Design of Interchange Loop Ramps and Pavement/Shoulder Cross-Slope Breaks (2017)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, and was conducted in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the author(s). This material has not been edited by TRB.

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

Part 1 Acknowl Abstract List of Fi Summary Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Appendix Appendix Green Bo Part 2 Cross Acknowl Abstract List of Fi Summary Section 1 : Design edgement .. ................... gures and T ................. . Introduct . Summary . Observat . Applicati . Design G . Conclusi . Referenc Sites In A. B. Recom ok ……… : Asses -Slope edgement .. ................... gures and T ................. . Introduct Guida ................... ................... ables ......... ................... ion ............. of Literatu ional Field S on of the HS uidance ..... ons and Rec es ............... cluded in O mended Cha …………… sment o Breaks ................... ................... ables.......... ................... ion ............. Table o nce for .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... re Review ... tudy of Loo M Ramp C .................... ommendatio .................... bservationa nges for Co ………… f Desig .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... f Cont Intercha ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... p Ramp Pro rash Predict ................... ns for Futur ................... l Field Stud nsideration …………… n Criter ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... ents nge Lo ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... per............. ion Method ................... e Research ................... y of Loop R in the Next …………… ia for Pa ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... op Ram ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... to Loop Ra ................... ................... ................... amps .......... Edition of th …………… vemen ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... ps ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... mps ............ ................... ................. 1 ................. 1 .................. e ………… t/Should ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... .. 1-ii  . 1-iii  . 1-vi . 1-ix .. 1-1  .. 1-6  1-22  1-67  1-89  -100  -105  1A-1  1B-1 er .. 2-ii  . 2-iii  .. 2-v  2-vii  .. 2-1 iii

Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Appendix Appendix . Summary . Vehicle D . Crash-Ba . Conclusi . Referenc Simulat A. Simulat B. of Literatu ynamics Si sed Safety A ons and Futu es ............... ion Results ion Results re Review a mulation M nalysis ...... re Research .................... for Full Tra for Moderat nd Current P odeling ....... ................... Needs ....... ................... versal Sever e Departure ractice ....... ................... ................... ................... ................... e Departure Vehicle Tra ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... Vehicle Tr jectories .... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ajectory ..... ................... .. 2-5  2-15 2-36  2-48  2-50 2A-1  2B-1  iv