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Page 14
Suggested Citation:"Program Innovation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Inventory of State and Federal Passenger and Freight Rail Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24788.
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Page 14
Page 15
Suggested Citation:"Program Innovation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Inventory of State and Federal Passenger and Freight Rail Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24788.
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Page 15
Page 16
Suggested Citation:"Program Innovation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Inventory of State and Federal Passenger and Freight Rail Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24788.
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Page 16

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  17      Background Financial innovation is defined by Investopedia as “Advances over time in the financial instruments and  payment systems used in the lending and borrowing of funds. These changes, which include innovations  in technology, risk transfer and credit and equity generation, have increased available credit for  borrowers and given banks new and less costly ways to raise equity capital”  The typical goal of state and federal funding programs is to incentivize investment and development of  projects which meet public needs. Private financing programs are typically less flexible, and must meet  loan eligibility and risk profiles. Public agencies, in general, can assume greater risk if the project  objectives have public interests in mind. Rail funding innovation is the art of bringing public and private  sector partners together to develop projects which benefit both parties. State and local governments  are assuming a larger role in funding transportation because federal revenue is no longer sufficient or  stable to meet current transportation funding needs.   A growing number of governors and state legislatures are engaged in fiscal innovation aimed at  generating more transportation funds. In 2013, 26 states undertook significant transportation‐related  revenue initiatives; some raised gas taxes, and some shifted to a tax on fuel at the wholesale level, and  others enacted dedicated sales taxes for transportation or floated revenue bonds dedicated to  transportation. In 2013, voters approved over 70 percent of the state ballot measures to increase or  extend funding for surface transportation. These included four bond initiatives and 12 measures to  increase, extend or renew transportation sales taxes. In California, 80 percent of the state’s population  already lives in counties that tax themselves to support local transportation investments. In 2014, six  states introduced bills to raise gas taxes or index them for inflation. American Road & Transportation  Builders Association (ARTBA) identified 14 state legislatures working on bills to increase funding for state  transportation programs. In 2015, 185 transportation funding bills were introduced at the state level, 89  failed with 36 bills still pending. As of February 2016, 44 transportation funding bills have been  introduced in 23 states according to the Transportation Investment Advocacy Center. The map in Figure  2 illustrates state funding initiatives aimed at increasing the funding pool.  Funding programs for rail, at the state level, have been constrained and difficult to implement due to  the cost and complexity of most rail projects. Both passenger and freight rail projects include expensive  long‐term assets that often exceed the program funding limits at the state and federal level. This  requires rail projects to assemble multiple funding sources, and artfully attract private investment to  augment the limited state and federal funding programs.  PROGRAM INNOVATION

Figure 3 201 Figure 3 i transport October. T represent Case St To illustra project ob spectrum  achieve re 5 State Transpo llustrates stat ation measur hese fundin  measures to udy Selec te rail fundin jectives, pro of projects w sults.  The ov rtation Fundin e transporta es are noted  g initiatives w  support freig tion Pro g innovation ject budgets, hich demons ersight com g Initiatives   So tion funding  in Appendix  ere commen ht or passen cess , nine case st  geography a trate how di mittee review urce: Transport initiatives un 4. No activiti ced to suppo ger rail prog udy summari nd funding p fferent objec ed and rank ation Investme dertaken in 2 es were repo rt transporta rams.  es were prep rograms. The tives and pro ed the projec nt Advocacy Ce 015. A summ rted in the m tion and do  ared to capt  goal was to  grams can be ts for case st 18 nter  ary of these onths of Jun not necessar ure a variety  showcase a b  interwoven udy      e and  ily  of  road   to 

  19    consideration. Based on the committee’s ranking, three case studies were selected for a further  structured analysis. A fourth case study was added by special request after the initial case studies were  completed. The summary of all projects can be found in the Appendix 3.   Case Studies Selected 1. Short Line Case Study – Appalachian Regional Short Line Rail Project (WV, KY, TN)    Criteria: Multi‐state, Short Line, TIGER I, Public Private   Lead: State of Kentucky, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet  2. Commuter Rail Case Study ‐ Colorado RTD Eagle P3    Criteria: Transit, Public Private   Lead: Denver Regional Transportation District (RTD)  3. Freight, Transit and Short Line Project ‐ Port of Miami Rail Project    Criteria: Freight, Transit, Short Line, Port   Lead: Port of Miami  4. Port MacKenzie Rail Extension   Criteria: Freight   Lead: Matanuska‐Susitna Borough (MSB) and the Alaska Railroad Corporation (ARRC)  Case Studies Comparison   Figure 4 Case Study Comparisons      Case studies were selected to demonstrate different attributes such as project size, funding objective,  agency authority, preservation or new construction, single state versus multi‐state, freight versus  passenger use and a diverse geography. Case studies ranged from $22 million to $2.2 billion. Three of  the four projects have been completed. These case studies demonstrated the importance of leadership  and a good plan. It is essential to have a clear role for government agencies and private sector partners.  Each project was faced with an unexpected or unforeseen complication. These case studies demonstrate  partnerships must be strong enough to withstand risk and uncertainty.  Expert knowledge of the rail  industry is essential to success. A clearly defined revenue stream is also essential to complete the  project.  Profile Pr oj ec t S ize   Pr es er va tio n  N ew   Co ns tr uc tio n  Ec on om ic   De ve lo pm en t  M ul ti‐S ta te   Pr oj ec t  Fr ei gh t  Pa ss en ge r  St at e  De pa rt m en t o f  Tr an sp or ta tio n  Tr an sit   Au th or ity Po rt  Au th or ity   Appalacian  Regional Rail   $22 Million x x x x x x Alaska Rail  Extension $309 Million x x x x     Denver RTD $2.2 Billion x x x x Miami Port $50 Million  x x x x   x Funding Objective  Case Study Comparision Ca se  Stu dy   Lead Agency 

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 Inventory of State and Federal Passenger and Freight Rail Programs
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TRB's National Cooperative Rail Research Program (NCRRP) Web Only Document 4: Inventory of State and Federal Passenger and Freight Rail Programs explores rail funding trends and objectives, a program taxonomy, an inventory of federal and state programs, and case studies to highlight rail funding innovation in practice.

The Matrix of Rail Programs includes information about 379 state and federal, passenger and freight rail programs. The matrix allows users to compare programs by state or by defining characteristics, including funding types, project types, applicant eligibility, funding objectives, and primary program elements.

This spreadsheet is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.

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