Synthesis of Information Related to Transit Practices: 2017 (2017)

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2that which is now on hand; eventually the synthesis may need to be updated or redone. If you believe that a synthesis should be updated, it would be appreci- ated if you would contact TRB and let us know. Selection of Topics TCRP Project Panel J-7 meets each year (typically in May) to select topics for study using funds from the upcoming fiscal year. The membership of this com- mittee is given in Table 1. Current funding allows for initiation of approximately six syntheses per year. The following factors are considered in the selec- tion process for synthesis topics: • The problem should be widespread enough to generate broad interest in the synthesis. • The topic should be timely and critical with respect to economic impact, safety, or social impact. • The topic is appropriate if current practice is nonuniform or inconsistent from agency to agency, or if the validity of some practices appears to be questionable. • The quality and quantity of useful available information should indicate a need to orga- nize and compress that which has already been learned and written on the topic. • The topic should not be one where ongoing research or other activities in progress might be expected to render the synthesis obsolete shortly after completion. The continued success of this project depends on a constant supply of worthy synthesis topics solicited annually from a variety of sources, including transit officials, equipment and service suppliers, research organizations, FTA, APTA, and TRB committees. The interest of those who have recommended topics is sin- cerely appreciated, and they are urged to continue. conduct of the Studies Throughout the year, following the J-7 project panel’s selection of topics, studies are initiated in the order of priority assigned by the committee. A panel consisting of practitioners and researchers is formed for each topic. At its first meeting, this topic panel thoroughly discusses the topic, refines the tentative scope, suggests sources of information, and selects the consultant based on expression of interest received in response to an industry-wide solicitation. Following this meeting, an agreement is negoti- ated with the consultant to gather information on the fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. As a con- sequence, full knowledge of what has been learned about a problem may not be brought to bear on its solution. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and due con- sideration may not be given to recommended prac- tices for solving or alleviating the problem. There is information on nearly every subject of concern to the transit industry. Much of it derives from research or from the work of practitioners faced with problems in their day-to-day work. To provide a systematic means for assembling and evaluating such useful information and to make it available to the entire transit community, the Transit Cooperative Research Program Oversight and Project Selection (TOPS) Committee authorized the Transportation Research Board to undertake a continuing study. This study, TCRP Project J-7, “Synthesis of Infor- mation Related to Transit Practices,” searches out and synthesizes useful knowledge from all available sources and prepares concise, documented reports on specific topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute a TCRP report series, Synthesis of Transit Practice. THE SYNTHESIS PROGRAM This synthesis series reports on current knowledge and practice, in a compact format, without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design man- uals. Each report in the series provides a compendium of the current knowledge available on those measures found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems. To develop these syntheses in a compre- hensive manner and to ensure inclusion of significant knowledge, TRB employs a consultant to gather and analyze available information from numerous sources, including a large number of transit agencies. A panel of experts in the subject area is established to guide the consultants in organizing and evaluating data collected on each topic and to review the synthesis report. For each topic, the project objectives are (1) to locate and assemble documented information; (2) to learn what practice has been used for solving or alle- viating problems; (3) to identify all ongoing research; (4) to learn what problems remain largely unsolved; and (5) to organize, evaluate, and document the use- ful information that is acquired. Each synthesis is an immediately useful document that records practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As the processes of advancement con- tinue, new knowledge can be expected to be added to

3topic, synthesize it, and draft a report. Typically, the agreement covers a period of 9 months. Information gathering and preparation of the first draft of the syn- thesis report usually takes 5 months. This draft is then reviewed by the topic panel with the consultant, often at a second panel meeting. Subsequent drafts and a meeting are scheduled if needed, although this rarely occurs. After the staff is substantially satisfied with the report, a final draft is sent to the members of the TCRP Project Panel J-7 for their approval. At the same time, members from the topic panel have their last chance to review the report. Comments from these reviews are incorporated into the final report, which is usually published as a TCRP Synthesis of Transit Practice. Studies in Progress as of January 2017 Work is currently under way on the topics listed in Table 2. Questions on these topics should be addressed to the Project Study Manager, Mariela Garcia-Colberg (e-mail: mgarciacolberg@nas.edu and 202/334-2361) or the Synthesis Studies Director, Jon M. Williams (e-mail: jwilliams@nas.edu and 202/334-3245). Available Publications The Syntheses of Transit Practice that have been completed under this project are listed in Table 3. Copies of these syntheses can be obtained from the Publications Office, Transportation Research Board, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20001; by calling 202/334-3213; and through the Internet at: https://www.mytrb.org/store. Please send check orders to: National Academy of Sciences—TRB, PO Box 936135, Atlanta, GA 31193-6135, or fax to: 202/334-2519. Electronic copies are available at: http://www.trb.org/Publications/PubsTCRPSynthesis Reports.aspx. Index of Topic Studies Table 4 is a key word index of published syn- theses and studies currently in progress. The report numbers in blue are live links. Click on the number to access the report. Table 1 TCRP Project Panel J-7 Name Affiliation Chair Brad J. Miller Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority (PSTA), St. Petersburg, FL Member Donna DeMartino San Joaquin Regional Transit District, Stockton, CA Member Michael Ford The Regional Transit Authority of Southeast Michigan, Detroit, MI Member Bobby J. Griffin Griffin and Associates, Flower Mound, TX Member Jeanne Krieg Eastern Contra Costa Transit Authority, Antioch, CA Member Paul J. Larrousse Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ Member David A. Lee Connecticut Transit, Hartford, CT Member Elizabeth Presutti Des Moines Area Regional Transit Authority—DART, Des Moines, IA Member Robert H. Prince, Jr. AECOM Consulting Transportation Group, Inc., Boston, MA Member Jarrett W. Stoltzfus Foothill Transit, West Covina, CA Member Faith Hall Federal Transit Administration, Washington, D.C. Liaison American Public Transportation Association, Washington, D.C. Liaison Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Table 2 Synthesis Studies—In Progress as of January 2017 No. Title SA-37 Common Fare Payment: Obstacles and Opportunities in Crossing Institutional and Geographic Boundaries SA-38 Successful Practices and Training Initiatives to Reduce Accidents and Incidents at Transit Agencies SA-39 Managing Extreme Weather at Bus Stops SA-40 Planning and Design for Fire/Smoke in Underground Passenger and Rail Systems SF-19 Addressing Difficult Customer Situations SH-17 Current State of the Practice for Documenting Economic Impact of Transit SA-41 Battery Electric Buses—State of the Practice SA-42 College Student Transit Pass Programs SB-27 Public Transit and Bikesharing SB-28 Administration of ADA Paratransit Eligibil- ity Appeal Programs SB-29 Customer Focused Service Guarantees and Transparency Practices SG-14 ADA Paratransit Service Delivery Models SG-15 Contracting Fixed-Route Bus Transit Service

4Table 3 Published TCRP Syntheses No. Title/Pages/Price 1 Safe Operating Procedures for Alternative Fuel Buses (1993) 48 pp., $16.00 2 Low-Floor Transit Buses (1994) 43 pp., $12.00 3 Incentive Programs to Improve Transit Employee Performance (1994) 44 pp., $12.00 4 Integration of Bicycles and Transit (1994) 58 pp., $12.00 5 Management Information Systems (1994) 77 pp., $19.00 6 The Role of Performance-Based Measures in Allocating Funding for Transit Operations (1994) 52 pp., $11.00 7 Regulatory Impacts on Design and Retrofit of Bus Maintenance Facilities (1994) 50 pp., $12.00 8 Retrofit of Buses to Meet Clean Air Regulations (1994) 48 pp., $12.00 9 Waste Control Practices at Bus Maintenance Facilities (1995) 26 pp., $10.00 10 Bus Route Evaluation Standards (1995) 54 pp., $12.00 11 System-Specific Spare Bus Ratios (1995) 46 pp., $12.00 12 Transit Bus Service Line and Cleaning Functions (1995) 48 pp., $14.00 13 Risk Management for Small and Medium Transit Agencies (1995) 31 pp., $13.00 14 Innovative Suburb-to-Suburb Transit Practices (1995) 50 pp., $14.00 15 System-Specific Spare Rail Vehicle Ratios (1995) 43 pp., $13.00 16 Changing Roles and Practices of Bus Field Supervisors (1996) 45 pp., $13.00 17 Customer Information at Bus Stops (1996) 64 pp., $18.00 18 Bus Occupant Safety (1996) 55 pp., $15.00 19 Passenger Transfer System Review (1996) 37 pp., $14.00 20 Transit-Focused Development (1997) 55 pp., $16.00 21 Improving Transit Security (1997) 36 pp., $15.00 22 Monitoring Bus Maintenance Performance (1997) 48 pp., $16.00 23 Inspection Policy and Procedures for Rail Transit Tunnels and Underground Structures (1997) 95 pp., $25.00 24 AVL Systems for Bus Transit (1997) 47 pp., $16.00 25 Light Rail Vehicle Compression Requirements (1997) 34 pp., $15.00 26 Bus Transit Fare Collection Practices (1997) 29 pp., $14.00 27 Emergency Preparedness for Transit Terrorism (1997) 73 pp., $21.00 28 Managing Transit Construction Contract Claims (1998) 50 pp., $17.00 29 Passenger Counting Technologies and Procedures (1998) 50 pp., $23.00 30 ADA Paratransit Eligibility Certification Practices (1998) 38 pp., $16.00 31 Paratransit Contracting and Service Delivery Methods (1998) 35 pp., $16.00 32 Transit Advertising Revenue: Traditional and New Sources and Structures (1998) 58 pp., $20.00 33 Practices in Assuring Employee Availability (1999) 69 pp., $27.00 34 Data Analysis for Bus Planning and Monitoring (2000) 62 pp., $27.00 35 Information Technology Update for Transit (2000) 98 pp., $31.00 36 Identifying and Reducing Fraudulent Third Party Tort Claims Against Public Transit Agencies (2000) 58 pp., $25.00 37 Communicating with Persons with Disabilities in a Multimodal Environment (2001) 48 pp., $26.00 38 Electronic Surveillance Technology on Transit Vehicles (2001) 57 pp., $28.00 39 Transportation on College and University Campuses (2001) 62 pp., $28.00 40 A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus Operators (2001) 72 pp., $29.00 41 The Use of Small Buses in Transit Service (2002) 72 pp., $15.00 42 Use of Flexible Funds for Transit Under ISTEA and TEA-21 (2002) 40 pp., $15.00 43 Effective Use of Transit Websites (2002) 79 pp., $16.00 44 Training for On-Board Bus Electronic (2002) 63 pp., $15.00 45 Customer-Focused Transit (2002) 100 pp., $17.00 46 Diversity Training Initiatives (2003) 59 pp., $15.00 47 Corporate Culture as the Driver of Transit Leadership Practices (2003) 91 pp., $17.00 48 Real-Time Bus Arrival Information Systems (2003) 61 pp., $15.00

5(continued on next page) Table 3 (Continued) No. Title/Pages/Price 49 Yield to Bus Programs—State of the Practice (2003) In Press 50 Use of Rear-Facing Position for Common Wheelchairs on Transit Buses (2003) 42 pp., $14.00 51 Transit Advertising Sales Agreements (2004) 99 pp., $18.00 52 Transit Operator Health and Wellness Programs (2004) 80 pp., $17.00 53 Operational Experiences with Flexible Services in Transit Systems (2004) 57 pp., $16.00 54 Maintenance Productivity Practices (2004) 92 pp., $18.00 55 Geographic Information Systems Applications in Transit (2004) 60 pp., $16.00 56 Performance-Based Measures in Transit Fund Allocation (2004) 74 pp., $16.00 57 Computer-Aided Scheduling and Dispatch in Demand-Responsive Transit Services (2004) 79 pp., $17.00 58 Emergency Response Procedures for Natural Gas Transit Vehicles (2005) 53 pp., $15.00 59 Strategic Planning and Management in Transit Agencies (2005) 44 pp., $15.00 60 Practices in no-Show and Late Cancellation Policies for ADA Paratransit (2005) 49 pp., $16.00 61 Maintenance Staffing Levels for Light Rail Transit (2005) 41 pp., $16.00 62 Integration of Bicycles and Transit (2005) 70 pp., $17.00 63 On-Board and Intercept Transit Survey Techniques (2005) 91 pp., $19.00 64 Bus Use of Shoulders (2006) 91 pp., $35.00 65 Transit Agency Participation in Medicaid Transportation Programs (2006) 48 pp., $31.00 66 Fixed-Route Transit Ridership Forecasting and Service Planning Methods (2006) 51 pp., $31.00 67 Bus Transit Service in Land Development Planning (2006) 62 pp., $32.00 68 Methods of Rider Communication (2006) 95 pp., $35.00 69 Web-Based Survey Techniques (2006) 104 pp., $35.00 70 Mobile Data Terminals (2007) 150 pp., $47.00 71 Paratransit Manager’s Skills, Qualifications, and Needs (2007) 52 pp., $36.00 72 Use of Biodiesel in a Transit Fleet (2007) 61 pp., $38.00 73 AVL Systems for Bus Transit Update (2007) 104 pp., $50.00 74 Policies and Practices for Effectively and Efficiently Meeting ADA Paratransit Demand (2008) 54 pp., $40.00 75 Uses of Higher Capacity Buses in Transit Service (2008) 72 pp., $45.00 76 Integration of Paratransit and Fixed-Route Transit Services (2008) 48 pp., $40.00 77 Passenger Counting Systems (2008) 73 pp., $45.00 78 Transit Systems in College and University Communities (2008) 88 pp., $47.00 79 Light Rail Vehicle Collisions with Vehicles at Signalized Intersections (2008) 40 pp., $37.00 80 Transit Security Update (2008) 141 pp., $57.00 81 Preventive Maintenance Intervals for Transit Buses (2010) 71 pp., $47.00 82 Transit Fare Arrangements for Public Employees (2010) 81 pp., $49.00 83 Bus and Rail Transit Preferential Treatments in Mixed Traffic (2010) 202 pp., $68.00 84 Current Practices in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Savings from Transit (2010) 77 pp., $49.00 85 Effective Use of Citizen Advisory Committees for Transit Planning and Operations (2010) 63 pp., $43.00 86 Relationships Between Streetcars and the Built Environment (2010) 52 pp., $42.00 87 Practices in the Development and Deployment of Downtown Circulators (2011) 113 pp., $57.00 88 Strollers, Carts, and Other Large Items on Buses and Trains (2011) 162 pp., $63.00 89 Public Participation Strategies for Transit (2011) 87 pp., $54.00 90 Video Surveillance Uses by Rail Transit Agencies (2011) 79 pp., $52.00 91 Use and Deployment of Mobile Device Technology for Real-Time Transit Information (2011) 78 pp., $49.00 92 Transit Asset Condition Reporting (2011) 45 pp., $41.00 93 Practices to Protect Bus Operators from Passenger Assault (2011) 126 pp., $60.00 94 Innovative Rural Transit Services (2011) 43 pp., $41.00 95 Practices for Wayside Rail Transit Worker Protection (2012) 79 pp., $54.00 96 Off-Board Fare Payment Using Proof-of-Payment Verification (2012) 117 pp., $60.00 97 Improving Bus Transit Safety Through Rewards and Discipline (2012) 53 pp., $46.00 98 Ridesharing as a Complement to Transit (2012) 62 pp., $48.00

6Absenteeism 33, 52 Accidents –Light Rail 79 –Prevention 95 –Reduction 97 ADA Paratransit 119 Adopt-a-Stop 103 Advertising –Buses/Trains, on 32, 51 –Stations/Stops 32, 51 –Websites 43 Advisory Committees 85 Alternative Fuels 1 –Safe Operating Procedures, Buses 1 Asset Management 92, 100 Automated Onboard Systems, Vehicle Health 81 Automated Vehicle Location (AVL) Systems 24, 34, 48, 53, 55, 73, 77, 91, 93, 94, 110 Automatic Passenger Counters (APC) 29, 66, 73, 77 Automatic Vehicle Monitoring 24, 34, 48, 53, 55, 73 Automotive Service Excellence 120 Bicycles – Integration with Buses 4, 62 – Integration with Ferries 4, 62 – Integration with Rail 4, 62, 122 Biodiesel 72 Buff Load (see Compression Requirements) Built Environment 86 Buses –Alternative Fuels 1 ❏ Compressed Natural Gas 1 ❏ Ethanol 1 ❏ Liquefied Natural Gas 1 ❏ Liquefied Petroleum Gas 1 ❏ Methanol 1 –Automated Vehicle Location Systems 24, 34, 48, 53, 55, 94 Table 4 Index to TCRP Syntheses and Studies Blue numbers are live links to those reports. Table 3 (Continued) No. Title/Pages/Price 99 Uses of Social Media in Public Transportation (2012) 57 pp., $48.00 100 Elevator and Escalator Maintenance and Safety Practices (2012) 58 pp., $48.00 101 Implementation and Outcomes of Fare-Free Transit Systems (2012) 96 pp., $57.00 102 Integrating Passenger Ferry Service with Mass Transit (2013) 45 pp., $44.00 103 Transit Station and Stop Adoption Programs (2013) 59 pp., $49.00 104 Use of Electronic Passenger Information Signage in Transit (2013) 100 pp., $58.00 105 Use of Market Research Panels in Transit (2013) 62 pp., $48.00 106 Energy Savings Strategies for Transit Agencies (2013) 68 pp., $52.00 107 Rail Transit Track Inspection Practices (2014) 50 pp., $50.00 108 Transit Bus Operator Distraction Policies (2013) 92 pp., $58.00 109 System-Specific Spare Bus Ratios Update (2014) 61 pp., $49.00 110 Commonsense Approaches for Improving Transit Bus Speeds (2014) 147 pp., $68.00 111 Optimizing Bus Warranty (2014) 62 pp. 112 Maintaining Transit Effectiveness (2014) 107 pp. 113 Sub-Allocating FTA Section 5307 Funding Among Multiple Recipients in Metropolitan Areas (2014) 73 pp. 114 Critical Incident Management and Clearance Practices for Rail Transit (2015) 101 pp. 115 Open Data: Challenges and Opportunities for Transit Agencies (2015) 114 pp. 116 Practices for Establishing ADA Paratransit Eligibility Assessment Facilities (2015) 67 pp. 117 Better On-Street Bus Stops (2015) 132 pp. 118 Practices for Utility Coordination in Transit Projects (2015) 56 pp. 119 Use of Taxis in Public Transportation for People with Disabilities and Older Adults (2016) 103 pp. 120 Use of Automotive Service Excellence Tests Within Transit (2016) 89 pp. 121 Transit Agency Practices in Interacting with People Who Are Homeless (2016) 88 pp. 122 Transit Supportive Parking Policies and Programs (2016) 69 pp. 123 Onboard Camera Applications for Buses (2016) 70 pp. 43 Track Maintenance Costs on Rail Transit Properties (2008) (web-only doc)

7 –Bicycle Integration with 4, 62, 88 –Biodiesel 72 –Bypass Lanes 83 –Cleaning 12 –College and University Campuses 39, 78 –Downtown Circulators 87 –Driver Availability 33, 40, 52 –Electronic Equipment 44 –Fare Collection 26, 96 –Fare-Free 101 –Field Supervisors 16 –Fuel and Fluid Storage 7 –Higher Capacity 75 – Intercity 94 – Integration with Passenger Ferries 102 –Low-Floor 2 –Maintenance 54, 81, 111, 120 –Maintenance Facilities 7, 9, 12 –Natural Gas 58 –Occupant Safety 18, 38, 50, 58 –Passenger Transfer 19 –Procurement 111 –Rail, Integration with 83 –Rapid Transit 75, 83 –Repairs 111 –Retrofitting 8 –Route Evaluation Standards 10 –Routes 110 –Safety 97 –Service Line and Cleaning 12 –Signage 104 –Shoulders 64 –Small Buses 41 –Speeds 110 –Stops, Customer Information at 17, 37, 48 –Strollers, Integration with 88 –Suburb-to-Suburb Service 14 –System-Specific Spare Ratios 11 –Traffic Operations 49 –Warranty 111 –Waste Control at Maintenance Facilities 9 Bus Field Supervisors –Changing Roles and Practices 16 Bus Garages (see Bus Maintenance Facilities) Bus Maintenance Facilities –Cleaning 12 –Regulations on Design and Retrofit of 7 –Waste Control 9 Bus Route Evaluation Standards 10, 14 Bus Stops – Information at 17, 37, 48 –Locations 53, 117 –Safety Design 18, 117 –Signs 17, 37 Table 4 (Continued) (continued on next page) Cameras 123 Claims (see Liability) Certification, ASE 120 Circulators 87 Codes (see Regulations, Standards) College and University Campuses 39, 78 Communications –Riders 68, 89 Commuter Benefits 82 Compression Requirements –Light Rail Vehicles 25 Computer-Aided Dispatch 73, 91, 93, 110 Congestion Mitigation 84 Construction Contract Claims 28 Contracts –Advertising 32, 51 –Disputes and Resolution 28 – Information Technology Services 35 –Maintenance 54 –Paratransit Services 31, 71 Coordination –Utilities 118 Cost-Effectiveness –Fare-Free Transit 101 –Transit 112 Customer Service 43, 45 –Automatic Vehicle Location 73 –Awareness 43, 45, 48, 49, 68 –Bicycles on Transit 62 –Complaint Resolution 38 –Computer-Aided Scheduling and Dispatch 57, 91, 115 –Employee Fare Programs 82 –Geographic Information Systems 55 – Information at Bus Stops 17, 48 –Management Role 16, 47 –Passengers with Disabilities 30, 31, 37, 50, 53, 60, 74, 116, 119 –Passengers with Strollers, Carts, and Other Large Items 88 –Public Participation 89 –Service Line and Cleaning 12 –Surveys 63, 69 –Transfers 19 Design –Bicycle Storage and Transport 62 –Bus ❏ Clean Air Regulations, to Meet 8 ❏ Low-Floor Transit Buses 2 ❏ Safety 18, 50, 58, 93 –Bus Maintenance Facilities 7 –Bus Stops 18, 117

8 –Elevators and Escalators 100 –Engines 7, 8 –Regulatory Impacts on 7, 8 –Small Buses 41 –Streetcar Systems 86 –Surveillance Technology 38 –Survey Questionnaires 63, 69 –Tunnels 23 –Websites 43 Dispatch 57 –Bus 53, 60 Distraction Policies 108 Diversity –Training 46 Driver –Distractions 108 –Health and Wellness 52 –Hiring 40 –Performance Evaluation 40 –Retention 40 –Training 40, 44, 45, 49, 57 Dynamic Message Signs 91, 104, 115 Electronic Signage 104 Electronic Surveillance 38, 90 Elevators 100 Emergency Procedures –Bus 58 –Rail 114 Emissions, Greenhouse Gas 84 Employee Assistance Programs 16, 52, 82 Energy, Savings 106 Environment, The –Clean Air Act 1, 7, 8 –Emissions, Biodiesel 72 –Greenhouse Gas Emissions 84 –Waste Control 9 Escalators 100 Fare Collection –Bus 26, 34 –Downtown Circulators 87 –Electronic Registering Fareboxes (ERFs) 29 –Evasion 93, 96 –Fare-Free 101 –Off-Board 96 –Structure 102 –Unlimited Access Systems 39 Ferries –Bicycles, Integration with 4, 62 –Passenger Ferry, Integration with Mass Transit 102 Fleet Management 15, 24, 35, 109 Flexible Transit Service 53 Fixed-Route Transit 66, 74 Fraudulent Claims 36 Fuel Systems 72 Functional Assessments 116 Funding Allocation –Bicycle Services 62 –Circulators 87 – Infrastructure 92 –Fare-Free Transit 101 –FTA Section 5307 113 –Maintenance 53 –Medicaid Transportation Programs 65 –Performance-Based 56 –Role of Performance-Based Measures 6 –Spare Bus Ratios, System-Specific 11 –Spare Rail Vehicle Ratios 15 –Surveillance 90 –Systems Costs 48 –Under ISTEA and TEA-21 42 Funding, Flexible 42 Geographic Information Systems 55 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) –Bus 24, 53, 73, 78, 91, 110 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 84 Homeless Use of Public Transit 121 Incentive Programs –Employee 3, 33, 52, 82, 97 – Incident Management 114 Information Technology (IT) 5, 35, 43, 57 –Automatic Vehicle Location 73 –Geographic Information Systems 55 –Global Positioning Systems 70 –Mobile Device Technology 91 –Signage 104 –Social Media 99 –Supervisors, Impact on 16 –Web-Based Surveys 69 Infrastructure 92 Inspection –Bus Maintenance 81 –Elevators and Escalators 100 –Rail Tunnels and Underground Structures 23 –Track 95, 107 Integrated Service 76, 98 Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) –Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS) 35 –Automated Vehicle Location Systems 24, 34, 48, 53, 55, 73, 77, 91 –Automated Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) 24, 34, 48, 53, 55, 73 Table 4 (Continued) Blue numbers are live links to those reports.

9 –Automatic Passenger Counters 29, 34, 77 –Global Positioning Systems (GPS) 24, 53 –Transfer Automation 19 –Mobile Data Terminals 70 –Mobile Device Technology 91, 99 Interactions, Homeless 121 Internet 43 Liability –Construction Contract Claims 28 –Fraudulent Third Party Claims 36 – Institutional 49 –Risk Management 13 Light Rail Vehicles (LRV) –Compression Requirements 25 –Operations 79 –System-Specific Spare Ratios 15 Light Rail Transit 61, 79, 83 –Fare Collection 96 Litter Collection 103 Low-Floor Buses 2 Maintenance –Bus Maintenance Facilities 7, 9 –Fleet Programs 109 –Elevators and Escalators 100 –Line and Cleaning Functions 12 –Light Rail Transit 61, 43 (web-only) –Monitoring Performance 22, 44, 120 –Preventive 81, 92 –Productivity 53, 54 –Rail Track 107 –Stops/Stations 103 Maintenance Management Information System 109 Management 44, 47, 59, 71 Management Information Systems (see Information Technology) Market Research, Panels 105 Marketing –Bicycles on Transit 62 –Circulators 87 –Social Media 99 Mobile Data Terminals 70 Mobility 116 Monitoring Maintenance Performance 22, 54 Multimodal Service Coordination 102 Non-Emergency Medical Transportation 65 On Time Performance 110 Open Data 115 Panels, Market Research 105 Paratransit Eligibility 116 Table 4 (Continued) Paratransit Services 30, 31, 60, 65, 71, 74, 76, 112, 116, 119 Park-and-Ride 122 Parking 122 Parking and Storage –Bicycles 62 Partnerships 65 Passengers –Comfort 12 –Communicating with 37, 68, 89, 102 – Information Display 91, 104, 117 –Ridership Counts 29, 34 –Safety 18, 21, 50, 58, 80, 88, 100 –Satisfaction 45, 64, 69, 101 –Transfer Systems 19 Pedestrian Access –Bus Stops 117 Performance-Based Measures –Funding Allocation 56 –Diversity Training 46 –Role in Funding Allocation 6 Performance Evaluation –Bus Operators 40 –Fare-Free Transit 101 –Circulators 87 –Real-Time Bus Arrival Information Systems 43, 48, 91 –Travel Time 110 Planning –Advisory Committees 85 –Strategic 59 Policy Development –No-Show and Late Cancellation 60 –Greenhouse Emissions 84 Policy Procedures –Rail Tunnel and Underground Structures Inspection 23 –Safe Operation for Alternative Fuel Buses Preventive Maintenance 109 Productivity –Employee 3, 16, 22, 33, 54 –Proof-of-Payment 96 –Transit System 54, 56, 60, 112 Public Involvement in Transit Planning 85, 89 Public Transportation –Funding 113 Quality Assurance –Bus Maintenance 81 Queue Jump/Bypass Lanes 83 (continued on next page)

10 Rail –Bicycle Integration with 4, 62 – Incident Management 114 – Integration with Large Items 88 –Light Rail Vehicle Compression Requirements 25 –Passenger Transfers 19 –Security 21, 90 –Station Area Development 20 –Streetcars 86 –Suburb-to-Suburb Service 14 –System-Specific Spare Ratios 15 –Track Inspection 107 –Tunnel and Underground Structures 23 Real-Time Transit Information 91, 99, 104, 115 Recruitment –Bus Drivers 16, 33, 40 –Management 47 –Security Personnel 21 –Supervisors 16 Regulations –Air Quality 1, 7, 8, 84 –Alternative Fuel Buses 1, 72 –Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 2, 7, 16, 17, 24, 30, 31, 37, 50, 53, 60, 65, 74, 76, 116 –Buses on Shoulders 64 –Bus Stops 117 –Drugs and Alcohol 16 –EPA 7 –Family Leave Medical Act 33 –Leave Policies 33 –Local and State 7 –Occupational Safety and Health Administration 7, 52 –Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 9 –Retrofitting 7, 8 –Suburb-to-Suburb Service 14 –Waste Management 9 Retrofitting –Bus 8, 49 –Bus Maintenance Facilities 7 –Engine 7, 8 –Regulatory Impacts on 7 Revenues –Advertising 51 Ridesharing 98 Ridership 63 –Fare-Free Transit 101 –Forecasting 66 –Parking 122 Risk Management 90 –Medium Agencies 13 –Small Agencies 13 Safety –Alternative Fuel Bus Operation 1 –Bus Drivers 93, 108, 123 –Bus Occupant 18, 38, 50, 64, 123 –Bus Route Evaluation 10 –Communications 68 –Light Rail Vehicle Compression Resistance 25 – Incentives and Rewards 97 – Infrastructure 92 –Rail 114 –Track Workers 95, 107 –Traffic Operations 49 –Video Surveillance 90, 123 Scheduling –Adherence 49 –Automatic Vehicle Location Systems 24, 48, 53, 55, 73, 91 –Bus Driver Availability 33 –Bus Route Evaluation 10 –Bus Stop Information 17, 48 –Bus Transfers 19 –Computer-Aided 57 –Demand-Responsive 53, 57 –Downtown Circulators 87 –Elevators and Escalators 100 –Flexible Route 53 –Maintenance, Bus 81 –Paratransit 74, 76 –Point Deviation 53 –Ridesharing 98 –Ridership Data Collection 29, 34, 63 –Small Buses 41 –Social Media 99 –Suburb-to-Suburb 14 Security –Automatic Vehicle Location 73 –Bus Drivers, for 33, 93 –Crime Prevention 21, 38, 80 –Drivers and Passengers 123 –Passenger Security Inspections 80 –Technology Systems 35, 38 –Terrorism 27, 80 –Violence Reduction 21, 93 Service –Planning 66, 89, 94 –Productivity 112 –Quality 15, 45, 53, 57 –Small Buses 41 Service Line and Cleaning 12 Signage 104 Social Media, Uses of in Public Transportation 99 Social Services 121 Table 4 (Continued) Blue numbers are live links to those reports.

11 Spare Ratios –System-Specific Buses 11, 109 –System-Specific Rail Vehicles 15 Standards –Alternative Fuels 1 –Bus Route Evaluation 10, 14 –Maintenance 54 State of Good Repair 92 Stop Adoption Programs 103 Streetcars 86 Sub-Allocation, Funding 113 Suburb-to-Suburb Commuting 14 Supervisors –Bus Field 16 –Relations with Drivers 33 Surveillance 9, 123 Surveys –On-Line and Intercept 63 –Web-Based 69 Taxis 119 Terrorism 27, 80 Ticket Purchasing 96 Tort Claims 36 Track Inspection 107 Track Maintenance 43 (web-only), 95, 107 Traffic Engineering 110 Training –Bus Drivers 18, 30, 40, 93 –Diversity Training 46 – Information Technology 35, 44 –Management, Paratransit 71 –Riders, Paratransit 74 –Supervisors 16 –Technicians 81, 120 –Track Inspection 107 –Warranty 111 Transfers 19 Transit-Focused Development 20 Transit Funding 113 Transit, Integration with Ridesharing 98 Transit-Oriented Development 122 Transit, Public Involvement 89 Transit, Security 90, 93 Transit Signal Priority 83 Transit Stops/Stations, Adoption 103 Transit Vehicle Technologies 106 Transitways 83 Transportation Demand Management 39 Transportation Network Companies 119 Tunnels 23 Underground Structures 23 Unions 54 U-Pass 78 Urbanized Area Formula Program 113 Utilities 118 Vandalism 93 Van Pools 98 Video Surveillance 90 Violence (see Security) Volunteers 103 Warranty Programs –Bus 111 Waste Control –Bus Maintenance Facilities 9 Table 4 (Continued)

These digests are issued in order to increase awareness of research results emanating from projects in the Cooperative Research Programs (CRP). Persons wanting to pursue the project subject matter in greater depth should contact the CRP Staff, Transportation Research Board, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. Subject Areas: Public Transportation • Operations and Traffic Management • Design • Planning and Forecasting • Vehicles and Equipment • Maintenance and Preservation • Energy • Environment • Society • Finance Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 ISBN 978-0-309-38987-7 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 3 8 9 8 7 7 9 0 0 0 0