Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 2: Assessment Process Manual (2016)

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126 Glossary Term Definition Assessing The process of evaluating a structure’s condition through inspec- tion and possible data analysis or modeling. This can be completed manually or through technological means. Assessment forms The assessment forms cover bridges, tunnels, walls, culverts, and overhead signs. These forms will be completed by Preliminary Damage Assessment responders in the field following an emergency event. Basic Training Training for all employees who will act as Preliminary Damage Assessment responders or perform Preliminary Damage Assess- ment after an emergency. Chief (Structural, Geo- technical, Hydrological, Mechanical, Materials) Engineer This role is reserved for the engineer who will coordinate specialty inspectors including structural, geotechnical, hydro- logical, mechanical, and materials. Coding The process of using a shortened notation or series of code to indicate the status of a structure, its components and elements, and other parameters associated with it. Coding and Marking Guidelines Volume 3 of this report, which will be used by Preliminary Damage Assessment responders for field assessments following an emergency event. Communication Communication focuses on the network. Communication/Press Coordinator This individual coordinates with the public and press from an informational point of view. Coordination Coordination primarily involves human resources. Critical Structure A structure that must remain open to all traffic after a design event and be usable by emergency vehicles and for security defense pur- poses immediately after a large event (e.g., event with a 2,500-year return period). Detailed Damage Assessment Provides an evaluation of structural damage and decisions on use restriction after the Preliminary Damage Assessment.

Glossary 127 Detailed Damage Assessment Inspector These include structural inspection teams with significant back- ground and experience for detailed inspection of structures. Element Damage Rating These damage levels (none, minor, moderate, or severe) are specific to basic structure elements and are used to provide information for repair, prioritization, and subsequent assessment procedures. Emergency Data Coordinator Individual who is responsible for coordinating all of the digital data, ensuring its quality, and providing that data in a form that is more useful for response. Emergency Management Coordinator Individual who will have responsibility for all coordination and communication in case of an emergency across the entire state highway agency. Emergency Operations Plan Emergency operations plans detail the scope of preparedness and emergency management activities that are required. Essential Structure A structure that should, at minimum, be open to emergency vehicles and for security purposes immediately after a design earthquake (e.g., event with a 1,000-year return period). Extended Investigation An in-depth inspection that requires specialized technologies. This stage is typically performed after an UNSAFE rating from the Detailed Damage Assessment stage. Extended Investigation Inspector These inspectors should be specialists (e.g., structural, geo- technical, hydrological, mechanical, materials) who will pro- vide specific recommendations on necessary restrictions and/or repair, detailed damage analysis, and approximate cost estimate for remedial work. Extreme Wind Warning Extreme sustained winds of a major hurricane (115 mph or greater), usually associated with the eyewall, are expected to begin within an hour. Fast Reconnaissance Provides a global perspective to establish the extent of the dam- age region immediately following an emergency event. Fast Reconnaissance Coordinator This individual is in charge of monitoring and organizing Fast Reconnaissance methods and reporting these findings in order to best determine the appropriate response levels. General Training Training for all personnel aiming to understand the assessing, coding, and marking processes. Highway structure Bridges, tunnels, walls, culverts, embankments, or overhead signs. INSPECTED This classification utilizes a green color and indicates that no apparent damage was found and the structure can function without further evaluation. Inspection Routes This is the list of highway structures that a Preliminary Damage Assessment responder will evaluate following an emergency event. Term Definition

128 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Assessment Process Manual Inspector Knowledgeable individual within an agency that has experience performing routine inspection of highway structures. LIMITED USE This classification utilizes a yellow color and indicates that minor to moderate damage conditions are observed or believed to be present. The structure requires further evaluation but can still be used for restricted traffic. Logistics Coordinator Responsible for coordinating logistics (travel, housing, hospi- talization) support for the inspectors, particularly if staff is brought in from outside the state. Major Flooding Floods with 50- to 100-year recurrence interval are assumed to cause major flooding. Managing Engineer The managing engineer is the key lead for making all structural assessment decisions regarding highway structures. Marking The process of applying an identifiable mark to the structure to inform others of its condition. This can be done physically or digitally. The physical marking of a structure is sometimes referred to as “posting.” Mercalli Scale An earthquake scale from I–XII based on the observations of people who experience the earthquake. Minor damage The element shows cosmetic or non-structural damage. Minor Flooding Floods with 5- to 10-year recurrence interval are assumed to cause minor flooding. Moderate damage The element has experienced structural or geotechnical damage. Moderate Flooding Floods with 15- to 40-year recurrence interval are assumed to cause moderate flooding. Moment Magnitude Scale A scale measuring the total moment release of an earthquake on a base 10 logarithmic scale. Other Structure These structures include all structures that are not classified as critical or essential. Preliminary Damage Assessment An assessment performed for each structure immediately after an event, preferably within hours, to provide informa- tion on the status of the structure and to determine whether subsequent assessment stages will be needed. Preliminary Damage Assessment Responder An individual who will perform Preliminary Damage Assess- ment evaluations following an emergency event. Priority Level Priority levels are given to highway routes that are of critical importance to the transportation network. These include life- line routes and other routes that link important infrastructure. QR Code A machine-readable code consisting of an array of black and white squares, typically used for storing URLs or other infor- mation for reading by a camera or smartphone. Term Definition

Glossary 129 Reporting Station These are the designated stations where Preliminary Damage Assessment responders will report to the managing engineer. Response Levels Responses levels relate to the immediacy of the response, the level of resources, and the effort that will be put into a response during an emergency event. Severe Damage The element is damaged where it cannot function properly. Specialized Training Training for emergency management coordinators, emergency data coordinators, chief engineers, Detailed Damage Assess- ment inspectors, and Extended Investigation inspectors. Subject Matter Expert Chief (structural, geotechnical, hydrological, mechanical, materials) engineers who report to the managing engineer. Technological Training Training on the use of technology to perform assessments. Tornado Warning A tornado has been sighted by spotters or indicated on radar and is occurring or imminent in the warning area. Tornado Watch Conditions are conducive to the development of tornados in and close to the watch area. Tsunami Advisory A tsunami advisory is issued due to the threat of a potential tsunami which may produce strong currents or waves. Tsunami Warning A tsunami warning is issued when a potential tsunami with significant widespread inundation is imminent or expected. Tsunami Watch A tsunami watch is issued to alert emergency management offi- cials and the public of a tsunami which may later impact the watch area. UNSAFE This classification utilizes a red color and indicates the structure has experienced severe damage or collapsed and cannot func- tion properly under traffic loads. Wind Advisory Issued when sustained winds of 31 to 39 mph are forecast for 3 hours or longer, or wind gusts of 46 to 57 mph for any direction. Term Definition

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation

TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED ISBN 978-0-309-44592-4 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 4 4 5 9 2 4 9 0 0 0 0 N O N -PR O FIT O R G . U .S. PO STA G E PA ID C O LU M B IA , M D PER M IT N O . 88 V olum e 2: A ssessm ent Process M anual N CH RP Research Report 833 TRB