 Chapter 7 Training Materials and Recommendations 78 7.1 Overview 78 7.2 General Training 79 7.3 Specialized Managing Engineer Training 79 7.4 Basic PDAR Training 81 7.5 PDAR Quick Refresher Training 81 7.6 Suggestions for Effective Training 85 7.7 Additional Resources 86 Chapter 8 Implementation Plan 86 8.1 Intent 86 8.2 Background 87 8.3 Strategic Plan 88 8.4 Innovation Group 88 8.5 Implementing the Processes and Guidelines 89 8.6 Documenting Results 90 8.7 Workflow Integration 90 8.8 Future Opportunities 91 Chapter 9 Conclusions and Future Outlook 93 References 96 Acronyms and Abbreviations 98 Glossary