National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Summary
Page 3
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 1 - Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 2: Assessment Process Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24610.
×
Page 3
Page 4
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 1 - Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 2: Assessment Process Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24610.
×
Page 4
Page 5
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 1 - Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 2: Assessment Process Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24610.
×
Page 5
Page 6
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 1 - Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 2: Assessment Process Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24610.
×
Page 6
Page 7
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 1 - Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 2: Assessment Process Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24610.
×
Page 7
Page 8
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 1 - Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 2: Assessment Process Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24610.
×
Page 8
Page 9
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 1 - Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 2: Assessment Process Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24610.
×
Page 9
Page 10
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 1 - Introduction." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 2: Assessment Process Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24610.
×
Page 10

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

3 C H A P T E R 1 1.1 Purpose and Scope The purpose of this manual is to provide a rapid, effective process for the assessing, coding, and marking of highway structures in emergency situations that can be implemented by state highway agencies (SHAs) across the United States. Although this process was developed with the intent of being adopted nationwide, this manual focuses on procedures that are intended to be implemented at the state and/or local transportation agency level. This process includes pre-event planning, training, appropriate technology usage, prioritization strategies, coding and marking, coordination, communication, inspection procedures, and redun- dancy. A multi-tiered, priority-based approach that accommodates personnel with varying levels of expertise and experience is also included. The approach also incorporates scalable response levels such that the response effort efficiently matches the size of the event. The intent of this report is to provide the tools (process) necessary to effectively and uniformly assess, code, and mark the struc- tures. It is not intended to provide suggestions as to the timing of repairs and the repair strategies in case of damage, nor does it cover highly detailed damage assessments. This manual is not intended to supplant or replace the National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) and its requirements for various inspections such as routine and fracture-critical member inspections. Rather, its intent is to develop procedures that can be utilized for rapid assessments during emergency situations in concert with the NBIS. The following highway structure types are being addressed in this manual: • Bridges • Tunnels • Walls • Culverts • Embankments • Overhead signs Special structures that may support a highway such as concrete dams are beyond the scope of this manual because they warrant more detailed analyses and additional procedures. Should the need arise, the proposed assessment, coding, and marking procedures can be adapted for other structures. The following naturally occurring geological and meteorological events are included: • Earthquake • Tsunami • Tornados • Hurricane and storm surge Introduction

4 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Assessment Process Manual • High wind • Flooding • Scour • Fire Smaller, more localized events or events that typically do not result in damage to structures are not considered because they can typically be covered with established SHA protocols that do not require the level of detail presented in this manual. Examples include collision-related traffic accidents, explosions, landslides, mudflows, winter storms, ice storms, blizzards, sinkholes, or most man-made hazards. Volcanoes are also not directly addressed in this manual. However, because the manual is designed to generalize the process for a variety of emergency events, the process and procedures could be adapted for these hazards, should the need arise. 1.2 Audience The primary audience for this manual includes the senior managers, engineers, and inspectors who will have the responsibility to coordinate emergency response and determine if structures are safe for the traveling public during and after emergency events. These could include, but are not limited to, SHA chief structural engineers, chief geotechnical engineers, chief hydrological engineers, chief mechanical engineers, chief materials engineers, and their supporting staffs. Additionally, this manual is of use within the planning and preparation phases, which could be led by SHA’s emergency response coordinators and heads of maintenance and safety. In addition, sections of this manual are relevant to first responders such as inspectors, mainte- nance and operations personnel, design engineers, consultants, and others who will be involved in the emergency response and inspection of structures during and after emergency events. These persons should be familiar with the overall process and their critical roles. They should be capable of conducting a Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA) and understand the details of that assessment stage as presented in this manual. Further, they should be able to implement the procedures described in Volume 3: Coding and Marking Guidelines, which was developed spe- cifically for use in the field. While this manual is written for a target audience of transportation professionals, it is important that representatives from organizations who interface with SHAs are familiar with this manual so they can be informed regarding the safety of highway structures during emergency situations. 1.3 Background Several SHAs have adopted processes for the assessing, coding, and marking of highway struc- tures in the event of emergencies resulting from natural or man-made disasters. However, these processes do not provide a uniform means for conducting these assessments or a common form of coding and marking on a nationwide basis. Also, these processes do not generally address the different highway structure types or the ranges of traffic levels. In addition, many of these pro- cesses do not explicitly consider the practices of other organizations that often respond to such emergencies. These issues can impede the effectiveness of involved organizations in dealing with these situations and may lead to undesirable consequences. A nationally accepted, uniform process for the assessing, coding, and marking of highway structures in emergency situations is not currently available. This process manual was developed with the intent that it can fill that gap by being adopted by highway agencies and all other orga- nizations that respond to such emergencies. Those transportation agencies who have emergency preparedness planning protocols in place may consider reviewing and adjusting those protocols where feasible to align themselves with the procedures recommended in this manual.

Introduction 5 The procedures presented in this manual were developed based on the principal findings of a thorough background investigation consisting of both a literature review to establish the state of the art and an online questionnaire to establish the state of the practice. The literature review analyzed common emergency events (described previously), critical high- way structures, inspection technologies, emergency management and response, assessment pro- cedures, and coding and marking practices. While the focus was on practices related to highway structures, the review also considered established practices for non-highway structures such as buildings. An online questionnaire was distributed from February 24, 2014, to April 3, 2014, to the current membership of the AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, the Subcom- mittee on Maintenance, and the Special Committee on Transportation Security and Emergency Management. This questionnaire revealed information on current SHA procedural manuals and practices that are difficult to find via conventional means. These findings were incorpo- rated into the processes described in this manual. The questionnaire was organized into sec- tions including basic agency information, emergency preparedness and response, assessment procedures, coding and marking practices, training, technology and data usage, agency coor- dination, and guidelines. 1.4 Reference Material/Manuals 1.4.1 Associated Documents and Materials Volumes 1 and 3 of this report are bound separately: • Volume 1: Research Overview—This volume contains the background information that was used to develop this manual. The report contains more detailed information regarding current practices by various SHAs. • Volume 3: Coding and Marking Guidelines—These guidelines were developed in concert with this manual. The guidelines were developed as a field manual in a flipchart format so that PDA responders (PDARs) can easily use it in the field. Additionally, the following associated products are available: • NCHRP Web-Only Document 223: Guidelines for Developing Smart Apps for Assessing, Coding, and Marking Highway Structures in Emergency Situations—This document provides technical details and templates for creating a smart app for the PDA process. • Training Materials—Several forms of training materials for four workshops were produced, including Microsoft® PowerPoint™ modules with instructor’s notes. The four workshops are as follows: – General Training—A one-hour presentation that provides general background and high-level key points for the project. This is meant for a general audience who will be interfacing with those involved in the assessment process but will not be heavily involved. – Basic PDAR Training—Several PowerPoint modules meant for training PDARs. – Specialized Managing Engineer Training—Several PowerPoint modules to help train man- aging engineers who will oversee the assessment process. – PDAR Quick Refresher—A simplified 30-minute version of the training for the most important procedures related to PDA that can be given immediately prior to sending PDARs in the field. • Preliminary Damage Assessment Forms—Microsoft Word™ files as well as full-size pages containing the assessment forms for each structure type.

6 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Assessment Process Manual 1.4.2 Existing Procedures The process in this manual was developed based on several currently available procedures determined through the literature review and questionnaire. The primary references used as a foundation for this manual are as follows: • Applied Technology Council (ATC)-20 Series – ATC-20 Procedures for the Post-earthquake Safety Evaluation of Buildings (ATC 1989); – ATC-20-1 Field Manual: Procedures for the Post-earthquake Safety Evaluation of Buildings (ATC 2005); and – ATC-20-2 Addendum to the ATC-20 Post-earthquake Building Safety Evaluation Procedures (ATC 1995). • National Bridge Inspection Standards (FHWA 2004). • Manual for Bridge Evaluation (MBE) (AASHTO 2011b). In addition, several SHAs have developed hazard-specific guidelines and procedures manu- als. The procedures tend to define from two to four response levels that are triggered by the magnitude of the emergency situation. They describe a two- to four-step evaluation flowchart (e.g., rapid, detailed, engineering as described in ATC-20). The guidelines often include inspec- tion procedures, forms, typical damage photos, training information, and common repair and retrofit options. Table 1-1 summarizes the SHA information collected during this research. The information that was synthesized served as the basis for the assessment process presented in this manual. Some key examples of processes that provided foundational material to this project include: • New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT)—Post-earthquake Bridge Inspection Guidelines (O’Connor 2010) • Utah DOT—Bridge Management Manual, Chapter 5: Emergency Response Plan (Utah DOT 2014a) • Oregon DOT—Seismic Lifelines Evaluation, Vulnerability Synthesis, and Identification (CH2M Hill 2012) • Oregon DOT—ODOT Emergency Operations Plan, Annex D: Bridge Damage Assessment (Oregon DOT 2014) • California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (CalOES)—Safety Assessment Program Evaluator Student Manual (CalOES 2013) • Pennsylvania DOT (PennDOT)—Bridge Safety Inspection Manual (PennDOT 2010) • Indiana DOT—Handbook for the Post-earthquake Safety Evaluation of Bridges and Roads (Ramirez et al. 2000b) and Field Guide for the Post-earthquake Safety Evaluation of Bridges and Roads (Ramirez et al. 2000a) • Kentucky Transportation Cabinet—Post-earthquake Investigation Field Manual for the State of Kentucky (Sardo et al. 2006) • Washington State DOT (WSDOT)—An Emergency Response Plan for Bridge Management (Reed and Wang 1993). This manual borrows from and builds upon these practices so that a consistent best practices approach is developed. 1.5 Definitions of Key Terms To help with the readability of the manual, key terminologies, methods, and procedures are defined in this section. Note that each of these terms will be described in further detail later in this manual. A list of acronyms and abbreviations is provided later in this manual.

Introduction 7 Procedures Bridges Tunnels Walls Culverts Embankments Overhead Signs Coding and/or Marking • ConnecticutA • Maryland • New York B • OhioC • Oregon D • Maryland • New YorkB • OhioC • Maryland • New YorkB • Maryland • New YorkB • OhioC • OregonD • New YorkB • Colorado • ConnecticutA General • FHWAE • ConnecticutA • IllinoisF • Maryland • MinnesotaG • MississippiH • New YorkB • OhioI • OregonD • PennsylvaniaJ • UtahK • WashingtonL • WisconsinM • OregonD • PennsylvaniaJ • Virginia • WisconsinM • ConnecticutA • PennsylvaniaJ • UtahK • WisconsinM • ConnecticutA • IllinoisF • Maryland • North Dakota • OregonD • PennsylvaniaJ • UtahK • Virginia • WisconsinM • OregonD • PennsylvaniaJ • UtahK • WisconsinM • ConnecticutA • Florida • Hawaii • North Dakota • PennsylvaniaJ • UtahK • WisconsinM Earthquake • Arkansas • California • IllinoisN • IndianaO • Iowa • KentuckyP • MississippiQ • New YorkR • WashingtonS • Oregon None None • IndianaO • KentuckyP • MississippiQ • IndianaO • KentuckyP • MississippiQ • Iowa Tsunami None None None None None None Tornado None None None None None None High Winds None None None None None None Hurricane and Storm Surge None None None None None None Flooding • California • Maryland • OhioI None None None None None Fire • California None None None None None A Connecticut DOT—Bridge Inspection Manual: http://www.ct.gov/dot/lib/dot/documents/dpublications/Inspection_Manual_061905.pdf B New York State DOT (NYSDOT)—Bridge Inventory Manual: https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/structures/manuals/bridge- inventory-manual C Ohio DOT—Bridge Inventory Coding Guide: https://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Engineering/Structures/BridgeManagementSection/ StructureInventory/Documents/Bridge_Inventory_Coding_Guide_Revised_2012-01.pdf D Oregon DOT—Bridge Inspection Program Manual: http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/BRIDGE/docs/brinspecman2013.pdf E Bridge Inspector’s Reference Manual: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbis.cfm F Illinois DOT—Bridge Element Inspection Manual: http://www.idot.illinois.gov/Assets/uploads/files/DoingBusiness/Manuals- Guides-&-Handbooks/Highways/Bridges/Inspection/Bridge%20Element%20Inspection%20Manual%20REV%2002.2014.pdf G Minnesota DOT—Bridge Inspection: http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/inspection.html H Mississippi DOT—Bridge Safety Inspection Policy and Procedure Manual: http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/Bridge/Manuals/Bridge%20 Safety%20Inspection%20Policy%20and%20Procedures.pdf I Ohio DOT—Bridge Inspection and Maintenance: http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Engineering/Structures/bridge%20operations%20 and%20maintenance/Pages/default.aspx J PennDOT—Bridge Safety Inspection Manual: ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/PubsForms/Publications/PUB 238.pdf K Utah DOT—Bridge Management Manual, Chapter 5: Emergency Response Plan: http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/f?p=100:pg:0:::1:T,V:4321 L WSDOT—Bridge Inspection Manual: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Publications/Manuals/M36-64.htm M Wisconsin DOT—Structures Inspection Manual: http://on.dot.wi.gov/dtid_bos/extranet/structures/maintenance/index.htm N Illinois DOT—Earthquake Preparedness, Response and Recovery Plan: http://www.operationsacademy.org/PDF/ListServer/2011/Seismic%20 Activity%20in%20New%20Jersey/Attachments/pdfNew%20April%202010%20Earthquake%20Preparedness%20Response%20and%20 Recovery%20Plan.pdf O Indiana DOT—Handbook for the Post-earthquake Safety Evaluation of Bridges and Roads: http://www.cusec.org/capstone14/documents/ ttf/INDOT-HANDBOOK.PDF P Kentucky Transportation Cabinet—Post-earthquake Investigation Field Manual for the State of Kentucky: http://www.ktc.uky.edu/ projects/post-earthquake-investigation-field-manual-for-the-state-of-kentucky/ Q Mississippi DOT—Annex E – Earthquake Response Plan: http://mdot.ms.gov/documents/enforcement/emergency_services/CETRP/ Annex%20E%20-%20Earthquake%20Response%20Plan.pdf R NYSDOT—Post-earthquake Bridge Inspection Guidelines: https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/ trans-r-and-d-repository/C-06-14_Post-Eq%20Final%20Report_October%202010.pdf S WSDOT—An Emergency Response Plan for Bridge Management: http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/289.1.pdf Table 1-1. Assessment, coding, and marking procedures currently in place by SHAs.

8 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Assessment Process Manual 1.5.1 Assessing, Coding, and Marking • Assessing—The process of evaluating a structure’s condition through inspection and possible data analysis or modeling. This can be completed manually or through technological means. • Coding—The process of using a shortened notation or series of code to indicate the status of a structure, its components and elements, and other parameters associated with it. • Marking—The process of applying an identifiable mark to the structure to inform others of its condition. This can be done physically or digitally. The physical marking of a structure is sometimes referred to as “posting.” 1.5.2 Assessment Stages The main types of inspections that will be conducted consist of stages ranging from quick overview assessments to slower, more detailed assessments: • Fast Reconnaissance (FR)—Provides an overview to establish the extent of the damage region immediately following an emergency event. • Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA)—An assessment performed for each structure imme- diately after an event, preferably within hours, to provide information on the status of the structure and to determine whether subsequent assessment stages will be needed. This stage is typically conducted by PDARs. • Detailed Damage Assessment (DDA)—Provides an evaluation of structural damage and deci- sions on use restriction after the PDA. This stage is typically conducted by specialists (e.g., struc- tural, geotechnical, hydrological, mechanical, and materials engineers). • Extended Investigation (EI)—An in-depth inspection that requires specialized technologies. This stage is typically performed after an UNSAFE rating from the DDA stage. Refer to Section 5.1 for more detailed definitions of these stages. 1.5.3 Response Levels Response levels are indicators to help identify and communicate the level of resources needed based on the intensity of the event and number of structures affected: Level I Regular inspectors in the affected region(s) are placed on call to perform PDA. Level II SHAs can complete PDAs with their maintenance crews and DDAs using inspection crews. Level III Inspectors focus directly on DDAs, while maintenance crews, design engineers, and others (as needed) in the region are immediately mobilized to perform PDAs. Level IV In addition to the mobilization strategy in Level III, the SHA requests immediate assistance from inspectors, maintenance crews, design engineers, and external consultants from other regions to assist with the PDAs. Refer to Section 5.2 for more detailed definitions. 1.5.4 Element Damage Ratings One of the following ratings is given to each element by a PDAR based on the amount of damage visually observed: • None—The element shows no sign of damage. • Minor—The element shows cosmetic or non-structural damage. • Moderate—The element has experienced structural or geotechnical damage. • Severe—The element is damaged where it cannot function properly. Refer to Section 6.2 for more detailed definitions.

Introduction 9 1.5.5 Marking Classifications A final marking classification shall be assigned to each structure determining appropriate usage following an emergency event. The terms INSPECTED, LIMITED USE, and UNSAFE were chosen to be consistent with the process used for buildings (i.e., ATC-20): • INSPECTED—This classification utilizes a green color and indicates that no apparent damage was found and the structure should be able to function without further evaluation. • LIMITED USE—This classification utilizes a yellow color and indicates that minor to moder- ate damage conditions are observed or believed to be present. The structure requires further evaluation but can still be used for restricted traffic. • UNSAFE—This classification utilizes a red color and indicates the structure has experienced severe damage or collapsed and cannot function properly under traffic loads. Refer to Section 6.1 for more detailed definitions. 1.5.6 Emergency Management Roles • Emergency management coordinator (EMC)—The EMC will have responsibility for overall coordination and communication in case of an emergency across the entire SHA. The EMC oversees the SHA’s Incident Command Center and coordination with external agencies. • Managing engineer—The managing engineer is the key lead for making all structural assess- ment decisions regarding highway structures. The managing engineer may assist the EMC when needed. • Chief (structural, geotechnical, hydrological, mechanical, materials) engineer—This role is reserved for the engineer who will coordinate specialty inspectors including structural, geotechnical, hydrological, mechanical, and materials. • PDA responder—A PDAR is an individual who will perform PDA evaluations following an emergency event. For a Level I response, PDARs will typically be regular inspectors. For larger response levels, PDARs can be trained emergency responders (e.g., maintenance and opera- tions crews, and design engineers). • DDA inspector—These inspectors include structural inspection teams with significant back- ground and experience for detailed inspection of structures. • EI inspector—These inspectors should be specialists (e.g., structural, geotechnical, hydrological, mechanical, materials) who will provide specific recommendations on necessary restrictions and/or repair, detailed damage analysis, and approximate cost estimate for remedial work. • Inspector—Inspectors are identified as knowledgeable individuals within an agency that have experience performing routine inspection of highway structures. 1.5.7 Operational Classification Modified versions of AASHTO classifications for prioritizing bridges for earthquakes have been adopted for structural assessment prioritization in this manual (AASHTO 2011a): • Critical—A structure that must remain open to all traffic after an emergency event and be usable by emergency vehicles and for security defense purposes immediately after a large event (e.g., 2,500-year return period). Critical structures are reserved for the most important structures in a transportation network. These structures are often the only means of connec- tion on lifeline routes and are of the utmost importance to remain in service following an emergency event. These structures should be immediately evaluated using DDA by several teams of inspectors to examine the entire structure rather than proceeding with a PDA. • Essential—A structure that should, at minimum, be open to emergency vehicles and for secu- rity purposes immediately after a design earthquake (e.g., 1,000-year return period event).

10 Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations: Assessment Process Manual Essential structures are those that serve as integral links to lifeline routes. These structures should be evaluated for PDA before all other structures. • Other—These structures include all other structures that are not classified as critical or essential. Note that these definitions have been generalized for all hazards and structures and expanded to provide more examples in context of emergency response. 1.5.8 Assessment Criteria and Ranges of Traffic Levels • Average daily traffic (ADT): the total traffic volume during a given time period, ranging from 2 to 364 consecutive days, divided by the number of days in that time period, and expressed in vehicles per day. • Annual average daily traffic (AADT): traffic on a roadway link for all days of the week during a period of one year, expressed in vehicles per day. 1.6 Organization of the Manual This manual is organized into the following chapters: • Chapter 2 provides an overview of emergency events as well as common metrics used as intensity measures during emergency events. In addition, vulnerable structures are identified. • Chapter 3 presents an overview of the general response process described in this manual. • Chapter 4 describes important steps for planning and preparation to improve emergency response. • Chapter 5 details the assessment stages including FR, PDA, DDA, and EI. This chapter also discusses response levels for the emergency events discussed in Chapter 2. • Chapter 6 provides an overview of Volume 3: Coding and Marking Guidelines. • Chapter 7 presents guidance on communication and coordination practices. This chapter also describes interfacing with relevant agencies and tools that can be used for communication during emergency situations. • Chapter 8 highlights appropriate technologies for each of the assessment stages and how technology can aid in the assessment process. It also discusses considerations based on organizational and technological maturity levels. • Chapter 9 provides the conclusions as well as an outlook on future technologies and practices that can be integrated into this process in the future. Following the main text, the following additional materials are provided: • Appendices – Appendix A: Highway Structure Background – Appendix B: Emergency Event Response Levels and Notifications – Appendix C: Traffic Levels and Capacity – Appendix D: Equipment List – Appendix E: Example Communication Flowcharts (from Utah DOT) – Appendix F: Assessment Forms • A list of supporting references • A list of acronyms and abbreviations • A detailed glossary of terminology

Next: Chapter 2 - Emergency Events »
Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 2: Assessment Process Manual Get This Book
×
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 833: Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 2: Assessment Process Manual is intended for managers who will oversee emergency response situations. The report identifies technologies that could be used to assess highway structures in emergency situations. The report addresses technologies that can help with prioritization, coordination, communication, and redundancy.

NCHRP Research Report 833, Volume 1, Volume 2, and Volume 3; along with NCHRP Web-Only Document 223: Guidelines for Development of Smart Apps for Assessing, Coding, and Marking Highway Structures in Emergency Situations provides guidelines for related coding and marking that can be recognized by highway agencies and other organizations that respond to emergencies resulting from natural or man-made disasters.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!