National Academies Press: OpenBook
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Challenges to CV and AV Applications in Truck Freight Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24771.
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Page ii
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Challenges to CV and AV Applications in Truck Freight Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24771.
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Page iii
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Challenges to CV and AV Applications in Truck Freight Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24771.
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Page iv
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Challenges to CV and AV Applications in Truck Freight Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24771.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

 David Gusta Booz Wash Larry ICF In Camb ACKNOWEDG This work was with the Feder which is admin Medicine. COPYRIGHT I Authors herein persons who o Cooperative R purposes. Per FMCSA, FRA, product, metho uses will give a request permis DISCLAIMER The opinions a are not necess or the program The informatio edited by TRB Challen Fitzpatrick ve Cordahi Allen Hamil ington, DC O’Rourke ternational ridge, MA MENT sponsored by t al Highway Adm istered by the T NFORMATION are responsibl wn the copyrigh esearch Progra mission is give FTA, Office of d, or practice. ppropriate ack sion from CRP nd conclusions arily those of th sponsors. n contained in t . W ges to ton he American As inistration, and ransportation R e for the authen t to any previo ms (CRP) gran n with the unde the Assistant Se It is expected th nowledgment o . expressed or im e Transportatio his document w NC eb-Only CV and Freight sociation of St was conducted esearch Board ticity of their m usly published o ts permission to rstanding that n cretary for Res at those reprod f the source of a plied in this re n Research Bo as taken direct HR Docume AV Ap Operat ate Highway an in the Nationa (TRB) of the N aterials and for r copyrighted m reproduce ma one of the mate earch and Tec ucing the mate ny reprinted or port are those o ard; the Nation ly from the subm P nt 231: plicatio ions Catherin Amit Kum Georgia Atlanta, G David Be Auburn U Auburn, Contractor’s Fi d Transportatio l Cooperative H ational Academ obtaining writte aterial used he terial in this pub rial will be used hnology, PHMS rial in this docu reproduced ma f the researche al Academies o ission of the a ns in T e Ross ar Institute of T A vly niversity AL  nal Report for N n Officials (AAS ighway Resea ies of Science n permissions f rein. lication for clas to imply TRB, A, or TDC endo ment for educat terial. For oth rs who perform f Sciences, Eng uthor(s). This m ruck echnology CHRP Project Submitted Dece HTO), in coop rch Program (N s, Engineering, rom publishers sroom and not AASHTO, FAA rsement of a p ional and not-fo er uses of the m ed the researc ineering, and M aterial has not 20-102(03) mber 2016 eration CHRP), and or -for-profit , FHWA, articular r-profit aterial, h. They edicine; been

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

CRP Project HR 20-102(03) iv CONTENTS SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. V  BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 1  Project Objectives .............................................................................................................................................. 3  Project Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 3  Terminology....................................................................................................................................................... 3  RESEARCH APPROACH ........................................................................................................... 5  Baseline Development ....................................................................................................................................... 5  Stakeholder Engagement ................................................................................................................................... 5  Analysis and Report Generation ......................................................................................................................... 5  RESEARCH FINDINGS .............................................................................................................. 6  Technology Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 6  Application Scenarios ........................................................................................................................................ 15  Legal, Regulatory, and Policy Topics .................................................................................................................. 34  Freight Planning Topics ..................................................................................................................................... 53  Stakeholder Engagement .................................................................................................................................. 59  Deployment ...................................................................................................................................................... 60  CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTED RESEARCH ............................................................... 66  APPENDIX A .............................................................................................................................. 73  REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 79 

CRP Project HR 20-102(03) v Summary This report documents one of a suite of research projects addressing outstanding issues around connected and automated vehicle (CV/AV) technologies, with particular emphasis on the research, planning and resolutions at state and local transportation agencies needed to evaluate and, where applicable, facilitate successful deployments. This particular project had a modal focus on heavy trucking. CV applications have been in active development for several years by private sector technology and solution providers, with support from federal and state departments of transportation. In many cases core technologies are borrowed from the passenger market, which has additional developmental funding. CV applications do not by definition have any level of automation associated with them. AV applications are categorized by level of automation, from those that simply provide driver assistance with a driving function, through those that relieve the driver from executing steering, acceleration, braking, etc., through monitoring of the driving environment and on to full automation of the driving system with no driver needed. Based on observed market activity, the initial pushes for AV deployments will be in truck platooning (virtual ‘trains’ of trucks combining adaptive cruise control features and CV technology) and possibly in higher level automated trucks. OEMs and technology providers believe there is a viable market, at least to invest in development and testing. Some states have chosen to take leadership positions with regards to testing and courting development within their jurisdictions. Others have not but will be the beneficiaries of lessons learned from early states and the ensuing refinements in solutions. Highly automated trucks, specifically those that automate the dynamic driving task and do not require a driver to intervene, present a potential disruption to the heavy-duty truck market (and indeed the trucking, shipping, and brokerage business segments). Such trucks are believed to be in development both as new equipment and as retrofit kits to existing trucks. A breadth of public sector stakeholders including legislators, regulators, and planners should at a minimum be monitoring, and preferably helping shape future outcomes. Most deployments of CV and AV though will be highly incremental, including likely near-term deployment of CV applications and platooning systems. Truck platooning in particular is an exciting development that will see small-scale testing throughout the decade. Though business cases and safety cases are not fully defined, and a national-scale legal environment is not in place, opportunities over the next several years for testing and eventual limited deployments are quite present. Federal regulators currently lack sufficient data to validate safety. But the lack of a national-scale legal environment can be overcome with particular states that are actively setting their own environments; thus initial testing might not cross state lines. And the lack of any broad, industry-spanning business case is overcome by niches where there seems to be sufficient potential that recruitment of interested stakeholders is possible (for example, truckload carriers or large fleet operators operating homogeneous fleets and with routes that have some density, consistency, and predictability). Expected small-scale deployments provide opportunities for a range of stakeholders to gain valuable hard and soft data with which to refine concepts, align laws, inform stakeholders, and test new business models for delivery of services. The call to action for states is multi-faceted, including supporting testing, enacting appropriate legislation, ensuring adequacy of infrastructure, and facilitating expected changes in the nature of workforces. At the federal level, the U.S. Department of Transportation has actively supported research into the technologies discussed here. Further research is needed, as well as integration of research findings with the federal regulatory process. And for all stakeholders, the need to communicate to share experiences across jurisdictions, industry and government segments, and public stakeholders is crucial to enable successful deployments.

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 231: Challenges to CV and AV Applications in Truck Freight Operations explores connected vehicle (CV) and automated vehicle (AV) technology, focusing on heavy trucking. The report identifies existing and emerging freight regulatory, planning, policy, and operational environments and challenges for connected and autonomous truck technologies. The report examines barriers and opportunities that the public and private sector may face when implementing these technologies in freight operations. In addition, the report explores next steps for addressing the challenges for deployment and adoption.

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