Decision-Making Toolbox to Plan and Manage Park-and-Ride Facilities for Public Transportation: Guidebook on Planning and Managing Park-and-Ride (2017)

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127 This section expands acronyms and abbreviations and presents definitions for the various transit terms discussed and referenced in the guidebook. Access mode share—The distribution of how customers access a transit facility. For example, at a given park-and-ride facility, 75 percent of customers may drive and park, 20 percent may walk, and 5 percent may bike. Activity-based model—Based on the principle that travel demand is derived from people’s daily activity patterns, activity-based models predict which activities are conducted when, where, for how long, for and with whom, and the travel choices made to complete them. ADA, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990—A federal civil rights law that ensures people with disabilities equal opportunity to fully participate in society, the ability to live independently, and the ability to be economically self-sufficient. BART—San Francisco’s Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Bikesharing—A transportation solution for short-distance, point-to-point trips using bicycles. Bikesharing systems provide users the ability to pick up a bicycle at any self-serve bike station and return it to any other bike station located within the service area. Typically, users can access the bicycles at any time with a reservation and are charged by time. The ultimate goal of public bikesharing is to expand and integrate cycling into transportation systems so that it can more readily become a daily transportation mode for commuting, personal trips, and recreation. Capacity—The number of vehicles (cars, bikes, etc.) that a parking facility is designed to accommodate. Usually refers to the number of parking spaces in a park-and-ride. Carpool—An arrangement between individuals to make a regular journey in a single vehicle, typically with each person taking turns driving the others. Carsharing—A service that provides members access to an automobile for short-term, usually hourly, use. The shared cars are distributed across a network of locations within a metropolitan area. Users can access available vehicles and are charged by time or by mile. Carsharing thus provides some of the benefits of a personal automobile without the costs of owning one. Catchment area—In transit, a catchment area is the geographical area from which a facility (park-and-ride, transit station) or transit service attracts a population that uses the service. CBD, Central business district—The commercial and business center of a city. CCTV—Closed-circuit television. CFR—Code of Federal Regulations. Glossary, Acronyms, and Abbreviations

128 Decision-Making Toolbox to Plan and Manage Park-and-Ride Facilities CMAQ, Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program—A U.S. DOT for- mula grant program implemented to support surface transportation projects and other related efforts that contribute air quality improvements and provide congestion relief. ConnDOT—Connecticut Department of Transportation. Contract—An agreement between a transit agency and other entity, public or private, for providing services related to operations and maintenance of a park-and-ride facility. CPTED, Crime prevention through environmental design—A multidisciplinary approach to deterring criminal behavior through environmental design. CTA—Chicago Transit Authority. Daily cost per space—A metric used to track the average daily operating and maintenance cost per parking space. DART—Dallas Area Rapid Transit. Denver RTD—Denver Regional Transportation District. Economy of scale—Higher levels of production resulting in lower costs per unit produced. EJ, Environmental justice—The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implemen- tation, and enforcement of transportation programs, policies, and activities. FAST, Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act—Federal authorization bill to provide funds for federal-aid highways, highway safety programs, and transit programs for fiscal years 2016 through 2020. First mile/last mile—Access from home to transit is referred to as the first mile, and access from transit to the destination is referred to as the last mile. (The actual distance may be more or less than a mile.) GARVEE, Grant Anticipation Revenue Vehicle—A debt-financing tool that generates upfront capital for major transportation projects. Debt and related financing costs are repaid by future federal funds. States, political subdivisions of a state, and public authorities may issue a GARVEE. GCRTA—Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. GIS—Geographic information system. Houston METRO—Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas. HOV, High-occupancy vehicle—A vehicle with a driver and one or more passengers; includes carpools, vanpools, and transit buses. In-house—To perform tasks or work using transit agency staff and resources (as opposed to outsourcing or contracting). Joint development—A mutually beneficial partnership agreement between a transit agency and private-sector entities to develop land owned or related to transit system activities. This type of development can integrate transit and non-transit projects and often results in transit development alongside commercial, residential, or mixed-use developments. Kiss-and-ride—A mode of access where transit customers are dropped off (or picked up) by a family member at a transit station. LA Metro—Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority.

Glossary, Acronyms, and Abbreviations 129 Lease—An agreement between a transit agency and another entity to govern shared use of a park-and-ride facility. Leases can range from simple, such as a lease for a voluntary shared-use facility with little or no compensation, to complex lease agreements that may include payment and contract provisions to cover operations of the parking facility. LED—Light-emitting diode. Liquidated damages—Financial penalties (or damages) formulated in a contract as compen- sation for a specific breach of the contract or failure to meet contract performance requirements. Long-range transportation plan—A document resulting from regional or statewide collabo- ration and consensus on a region’s or state’s transportation system and serving as the defining vision for the region’s or state’s transportation systems and services. Metra—Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation. MPO, Metropolitan planning organization—A federally mandated and federally funded regional transportation policy-making organization that is made up of representatives from local government and governmental transportation authorities. MUTCD—Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. NJ TRANSIT—New Jersey Transit. NTD, National Transit Database—An annual data set maintained by the Federal Transit Administration that lists the financial, operating, and asset conditions of transit agencies in the United States. O&M—Operations and maintenance. Outsource—To contract for services (e.g., facility maintenance) with a public or private entity independent of the transit agency (as opposed to performing the work in-house). P3, Public–private partnership—A cooperative arrangement between one or more public and private sectors, typically of a long-term nature. PCC—Portland Community College. PSRC—Puget Sound Regional Council. Public Transportation Infrastructure Database—A biennial data set maintained by the American Public Transportation Association that lists major transit infrastructure in the United States and Canada, including rail line data and station, stop, and parking data for all modes. Request for proposals—Document that solicits proposals from potential suppliers, often made through a competitive pricing process, by a public agency or company interested in procurement of a commodity, service, or valuable asset. Ridesharing—Includes carpooling, vanpooling, and real-time ridesharing services (matching of drivers and passengers based on destination before the trip starts and through which the pas- senger pays a share of the trip cost). Ridesharing essentially focuses on the issue of filling empty seats in vehicles, which helps better realize vehicle occupancy potential and reduces the number of vehicles on the roadway. Ridesourcing—New real-time ridesharing companies, such as Uber and Lyft, that do not own vehicles and are less regulated than taxi and limo services. Codified in California law as trans- portation network companies. These smartphone-app–based services allow riders to arrange rides in real time, via smartphone, with independent drivers who provide a ride in exchange for payment.

130 Decision-Making Toolbox to Plan and Manage Park-and-Ride Facilities ROI, Return on investment—A performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment. To calculate ROI, the benefit (or return) of an investment is divided by the cost of the investment, and the result is expressed as a percentage or a ratio. SGR, State of good repair—The condition in which a capital asset is able to operate at a full level of performance. Shared use—A parking facility that is owned by an entity other than the transit agency. Terms of the shared-use facility are governed by a lease or intergovernmental agreement. Sketch planning—Often used as an alternative to developing complex travel demand models for forecasting future travel demand, sketch planning models may be spreadsheet-based or GIS- based. In either case, sketch planning tools are used to simulate and forecast future traffic flows. Sound Transit—Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority. SOV, Single-occupancy vehicle—A vehicle occupied by the driver only. STBG—Surface Transportation Block Grant. STOPS—Simplified Trips-on-Project Software, developed by the FTA. TAM, Transit Asset Management—A model that uses asset condition to help prioritize fund- ing to achieve or maintain transit networks in a state of good repair. TAM plan—A plan required from transit agencies under the FTA’s Transit Asset Manage- ment rule. The plan must include an inventory of all transit agency assets, a condition assessment of assets, decision support tools to prioritize investments, and a fiscally constrained listing of all planned state-of-good-repair projects. Large transit agencies and agencies that operate rail have additional requirements. TDC, Transportation development credit—A state earns TDCs based on revenues generated by toll facilities within the state. These credits may be applied toward the non-federal matching share of programs authorized by the FHWA and FTA, except the credit may not be applied to projects funded with the FHWA’s emergency relief funds. TDCs are not an actual cash match but are a financing tool to leverage more federal funds, up to 100 percent of the cost of the proj- ect. With TDCs, a project with 80 percent federal assistance becomes up to 100 percent federal assistance. The eligible recipient must have the total federal dollars available to be approved for this financing tool. TDCs reduce the amount of funding a state or local entity has to contribute. TERM, Transit Economic Requirements Model—A computer application designed to estimate transit capital investment needs over an extended time horizon. TERM is used to assess the current physical condition and future investment needs of transit assets. Under the TERM asset condition 5-point scale, an asset in need of immediate repair or replacement is scored as 1, and a new asset with no visible defects is scored as 5. TIFIA, Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act—Federal credit assis- tance in the form of direct loans, loan guarantees, and standby lines of credit to finance surface transportation projects of national and regional significance. TIFIA can help advance expensive projects that otherwise might be delayed or deferred because of size, complexity, or uncertainty over the timing of revenues. TIGER, Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery—A U.S. DOT competi- tive grant program to support innovative projects, including multimodal and multijurisdictional projects, which are difficult to fund through traditional federal programs. Title VI—Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin by recipients of federal funding, such as transit agencies.

Glossary, Acronyms, and Abbreviations 131 TOD, Transit-oriented development—A method of developing or redeveloping transit facilities in order to maximize the use of the land and complement transit service by enhancing station locations with other uses, such as residential, retail, and office space. Transit station—Any major transit passenger facility for any transit mode. TriMet—Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon. Trip-based model—Trip-based models, also commonly known as four-step models, are so called because the primary unit of analysis is the trip between two geographic locations (i.e., origin and destination). Trip-based models estimate all of the trips in a region, classify them by location and mode, and predict use of transportation networks. Unsolicited proposal—A proposal to supply a commodity, service, or valuable asset submit- ted by the provider without a request from the transit agency. U.S. DOT—U.S. Department of Transportation. UTA—Utah Transit Authority. Utilization rate—The percentage of a park-and-ride’s available parking spaces that are occu- pied at a specific time period (usually during peak parking demand). UZA, Urbanized area—An urbanized area consists of densely developed territory that con- tains 50,000 or more people. The Census Bureau delineates UZAs after every decennial census based primarily on population and population density generally consisting of a central city and the surrounding, closely settled, contiguous territory (suburbs). Valet—A parking service where customers leave their vehicles and keys at a designated loca- tion so another party can park their cars for them. Vanpool—Vans operating as a voluntary commuter ridesharing arrangement that provides transportation to a group of individuals traveling directly between their homes and their regular places of work within the same geographical area. The vans typically have a seating capacity equal to or greater than five persons, including the driver. Variable message sign—An electronic sign that displays customized messages as determined by the sign owner. The signs could be used to provide information to drivers, parkers, transit riders, and the general public. WMATA—Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority.