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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD Public Transportation Security: Volume 2 K9 Units in Public Transportation: A Guide for Decision Makers TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMTCRP REPORT 86 Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT SELECTION COMMITTEE (as of June 2002) CHAIR LINDA S. WATSON Corpus Christi RTA MEMBERS DANNY ALVAREZ Miami-Dade Transit Agency KAREN ANTION Karen Antion Consulting GORDON AOYAGI Montgomery County Government JEAN PAUL BAILLY Union Internationale des Transports Publics J. BARRY BARKER Transit Authority of River City RONALD L. BARNES Central Ohio Transit Authority LINDA J. BOHLINGER HNTB Corp. ANDREW BONDS, JR. Parsons Transportation Group, Inc. JENNIFER L. DORN FTA NATHANIEL P. FORD, SR. Metropolitan Atlanta RTA CONSTANCE GARBER York County Community Action Corp. FRED M. GILLIAM Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority SHARON GREENE Sharon Greene & Associates KATHERINE M. HUNTER-ZAWORSKI Oregon State University ROBERT H. IRWIN British Columbia Transit JOYCE HOBSON JOHNSON North Carolina A&T State University CELIA G. KUPERSMITH Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District PAUL J. LARROUSSE National Transit Institute DAVID A. LEE Connecticut Transit CLARENCE W. MARSELLA Denver Regional Transportation District STEPHANIE L. PINSON Gilbert Tweed Associates, Inc. ROBERT H. PRINCE, JR. DMJM+HARRIS JEFFERY M. ROSENBERG Amalgamated Transit Union RICHARD J. SIMONETTA pbConsult PAUL P. SKOUTELAS Port Authority of Allegheny County PAUL A. TOLIVER King County Metro EX OFFICIO MEMBERS WILLIAM W. MILLAR APTA MARY E. PETERS FHWA JOHN C. HORSLEY AASHTO ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR. TRB TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR LOUIS F. SANDERS APTA SECRETARY ROBERT J. REILLY TRB TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2002 (Membership as of July 2002) OFFICERS Chair: E. Dean Carlson, Secretary of Transportation, Kansas DOT Vice Chair: Genevieve Giuliano, Professor, School of Policy, Planning, and Development, USC, Los Angeles Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board MEMBERS WILLIAM D. ANKNER, Director, Rhode Island DOT THOMAS F. BARRY, JR., Secretary of Transportation, Florida DOT MICHAEL W. BEHRENS, Executive Director, Texas DOT JACK E. BUFFINGTON, Associate Director and Research Professor, Mack-Blackwell National Rural Transportation Study Center, University of Arkansas SARAH C. CAMPBELL, President, TransManagement, Inc., Washington, DC JOANNE F. CASEY, President, Intermodal Association of North America JAMES C. CODELL III, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet JOHN L. CRAIG, Director, Nebraska Department of Roads ROBERT A. FROSCH, Sr. Research Fellow, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University SUSAN HANSON, Landry University Prof. of Geography, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University LESTER A. HOEL, L. A. Lacy Distinguished Professor, Depart. of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia RONALD F. KIRBY, Director of Transportation Planning, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments H. THOMAS KORNEGAY, Exec. Dir., Port of Houston Authority BRADLEY L. MALLORY, Secretary of Transportation, Pennsylvania DOT MICHAEL D. MEYER, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology JEFF P. MORALES, Director of Transportation, California DOT DAVID PLAVIN, President, Airports Council International, Washington, DC JOHN REBENSDORF, Vice Pres., Network and Service Planning, Union Pacific Railroad Co., Omaha, NE CATHERINE L. ROSS, Executive Director, Georgia Regional Transportation Agency JOHN M. SAMUELS, Sr. Vice Pres.-Operations Planning & Support, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA PAUL P. SKOUTELAS, CEO, Port Authority of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, PA MICHAEL S. TOWNES, Exec. Dir., Transportation District Commission of Hampton Roads, Hampton, VA MARTIN WACHS, Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Berkeley MICHAEL W. WICKHAM, Chairman and CEO, Roadway Express, Inc., Akron, OH M. GORDON WOLMAN, Prof. of Geography and Environmental Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University EX OFFICIO MEMBERS MIKE ACOTT, President, National Asphalt Pavement Association REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and CEO, American Transportation Research Institute, Atlanta, GA JOSEPH M. CLAPP, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT THOMAS H. COLLINS (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard JENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT ELLEN G. ENGLEMAN, Research and Special Programs Administrator, U.S.DOT ROBERT B. FLOWERS (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commander, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HAROLD K. FORSEN, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering JANE F. GARVEY, Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S.DOT EDWARD R. HAMBERGER, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads JOHN C. HORSLEY, Exec. Dir., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials MICHAEL P. JACKSON, Deputy Secretary of Transportation, U.S.DOT ROBERT S. KIRK, Director, Office of Advanced Automotive Technologies, U.S. DOE WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transportation Association MARGO T. OGE, Director, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. EPA MARY E. PETERS, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S.DOT JEFFREY W. RUNGE, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT JON A. RUTTER, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.DOT WILLIAM G. SCHUBERT, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT ASHISH K. SEN, Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S.DOT ROBERT A. VENEZIA, Earth Sciences Applications Specialist, National Aeronautics and Space Administration TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for TCRP E. DEAN CARLSON, Kansas DOT (Chair) JENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, University of Southern California, Los Angeles LESTER A. HOEL, University of Virginia WILLIAM W. MILLAR, American Public Transportation Association JOHN M. SAMUELS, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board PAUL P. SKOUTELAS, Port Authority of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, PA MICHAEL S. TOWNES, Transportation District Commission of Hampton Roads, Hampton, VA

T R A N S P O R T A T I O N R E S E A R C H B O A R D — N A T I O N A L R E S E A R C H C O U N C I L NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. — 2002 T R A N S I T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M TCRP REPORT 86 Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in Cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation SUBJECT AREAS Public Transit • Planning and Administration Public Transportation Security: Volume 2 K9 Units in Public Transportation: A Guide for Decision Makers JOHN N. BALOG PETER N. BROMLEY and JAMIE BETH STRONGIN McCormick, Taylor & Associates, Inc. Philadelphia, PA ANNABELLE BOYD JAMES CATON and DON CORKY MITCHELL Boyd, Caton & Grant, Inc. Charlottesville, VA

TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM The nation’s growth and the need to meet mobility, environmental, and energy objectives place demands on public transit systems. Current systems, some of which are old and in need of upgrading, must expand service area, increase service frequency, and improve efficiency to serve these demands. Research is necessary to solve operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special Report 213—Research for Public Transit: New Directions, published in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Urban Mass Transportation Administration—now the Federal Transit Admin- istration (FTA). A report by the American Public Transportation Association (APTA), Transportation 2000, also recognized the need for local, problem-solving research. TCRP, modeled after the longstanding and successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program, undertakes research and other technical activities in response to the needs of transit service providers. The scope of TCRP includes a variety of transit research fields including plan- ning, service configuration, equipment, facilities, operations, human resources, maintenance, policy, and administrative practices. TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. Proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was authorized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum agreement outlining TCRP operating procedures was executed by the three cooperating organizations: FTA, the National Academies, acting through the Transportation Research Board (TRB); and the Transit Development Corporation, Inc. (TDC), a nonprofit educational and research organization established by APTA. TDC is responsible for forming the independent governing board, designated as the TCRP Oversight and Project Selection (TOPS) Committee. Research problem statements for TCRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the TOPS Committee to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects. As part of the evaluation, the TOPS Committee defines funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed by the Transportation Research Board. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooperative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activ- ities, TCRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Because research cannot have the desired impact if products fail to reach the intended audience, special emphasis is placed on disseminating TCRP results to the intended end users of the research: transit agencies, service providers, and suppliers. TRB provides a series of research reports, syntheses of transit practice, and other supporting material developed by TCRP research. APTA will arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by urban and rural transit industry practitioners. The TCRP provides a forum where transit agencies can cooperatively address common operational problems. The TCRP results support and complement other ongoing transit research and training programs. TCRP REPORT 86: Volume 2 Project J-10B(5) FY’02 ISSN 1073-4872 ISBN 0-309-06760-X Library of Congress Control Number 2002109708 © 2002 Transportation Research Board Price $18.00 NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Cooperative Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board’s judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council. The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the Transit Development Corporation, or the Federal Transit Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council. To save time and money in disseminating the research findings, the report is essentially the original text as submitted by the research agency. This report has not been edited by TRB. Special Notice The Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the Transit Development Corporation, and the Federal Transit Administration (sponsor of the Transit Cooperative Research Program) do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the clarity and completeness of the project reporting. Published reports of the TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board National Research Council 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418 and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America

FOREWORD By S. A. Parker Staff Officer Transportation Research Board According to Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism, “presently, trained dogs represent the best broad-spectrum, high- sensitivity sensory systems. Dogs are capable of detecting many more items of interest, including people, explosives, drugs, fuels, and disease, and at lower concentrations, than currently manufactured sensors can” (NRC, 2002). The use of canine (K9) teams to sup- port patrol, narcotics, and explosives-detection activities is routine in major metropolitan areas. Heightened awareness of threats from explosives has led to active consideration of the use of dogs as a strategy for coping with threats against public transportation systems. The second volume of TCRP Report 86: Public Transportation Security will be of inter- est to transit general managers; police and security personnel; and operations, training, and human resources staffs. It will also be of interest to federal, state, and local law enforcement K9 program operators. It offers information on a variety of approaches to fielding K9 programs. This information is based largely on extensive interviews with nine public transportation agencies that currently deploy K9s and four agencies that disbanded their K9 programs in the last 5 years. Current K9 deployment practices, issues to be addressed in proposing the establishment of a K9 program, implementation issues, and specific information on explosives detection are discussed. This volume was prepared by McCormick, Taylor & Associates, Inc., under TCRP Project J-10B(5). Emergencies arising from terrorist threats highlight the need for transportation managers to minimize the vulnerability of passengers, employees, and physical assets through incident prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. Managers are seek- ing to reduce the chances that transportation vehicles and facilities will be targets or instruments of terrorist attacks and to be prepared to respond to and recover from such possibilities. By being prepared to respond to terrorism, each public transportation agency is simultaneously prepared to respond to natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, as well as human-caused events such as hazardous materials spills and other incidents. In the last week of October 2001, the Transit Cooperative Research Program budgeted $2 million for security-related research in fiscal year 2002. This is the second volume of TCRP Report 86: Public Transportation Security, a series in which relevant information is assembled into single, concise volumes, each pertaining to a specific security problem and closely related issues. These volumes will focus on the concerns that transit agencies are addressing when developing programs in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the anthrax attacks that followed. Future volumes of the report will be issued as they are completed. To develop this volume in a comprehensive manner and to ensure inclusion of sig- nificant knowledge, available information was assembled from numerous sources, including a number of public transportation agencies. A topic panel of experts in the subject area was established to guide the researchers in organizing and evaluating the collected data and to review the final document.

This volume was prepared to meet an urgent need for information in this area. It records practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge avail- able at the time of its preparation. Work in this area is proceeding swiftly, and readers are encouraged to be on the lookout for the most up-to-date information. Volumes issued under TCRP Report 86: Public Transportation Security may be found on the TRB website at http://www4.trb.org/trb/crp.nsf/All+Projects/TCRP+J-10.

MTA RESEARCH TEAM FOREWORD Recent events have focused renewed attention on the need for enhanced security in public transportation. In this new environment, executives must make decisions regarding immediate concerns for the physical protection of passengers, employees, and facilities, and longer-term objectives for preparedness programs. This Guide has been prepared to support these efforts in one critical area of decision making—whether to implement a canine (K9) program for transportation police or security operations or expand an existing program. As documented in recent media and industry reports, trained dog and handler teams are particularly well suited to address: ❐ the increased need for explosives detection capabilities in transportation operations; ❐ new demands stemming from the management of threats, hoaxes, and reports of conspicuous or unusual behavior, packages, and substances; and ❐ heightened requirements for special events planning, crowd control, and passenger reassurance. Media coverage that heralds the success of K9 units in transportation facility protection often fails to describe the management challenges and costs associated with these programs. It is the major finding of this research that the potential benefits of K9 deployment will not be achieved in the transportation environment unless management actively attempts to understand what will be gained from the K9 unit and how its performance can be measured. This Guide details these considerations and provides a logical, step-by-step methodology for use by transportation executives in deciding if investment in a K9 program is appropriate for their operation. This methodology is based on the results of a research program involving in-depth interviews with representatives from more than 40 organizations, including public transportation systems with K9 units and those that have disbanded these units, federal agencies that train and deploy K9s, K9-certifying agencies, vendors, and subject matter experts. This Guide is not a field manual for K9 units, nor does it detail new practices and technologies to support K9 operations. Rather, this Guide addresses those first steps that must be taken by executives and their staff to investigate the feasibility of a K9 program for their particular system, to prepare a proposal to support its implementation, to start up the new unit with dogs and handlers, and to conduct meaningful evaluations of unit performance.

AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The McCormick, Taylor & Associates, Inc. research team would like to thank the following individuals and their respective organizations for participating in this study: Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA) Chief Joseph Riga Sgt. Michael Garrity (K9 Coordinator) Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District (NICTD) Chief Robert Byrd Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) Chief Richard Evans Deputy Chief David Scott Sgt. Hank Rakoski (K9 Coordinator) Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) Chief Barry J. McDevitt Sgt. Dan Colvin (K9 Coordinator) A special thanks to the following WMATA officers for their first-hand assistance with this project: Sgt. Tom Sharky Officer Mike Pecararo Officer Paul Ludwig Officer Earl Brown Officer Doug Haynas Officer Eric Croom (Candidate) PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AMTRAK Chief Ronald E. Frazier John O’Connor, Security Manager Chief Inspector Felix Perez Sgt. Gary Thompson (K9 Coordinator) Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Chief Gary Gee Commander Clark Lynch Sgt. Mike Gonsolin (K9 Coordinator) Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) Commander Robert W. Dart Houston Metropolitan Transit Authority Chief Thomas C. Lambert Captain Michael Raney Officer John Ivey (K9 Coordinator) Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Chief Thomas J. O’Loughlin Deputy Chief William Fleming Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) Chief Gene Wilson Assistant Chief Joe McKinney

OTHER AGENCIES Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Ms. Rhonda Trahern, Chief K9 Operations ATF Canine Detection Program Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Mr. David Kontny, K9 Explosives Program Manager Thomas Taaffe, National K9 Coordinator Federal Aviation Administration Mr. Robert Dameworth, DoD Military Working Dogs Program Manager Auburn University Dr. Paul Waggoner Mr. Ed Hawkinson Leslie Busbee VENDORS AND OTHER EXPERTS Beck’s K-9 Service Kevin Beck Explosive Detection Canines Tom Brenneman Castle’s K9 Inc. Bill Castle Faus K9 Specialties Bill Faus Sr. Landheim Training & Boarding Center Bob Flemming Von Der Haus Gill German Shepherds Al and Susan Gill Canine Unlimited, Inc. Oscar Hall Von Christel Kennels Bill Heiser Hornbecks Jim Hornbeck and Gary LaFollett Canine Consultants, Inc. Charles Kirchner Nevada Detector Dog Services John Kelley Discreet Detection K9 Services Ron Moser Corporate Security Services Group Tami Quirin Nightwinds International Rick Ramsey Explosives Detection, Florida K9 Intercept Justin Spence

KEY TERMS USED IN GUIDE Like all specialized services, K9 units have their own terminology, which should be understood by those transportation personnel evaluating this resource for their agency. The following terms are most commonly used to describe the K9 function in the public transportation environment. ❐ Service Dog – A dog owned, trained, certified, and insured by a transportation system, its designees, or its contractors to perform work. ❐ K9 Unit – A specialized unit within a law enforcement agency or other organization that is responsible for administration of the program that deploys service dogs. ❐ K9 Supervisor – Law enforcement officer or management personnel responsible for oversight of the K9 unit and deployment of resources within the unit. ❐ Trainer – An officer, contractor, or other employee qualified by a professional training center or certification agency as an expert in the training and use of service dogs and their handlers. ❐ Handler – An officer, contractor, or other person qualified by the trainer and/or a certifying agency to care for and use a service dog. ❐ K9 Team – The handler and the assigned service dog. ❐ Patrol Dog – A service dog selected by the trainer and qualified by recognized standards to perform basic patrol functions. ❐ Detector Dog – A service dog selected by the trainer and qualified by recognized standards to perform searches for hidden substances, including narcotics and explosives. Dogs used for detection typically are trained to detect each of the following odors:  Drug Odors – Cocaine (a.k.a., Powder and Crack), Heroin, LSD, Marijuana, burned Marijuana odor in cloth, Methadone, Methamphetamine (Ecstasy), and Mescaline (Peyote); and  Explosive Odors – black powder, smokeless powder, gunpowder, Pyrodex, handguns, bullets, shotgun shells, firecrackers, dynamite, TNT, C4, detonating cord, Ammonium Nitrate, Composition B, Penolite, emulsions, RDX, and PETN. ❐ Dual Purpose (or Dual Use) Dog – A service dog selected by the trainer and qualified by recognized standards to perform two distinct functions. Traditionally these functions include general patrol and another specific type of detection.

❐ Training Facility – Location that supports all aspects of the training required and recommended for handlers and service dogs, including appropriate simulation exercises. ❐ Certified – A K9 team meeting the performance standards of the police department, contracting agency, or recognized professional association, as evaluated by a qualified service dog expert.

1 SECTION 1 Introduction Research Activity, 2 Organization of Guide, 3 7 SECTION 2 The Pros and Cons Lessons Learned from the Industry, 9 The Pros, 11 The Cons, 13 The Bottom Line, 17 19 SECTION 3 K9 Use in Public Transportation Establishing the K9 Capability, 20 K9 Breed, Source, and Selection, 27 Using Donated Dogs, 28 Using Vendors, 29 Using Puppies, 30 Lessons Learned from Federal Programs, 30 Additional Resources, 32 Federal Government, 32 National Associations, 33 State Associations, 33 35 SECTION 4 Developing the Proposal Documenting the Proposal, 36 Documenting Need and Benefits, 37 Documenting Jurisdictional Authority, 40 Documenting Liability, 41 Documenting Proposed K9 Team Deployment, 41 Documenting Cost, 45 47 SECTION 5 Implementing the Program K9 Team Selection, Training, and Certification, 47 The Role of Vendors, 48 K9 Selection, 48 Handler Selection, 49 Basic Training, In-Service Training, Evaluation, and Certification, 50 General or Operational Orders and Performance Standards, 58 Integration of K9 Unit into Operations, 59 Dispatching K9 Units, 59 Typical Workday, 61 63 SECTION 6 Considerations for Explosives Detection Capabilities of Explosives Detection K9s, 63 Bomb Threat Procedures, 65 ATF Guidelines, 68 Final Note: Exposure to Anthrax, 69 General Information, 69 Treatment, 70 73 APPENDIX A List of Interviews 79 APPENDIX B Structured Interview Guide 83 APPENDIX C Summary of Interview Findings 87 APPENDIX D Adaptation of TSA Fact Sheet 89 APPENDIX E Office of Justice Program 91 APPENDIX F Sample Selection Tests 95 APPENDIX G Sample General Order 105 APPENDIX H NJ State Performance Standards 111 APPENDIX I Sample Certification Standards CONTENTS

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF FOR TCRP REPORT 86 ROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs CHRISTOPHER JENKS, TCRP Manager S. A. PARKER, Senior Program Officer EILEEN P. DELANEY, Managing Editor ELLEN M. CHAFEE, Assistant Editor TCRP PROJECT J-10B PANEL Field of Special Projects—Area of Security BARRY J. McDEVITT, Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (Chair) WILLIAM J. FLEMING, Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ERNEST R. “RON” FRAZIER, AMTRAK, Wilmington, DE BEN GOMEZ, Dallas Area Rapid Transit JOSEPH E. HOFMANN, Metropolitan Transportation Authority–New York City Transit JOHN K. JOYCE, Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority DANIEL KEYES, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX K. SCOTT KIMERER, King County Sheriff/Metro Transit Police, WA LISA A. MANCINI, San Francisco Municipal Railway FRANK T. MARTIN, Santa Clara Valley Transportation, CA MICHAEL J. WALKER, Toronto Transit Commission PATRICIA WEAVER, University of Kansas RICHARD WINSTON, Chicago Transit Authority LEONARD E. DIAMOND, FTA Liaison Representative QUON KWAN, FTA Liaison Representative TERRELL WILLIAMS, FTA Liaison Representative GREG HULL, APTA Liaison Representative VIVIENNE WILLIAMS, APTA Liaison Representative ALLAN J. DeBLASIO, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Liaison Representative PAUL GOLDEN, National Infrastructure Protection Center Liaison Representative CHRISTOPHER A. KOZUB, National Transit Institute Liaison Representative LENA TIMMONS, Easter Seals Project ACTION Liaison Representative JOEDY W. CAMBRIDGE, TRB Liaison Representative PETER SHAW, TRB Liaison Representative

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TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 86: Public Transportation Security, Volume 2: K9 Units in Public Transportation: A Guide for Decision Makers offers information on current K9 deployment practices, K9 program establishment issues, and explosives detection.

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