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Suggested Citation:"Taxonomy." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Inventory of State and Federal Passenger and Freight Rail Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24788.
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Page 10
Page 11
Suggested Citation:"Taxonomy." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Inventory of State and Federal Passenger and Freight Rail Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24788.
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Page 11
Page 12
Suggested Citation:"Taxonomy." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Inventory of State and Federal Passenger and Freight Rail Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24788.
×
Page 12
Page 13
Suggested Citation:"Taxonomy." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Inventory of State and Federal Passenger and Freight Rail Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24788.
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Page 13

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  13          What is a taxonomy? The Transportation Research Board’s (TRB), Transportation Thesaurus defines “taxonomy” as a scientific  classification of biological organisms, grouped based on similarities of structure or origin. In a taxonomy  relationships build upon each other. This order is typically expressed in a tree diagram where a tree  trunk represents the broadest criteria, which supports branches (a narrower definition) and leaves (the  narrowest term). This structure organizes relationships and assumes that each leaf can only exist on one  branch or structure. In scientific terms, a taxonomy would have only one place for a fish and one place  for fowl and the two could not be interchanged.   The taxonomy system has also been used in other disciplines, within the social and information sciences,  to refer to a collection of controlled vocabulary terms organized into a hierarchical structure in which  each term is in one or more parent/child (broader/narrower) relationship/s to other terms in the  taxonomy. (Source: Team: adapted from wordnet.princeton.edu and Ansi/Niso Z39.19 as cited in the  Transportation Research Board website http://trt.trb.org/trt_glossary.asp)  A taxonomy is useful to describe and organize core attributes when there is one place for each attribute.  This system is less useful when applied to multifaceted concepts, which theoretically could exist in  multiple locations.   Background NCRRP 07‐03 tasked the research team with developing a taxonomy to classify state and federal  passenger and freight programs for rail projects. The anticipated audience for this taxonomy could  include public planning and economic development agencies, private sector rail service providers, and  regional transportation authorities.   Two sub‐tasks were completed to support that goal. The first sub‐task was to identify similar taxonomy  structures which could be used at a guide for the final deliverable.  A literature review identified four  promising taxonomies. The second included two forms of outreach; a survey and a workshop.  TRB Transportation Thesaurus The Transportation Research Board’s Transportation Thesaurus contains a research taxonomy used to  organize a database of publications. This database is intended to be mode agnostic. In the search for  transportation, rail is included as a mode, however freight and passenger rail research publications are  found within different facets of the taxonomy (Figure 1). For the purpose of this study, the term  program is not found with a relationship to transportation. The term “loan” is found within the  “Management and Organization” branch of the taxonomy, under the narrower term “finance.” The term  “grant” is not found in the TRB taxonomy. TRB staff was contacted to explore how this thesaurus  taxonomy structure might be used for the purpose of this research effort. It was determined that this  TAXONOMY     

multi‐trun not lend i AE transp located on was repre Intelligen A Taxono informatio This taxon multiple i linear coll grouped i The Phila The Found comprehe promising initial face support st based typ NASA Mo The fourt architectu tertiary el relationsh Outreach The secon identify se lined up f indicated  branch.  k, modes spe tself to the p ortation mod  the C branc sented. It wa TRB T t Transporta my of Intellig n managem omy illustrat nformation m ection of app n a typical tre nthropy Clas ation Cente nsive databa  because the ts which incl rategies. A s es and includ del for Non‐M h model revie res. This mo ements. For  ips.   Survey d sub‐task in archable crit avorably with highlighted t cific structu ublication da e branch fro h within the  s determined ransportatio Figu tion Systems ent Transpor ent spanning es multimod anagement  lications whi e structure.  s System r, a leading so se featuring   philanthropi ude: transact ixth facet inc es multiple s ilitary Spac wed (Appen del is unique  example, org cluded a surv eria for fede  the philanth hat multiface re of passeng tabase struct m an operati Thesaurus Ta  that this str n Thesaurus: re 1 TRB Transp Application tation System  safety, trans al transporta objectives. Th ch include su urce of infor global grant  c class system ion types, or ludes geogra econdary rel e Systems dix 2), is a NA in that there anizations, fu ey, covered  ral and state  ropy class sy ted program er and freigh ure. In Figure on perspectiv xonomy, no  ucture was n  Taxonomy o ortation Thesau s s Application it, intermoda tion systems is taxonomy b‐categories mation abou makers and t  grouped gr ganization ty phy.  This cla ationships.  SA framewo  are multiple  nctions and  in the previo passenger an stem cluster  s might be co t, and, state   1 both pass e.  Managem facet contain ot suitable fo f Transporta rus Taxonomy s (Appendix l freight and  operating ty  is a non‐trad .  The facets o t worldwide  heir program ant program pes, populat ssification sys rk for modeli connections  components  us chapter. R d freight rail representati ntained in m and federal p enger and fre ent and Org ed “program r the NCRRP tion Researc  2) captures   individual ve pes, stakeho itional exam f this taxono philanthropy s. This taxon s. This system ion groups, s tem begins w ng non‐milita between sec share multip esponders w  programs. T ons. Survey r ore than one 14 rograms wou ight rail shar anization is  s,” but financ  07‐03 projec h  16 facets of  hicle operati lder types, an ple because  my are not   hosts a  omy proved   contains fiv ubjects and  ith six cluste ry space sys ondary and  le secondary ere asked to  hese prefere esponse also  taxonomy    ld  e the  e (f)  t.   on.  d  it is a  e  r  tem    nces   

  15    Outreach Workshop The workshop outreach effort (Appendix 2) further explores user interest in the development of a  taxonomy for rail programs.   A group of 23 freight and passenger rail experts was assembled at the  Transportation Research Board 2014 Annual Meeting, the concept of taxonomy was introduced and the  group brainstormed elements to include in the hierarchy.  The suggestions were captured and compared  to other transportation taxonomies in an effort to develop consistency.   The workshop participants brainstormed elements of a passenger and freight, state and federal rail  programs to be included in the taxonomy. The group recommended that programs should be organized  by the sub‐categories:    Population Types ‐ Identification of who is eligible for the program, i.e. public or private sector  organization eligibility.   Authority –identification of authority or program provider. Typically federal, state, public or  private sources of revenue.   Transaction Type – Financial instrument available such as loans, forgivable loans, grants or  appropriations.    Subject Type‐ Identification of what types of projects objectives are eligible within programs in  this category such as safety or economic development.   Geography –Identification of where programs are in use.    Armed with examples from the literature review and the input from key stakeholders the team  attempted to design a discrete taxonomy for rail programs. It quickly became apparent that the project  required multiple stems as identified in the TRB Thesaurus. Funding was classified under Organization  and Finance. Passenger and Freight programs were classified under Transportation.   A second classification concern arose as programs were assigned to types. Many programs were broadly  defined to apply to multiple situations and do not fit within a single discrete cell. For example, a  program designed as a forgivable loan during the application process, but if performance objectives are  met, the loan is forgiven, which makes the instrument look more like a grant.  In another case, a federal  program such as the 45G railroad tax credit program for railroad tie replacement would not be  considered as either a loan or a grant; instead, it is a tax abatement. In states such as Pennsylvania and  Virginia where multimodal funding l programs are available, rail is an eligible project but these programs  are not specified as “rail” programs. It became apparent that a more flexible classification system,   which would allow for more clustered groupings by program objective, might be more useful.      Typology is a term often used interchangeably with taxonomy, but is more general in identifying groups,  and allows for the overlap of characteristics. Typology is defined as a taxonomy‐like classification of  characteristics commonly found, according to their association with different categories. In an example  of urban architecture, categories might include intensity of development (from natural or rural to highly  urban), degrees of formality, and school of thought (for example, modernist or traditional). Individual  characteristics form patterns. Patterns relate elements hierarchically across physical scales (from small 

16  details to large systems). A taxonomy was designed to organize rail programs with elements of a typology to accommodate multifaceted  programs found. Figure 2  Figure 2 NCRRP ‐07‐03 Taxonomy  Research  Objective  Eligibility  Type Jurisdiction Type  Instrument  Jurisdiction Type Mode Jurisdiction Type Authority  (Recipient) TRB  Education  Types Mobility Passenger Federal Public Agnecies Federal Purchase Freight  State Ports State Loan Capacity Passenger Federal  States Grade Crossing  Equity Freight Regional  Federal  Bond Environmental  Passenger Local  State State Freight  Econ Dev Grant Economic  Development Passenger Rural Dev Federal Freight  State Job Creation Passenger  Federal Private Sector  Operation Subsidy Freight  State Railroads Federal Mode Shift Freight  Federal Short Lines State State Industry Tax Abatement  Rolling Stock  Passenger Federal Rail Authorities  State Freight  Federal  State Federal   Passenger Federal  Congressional State Program  Freight  Federal  Trust Fund State State Legislated Program  Trust Fund Local  Private Match Authority (Source) Congestion Mitigation  Safety Funding  NCRRP 07‐03 Taxonomy of State and Federal Passenger and Freight Programs  Rail Programs

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TRB's National Cooperative Rail Research Program (NCRRP) Web Only Document 4: Inventory of State and Federal Passenger and Freight Rail Programs explores rail funding trends and objectives, a program taxonomy, an inventory of federal and state programs, and case studies to highlight rail funding innovation in practice.

The Matrix of Rail Programs includes information about 379 state and federal, passenger and freight rail programs. The matrix allows users to compare programs by state or by defining characteristics, including funding types, project types, applicant eligibility, funding objectives, and primary program elements.

This spreadsheet is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.

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