FUTURE FINANCIAL ECONOMICS OF
HEALTH PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP
Patricia A. Cuff and Megan M. Perez, Rapporteurs
Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education
Board on Global Health
Health and Medicine Division
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu
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This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the Academic Collaborative for Integrative Health, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Aetna Foundation, Alliance for Continuing Education in the Health Professions, American Academy of Nursing, American Association of Colleges of Nursing, American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine, American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, American Board of Family Medicine, American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology/American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Nurse-Midwives, American Council of Academic Physical Therapy, American Dental Education Association, American Medical Association, American Occupational Therapy Association, American Osteopathic Association, American Psychological Association, American Society for Nutrition, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Association of American Medical Colleges, Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges, Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry, Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health, Association of Schools of the Allied Health Professions, Athletic Training Strategic Alliance, Council on Social Work Education, Ghent University, Health Resources and Services Administration, Jonas Center for Nursing and Veterans Healthcare, Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, Kaiser Permanente, National Academies of Practice, National Association of Social Workers, National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. and Affiliates, National Board of Medical Examiners, National Council of State Boards of Nursing, National League for Nursing, Office of Academic Affiliations—Veterans Health Administration, Organization for Associate Degree Nursing, Physician Assistant Education Association, Society for Simulation in Healthcare, THEnet—Training for Health Equity Network, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and University of Toronto. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-45755-2
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-45755-6
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/24736
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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Future financial economics of health professional education: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/24736.
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PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR FUTURE FINANCING OF HEALTH PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION: A WORKSHOP1
ERIN FRAHER (Co-Chair), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
WARREN NEWTON (Co-Chair), American Board of Family Medicine
EDSON ARAUJO, World Bank
MARY BETH BIGLEY, Health Resources and Services Administration
KATHLEEN KLINK, Office of Academic Affiliations, Veterans Health Administration
ROBERT (ROB) SMITH, Health Education England
JOANNE SPETZ, University of California, San Francisco
ZOHRAY TALIB, The George Washington University
Consultant
SCOTT REEVES, Kingston University and St George’s, University of London
___________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
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GLOBAL FORUM ON INNOVATION IN HEALTH PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION1
MALCOLM COX (Co-Chair), University of Pennsylvania, formerly U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
SUSAN SCRIMSHAW (Co-Chair), The Sage Colleges
ROBERT (BOB) ADDLETON, Alliance for Continuing Education in the Health Professions
MARY BARGER, American College of Nurse-Midwives
TIMI AGAR BARWICK, Physician Assistant Education Association
DAVID BENTON, National Council of State Boards of Nursing
MARY BETH BIGLEY, Health Resources and Services Administration
JOANNA CAIN, American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology/American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
MARILYN CHOW, Kaiser Permanente
AMY APARICIO CLARK, Aetna Foundation
THOMAS WARREN CLAWSON, National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. and Affiliates
DARLA SPENCE COFFEY, Council on Social Work Education
DARLENE CURLEY, Jonas Center for Nursing and Veterans Healthcare
JAN DE MAESENEER, Ghent University
MARIETJIE DE VILLIERS, Stellenbosch University
KATHRIN (KATIE) ELIOT, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
JOHN FINNEGAN, JR., Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health
ELIZABETH (LIZA) GOLDBLATT, Academic Collaborative for Integrative Health
CATHERINE GRUS, American Psychological Association
NEIL HARVISON, American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc.
PATRICIA HINTON WALKER, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
ERIC HOLMBOE, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
ELIZABETH HOPPE, Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry
EMILIA IWU, Jonas Center for Nursing and Veterans Healthcare
PAMELA JEFFRIES, The George Washington University
DARRELL KIRCH, Association of American Medical Colleges
SANDEEP (SUNNY) KISHORE, Young Professionals Chronic Disease Network
ANDREW MACCABE, Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges
LUCINDA MAINE, American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy
BEVERLY MALONE, National League for Nursing
___________________
1 This is the list of Forum members as of October 7, 2017.
MARY E. (BETH) MANCINI, Society for Simulation in Healthcare
ANGELO MCCLAIN, National Association of Social Workers
LEMMIETTA G. MCNEILLY, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
MARK MERRICK, Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education
DONNA MEYER, Organization of Associate Degree Nursing
WARREN NEWTON, American Board of Family Medicine
BJORG PALSDOTTIR, Training for Health Equity Network (THEnet)
MIGUEL PANIAGUA, National Board of Medical Examiners
RAJATA RAJATANAVIN, Mahidol University
SCOTT REEVES, Kingston University and St George’s, University of London
EDWARD SALTZMAN, American Society for Nutrition
KAREN SANDERS, Veterans Health Administration
NELSON SEWANKAMBO, Makerere University College of Health Sciences
STEPHEN SHANNON, American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine
SUSAN SKOCHELAK, American Medical Association
RICHARD (RICK) TALBOTT, Association of Schools of the Allied Health Professions
ZOHRAY TALIB, The George Washington University
MARIA TASSONE, University of Toronto
GEORGE THIBAULT, Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation
DEBORAH TRAUTMAN, American Association of Colleges of Nursing
RICHARD (RICK) W. VALACHOVIC, American Dental Education Association
SATYA VERMA, National Academies of Practice
ADRIENNE WHITE-FAINES, American Osteopathic Association
HOLLY WISE, American Council of Academic Physical Therapy
XUEJUN ZENG, Peking Union Medical College
BRENDA ZIERLER, University of Washington
Global Forum Staff
PATRICIA A. CUFF, Senior Program Officer
MEGAN M. PEREZ, Research Associate (until May 2017)
BRIDGET CALLAGHAN, Research Assistant (until January 2017)
AMBAR SAEED, Research Assistant (from January 2017)
FAYE HILLMAN, Financial Officer
JULIE PAVLIN, Board Director, Board on Global Health
Reviewers
This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:
DAVID BENTON, National Council of State Boards of Nursing
ANN H. CARY, University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Nursing and Health Studies
LORETTA NUNEZ, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
SCOTT REEVES, Kingston University and St George’s, University of London
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by DEBORAH E. POWELL, University of Minnesota Medical School. She was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the National Academies.
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Acknowledgments
Enormous thanks goes to the workshop planning committee for developing and executing a timely agenda for studying the future financial economics of health professional education. In particular, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine would like to thank the workshop planning committee co-chairs, Erin Fraher and Warren Newton, who deserve recognition for their leadership in this endeavor, as well as the planning committee members, Edson Araujo, Mary Beth Bigley, Kathleen Klink, Robert Smith, Joanne Spetz, and Zohray Talib, for their support throughout the workshop. Thanks also goes to workshop consultant Scott Reeves for his expert advice and assistance. Such an event could not have happened without the keen dedication of the Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education staff, including Patricia Cuff, senior program officer and Forum director; Megan Perez, research associate; Bridget Callaghan, research assistant; and Ambar Saeed, research assistant. Special appreciation goes to Julie Pavlin, director of the Board on Global Health. Most importantly, thanks goes to the 45 sponsors and 57 members of the Forum who make it possible to host events like the workshop described in this proceedings.
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Contents
2 Matching the Health Workforce to Population Needs
3 Understanding and Applying a Model for Financing Health Professional Education
4 Reflections and Potential Next Steps for Building a Model
B Future Financing of Health Professional Education Workshop Background Document
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
ASPPH |
Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health |
ATP |
ability to pay |
CODA |
Commission on Dental Accreditation |
GAO |
U.S. Government Accountability Office |
GME |
graduate medical education |
GMENAC |
Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee |
GP |
general practitioner |
HCW |
health care workforce |
HEE |
Health Education England |
HPE |
health professional education |
HPV |
human papillomavirus |
HRH |
human resources for health |
HW |
health worker |
IMF |
International Monetary Fund |
IPE |
interprofessional education |
IRR |
individual rate of return |
MHF |
mental health facilitator |
NHS |
UK National Health Service |
OECD |
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
PHC |
primary health care |
ROI |
return on investment |
THEnet |
Training for Health Equity Network |
UHC |
universal health coverage |
USUHS |
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences |
WHO |
World Health Organization |
WSU |
Walter Sisulu University |
WTP |
willingness to pay |