Quantifying the Influence of Geosynthetics on Pavement Performance (2017)

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K-1 APPENDIX K. RIGID PAVEMENT EXPERIMENTS: COMPARISON OF TEST MEASUREMENTS

K-2 Appendix K1. Rigid Pavements: Comparison of Test Measurements: Dynamic Loading— Dry and Wet: No. 7 (Control), No. 9 (Geogrid), and No. 10 (Geotextile)

K-3 Table K1-1. Comparison between Accelerometer Measurements Statistical Significant Difference between Instrumentation Results Geogrid vs. Control Geotextile vs. Control Geotextile vs. Geogrid Load (kip) Instrumentation 9 12 16 9 12 16 9 12 16 M1X-Dry - SH - SH SH SH - SL - M1X-Wet SH* SH - SH SH - SL SL - M1Y-Dry - SH - SH SH SH - NS - M1Y-Wet SH - - SH SH - SL - - M1Z-Dry - SH - SH SH SH - SH - M1Z-Wet SH SH - SH SH - SH SH - M2Z-Dry SL* SH - SH SH SH SH NS** - M2Z-Wet SH SH - SH SH - NS NS - M3Y-Dry - - - - - - - - - M3Y-Wet - - - - - - - - - M3Z-Dry - - - SL SL SL - - - *SH/SL: Geogrid accelerometer measurement is statically higher/lower than the control accelerometer measurement at a significance level of 0.05. **NS: Geogrid accelerometer measurement and Geotextile accelerometer measurement are not significantly different at a significance level of 0.05.

K-4 Table K1-1. Comparison between Accelerometer Measurements (continued) Statistical Significant Difference between Instrumentation Results Geogrid vs. Control Geotextile vs. Control Geotextile vs. Geogrid Load (kip) Instrumentation 9 12 16 9 12 16 9 12 16 M3Z-Wet - - - SL SL - - - - M4Z-Dry SL* SH - - - - - - - M4Z-Wet SH* SH - - - - - - - M5Z-Dry SL SL - - - - - - - M5Z-Wet SL SL - - - - - - - M6X-Dry - - - - SL - - - - M6X-Wet - - - - SL - - - - M6Z-Dry - - - SL SL SL - - - M6Z-Wet - - - SL SL - - - - M7X-Wet - - - - - - SL - - M7Z-Dry NS** SH - SL SL SL SL SL - *SH/SL: Geogrid accelerometer measurement is statically higher/lower than the control accelerometer measurement at a significance level of 0.05. **NS: Control accelerometer measurement and geogrid accelerometer measurement are not significantly different at a significance level of 0.05.

K-5 Table K1-1. Comparison between Accelerometer Measurements (continued) Statistical Significant Difference between Instrumentation Results Geogrid vs. Control Geotextile vs. Control Geotextile vs. Geogrid Load (kip) Instrumentation 9 12 16 9 12 16 9 12 16 M7Z-Dry NS** SH* - SL SL SL SL SL - M7Z-Wet SL* SH - SL SL - SL SL - Mb1X-Dry NS - - - - - - - - Mb1Z-Dry SL - - - - - - - - Mb2Y-Dry NS - - SH SH NS SH - - Mb2Y-Wet - - - SH NS - - - - Mb2Z-Dry SL - - SH SH - SH - - Mc1Y-Dry SL - - SL SL SL SH - - Mc1Z-Dry - - - SL SL SL - - - Mc1Z-Wet - - - SL SL - - - - Mc2Y-Dry SL - - - - - - - - *SH/SL: Geogrid accelerometer measurement is statically higher/lower than the control accelerometer measurement at a significance level of 0.05. **NS: Control accelerometer measurement and geogrid accelerometer measurement are not significantly different at a significance level of 0.05.

K-6 Table K1-1. Comparison between Accelerometer Measurements (continued) Statistical Significant Difference between Instrumentation Results Geogrid vs. Control Geotextile vs. Control Geotextile vs. Geogrid Load (kip) Instrumentation 9 12 16 9 12 16 9 12 16 Mc2Y-Wet - - - - - - - - - Mc2Z-Dry SL* - - SL SL SL SH - - Mc2Z-Wet - - - SL SL - - - - Mgd1X-Dry - - - - - - - SH - Mgd2Y-Dry - - - - - - NS*** SL - Mgd2Y-Wet - - - - - - - SL - Mgd2Z-Dry - - - - - - SH** SH - Mgd2Z-Wet - - - - - - SH SH - *SL: Geogrid accelerometer measurement is statically lower than the control accelerometer measurement at a significance level of 0.05. **SH: Geotextile accelerometer measurement is statically higher than the geogrid accelerometer measurement at a significance level of 0.05. ***NS: Geotextile accelerometer measurement and geogrid accelerometer measurement are not significantly different at a significance level of 0.05.

K-7 Table K1-2. Comparison between LVDT Measurements Statistical Significant Difference between Instrumentation Results Geogrid vs. Control Geotextile vs. Control Geotextile vs. Geogrid Load (kip) Instrumentation 9 12 16 9 12 16 9 12 16 LVDT1-Dry NS** SL SL SL SL SL SL SL NS LVDT1-Wet NS SL SL NS SL SL SL SL SH LVDT2-Dry SL* NS SL SL SL SL SL SL SL LVDT2-Wet NS SL SH SL SL SL SL SL SL LVDT3-Dry SH* SH SH SL SL SH SL SL SL LVDT3-Wet SH SH SH SL SL SL SL SL SL LVDT4-Dry NS SH SH SL SL NS SL SL SL LVDT4-Wet SH SH SH SL SL SL SL SL SL LVDT6-Dry SL NS SH SL SL NS SL SL NS LVDT6-Wet SH SH SH NS SL SL NS SL SL LVDT7-Dry SH SH SH - - - - - - LVDT7-Wet SH SH SH - - - - - - *SH/SL: Geogrid LVDT measurement is statically higher/lower than the control LVDT measurement at a significance level of 0.05. **NS: Control LVDT measurement and geotextile LVDT measurement are not significantly different at a significance level of 0.05.

K-8 Table K1-3. Comparison between Pressure Cell Measurements Statistical Significant Difference between Instrumentation Results Geogrid vs. Control Geotextile vs. Control Geotextile vs. Geogrid Load (kip) Instrumentation 9 12 16 9 12 16 9 12 16 P1-Dry SH* SH SH SH SH SH SL SL SL P1-Wet - - - - - - SL SL SL P2-Dry SH SH SH SH SH SH SL SL SL P2-Wet SH SH SH SH SH SH SL SH SH P3-Dry SH SH SH SH SH SH NS** SH SH P3-Wet SH SH SH SH SH SH NS SH SH P4-Dry SH SH SH SL SL SL SL SL SL P4-Wet SH SH SH SL SL SL SL SL SL P5-Dry SH SH SH SH SH SH SL SL SL P5-Wet SH SH SH SH SH SH SL SH SH P6-Dry SL* SL SL SL SL SL SH SH SH *SH/SL: Geogrid LVDT measurement is statically higher/lower than the control LVDT measurement at a significance level of 0.05. **NS: Geogrid LVDT measurement and geotextile LVDT measurement are not significantly different at a significance level of 0.05.

K-9 Table K1-3. Comparison between Pressure Cell Measurements (continued) Statistical Significant Difference between Instrumentation Results Geogrid vs. Control Geotextile vs. Control Geotextile vs. Geogrid Load (kip) Instrumentation 9 12 16 9 12 16 9 12 16 P6-Wet SL* SL SL SL SL SL SH SH SH P7-Dry SL SL SL SL SL SL SH SH SH P7-Wet SL SL SL SL SL SH SH SH SH P8-Dry SL SL SL SL SL SL SH SH NS P8-Wet SL SL SL SL SL SL NS SH SH P9-Dry SH* SL SL SL SL SL SL SL SL P9-Wet SL SH NS** SL SL SL SL SL SL P10-Dry - - - SH SH SH - - - P10-Wet - - - SH SH SH - - - P21-Dry SH SH SH SL SL SL SL SL SL P21-Wet SH SH SH SL SL SH SL SL SL *SH/SL: Geogrid LVDT measurement is statically higher/lower than the control LVDT measurement at a significance level of 0.05. **NS: Control LVDT measurement and geogrid LVDT measurement are not significantly different at a significance level of 0.05.

K-10 Table K1-4. Comparison between Strain Gauge Measurements Statistical Significant Difference between Instrumentation Results Geogrid vs. Control Geotextile vs. Control Geotextile vs. Geogrid Load (kip) Instrumentation 9 12 16 9 12 16 9 12 16 S1-Dry SH* SH SH - - - - - - S1-Wet SL* SL SH - - - - - - SG1_X-Dry - - - - - - SL SL SL SG1_X-Wet - - - - - - SL SL SL SG1_Y-Dry - - - - - - SL SL SL SG1_Y-Wet - - - - - - SL SL SL SG2_X-Dry - - - - - - SL SL SL SG2_X-Wet - - - - - - SL SL SL SG2_Y-Dry - - - - - - SH SH SH SG2_Y-Wet - - - - - - SH SH SH SG3_X-Dry - - - - - - SH SH SH *SH/SL: Geotextile strain gauge measurement is statically higher/lower than the geogrid strain gauge measurement at a significance level of 0.05.

K-11 Table K1-4. Comparison between Strain Gauge Measurements (continued) Statistical Significant Difference between Instrumentation Results Geogrid vs. Control Geotextile vs. Control Geotextile vs. Geogrid Load (kip) Instrumentation 9 12 16 9 12 16 9 12 16 SG3_X-Wet - - - - - - SL* SL SH* SG3_Y-Dry - - - - - - SL SL SL SG3_Y-Wet - - - - - - SL NS** NS SG4_X-Dry - - - - - - SH SH SH SG4_X-Wet - - - - - - SH SH SH *SH/SL: Geotextile strain gauge measurement is statically higher/lower than the geogrid strain gauge measurement at a significance level of 0.05. **NS: Control strain gauge measurement and geogrid strain gauge measurement are not significantly different at a significance level of 0.05.

K-12 Appendix K2. Rigid Pavements: Comparison of Test Measurements: Static Loading—Dry and Wet: No. 7 (Control), No. 9 (Geogrid), and No. 10 (Geotextile)

K-13 Table K2-1. Percent Difference in LVDT Measurements Percent Difference in Results of Instrumentations Geogrid vs. Control* Geotextile vs. Control** Geotextile vs. Geogrid*** Load (kip) Instrumentation 5 9 12 5 9 12 5 9 12 LVDT1-Dry 10.7 -0.6 - 5.5 -2.3 - -4.7 -1.7 9.8 LVDT1-Wet -6.0 -10.2 -13.6 -0.1 -8.6 5.0 6.3 1.8 21.5 LVDT2-Dry 21.8 2.8 - 6.3 -11.1 - -12.8 -13.5 -7.0 LVDT2-Wet -0.7 -9.0 -16.2 -36.0 -30.3 -27.9 -35.5 -23.4 -13.9 LVDT3-Dry -27.6 -33.5 - -10.1 -14.7 - 24.2 28.3 34.5 LVDT3-Wet -47.9 -50.0 -52.3 -0.2 3.7 -1.2 91.8 107.2 107.1 LVDT4-Dry -59.2 -65.2 - -32.6 -9.9 - 65.4 158.8 198.1 LVDT4-Wet -71.0 -89.2 -91.5 19.8 36.3 18.1 312.5 1162.3 1293.0 *Geogrid vs. Control: 100*[(LVDT Measurement in Experiment 9−LVDT Measurement in Experiment 7)/ LVDT Measurement in Experiment 7] **Geotextile vs. Control: 100*[(LVDT Measurement in Experiment 10−LVDT Measurement in Experiment 7)/ LVDT Measurement in Experiment 7] ***Geotextile vs. Geogrid: 100*[(LVDT Measurement in Experiment 10−LVDT Measurement in Experiment 9)/ LVDT Measurement in Experiment 9]

K-14 Table K2-1. Percent Difference in LVDT Measurements (continued) Percent Difference in Results of Instrumentations Geogrid vs. Control* Geotextile vs. Control** Geotextile vs. Geogrid*** Load (kip) Instrumentation 5 9 12 5 9 12 5 9 12 LVDT6-Dry -161.7 -156.8 - -76.8 -191.9 - -137.7 61.9 765.6 LVDT6-Wet -168.8 -143.9 -128.6 50.7 86.5 145.2 -319.1 -524.6 -958.4 LVDT7-Dry -114.1 -95.2 - -108.1 -78.6 - -42.9 346.0 295.4 LVDT7-Wet -97.4 -78.5 -69.5 -99.1 -24.4 -14.6 -66.2 251.1 179.7 *Geogrid vs. Control: 100*[(LVDT Measurement in Experiment 9−LVDT Measurement in Experiment 7)/ LVDT Measurement in Experiment 7] **Geotextile vs. Control: 100*[(LVDT Measurement in Experiment 10−LVDT Measurement in Experiment 7)/ LVDT Measurement in Experiment 7] ***Geotextile vs. Geogrid: 100*[(LVDT Measurement in Experiment 10−LVDT Measurement in Experiment 9)/ LVDT Measurement in Experiment 9]

K-15 Table K2-2. Percent Difference in Pressure Cell Measurements Percent Difference in Results of Instrumentations Geogrid vs. Control* Geotextile vs. Control** Geotextile vs. Geogrid*** Load (kip) Instrumentation 5 9 12 5 9 12 5 9 12 P1-Dry - - - - - - - - - P1-Wet - - - - - - - - - P2-Dry 555.4 222.9 - 419.2 181.2 - -20.8 -12.9 -10.9 P2-Wet 570.8 224.9 144.3 498.2 202.9 142.1 -10.8 -6.8 -0.9 P3-Dry -1702.0 -6170.4 - -1216.1 -5525.9 - -30.3 -10.6 -10.9 P3-Wet 27755.3 -4589.2 7961.0 21101.7 -4237.4 7856.9 -23.9 -7.8 -1.3 P4-Dry 86.6 51.9 - -50.5 -53.0 - -73.5 -69.1 -66.7 P4-Wet 77.9 51.2 30.9 -49.0 -49.0 -50.6 -71.3 -66.3 -62.2 P5-Dry 86.3 62.8 - 65.1 48.8 - -11.4 -8.6 -8.3 *Geogrid vs. Control: 100*[(Pressure Cell Measurement in Experiment 9−Pressure Cell Measurement in Experiment 7)/Pressure Cell Measurement in Experiment 7] **Geotextile vs. Control: 100*[(Pressure Cell Measurement in Experiment 10−Pressure Cell Measurement in Experiment 7)/Pressure Cell Measurement in Experiment 7] ***Geotextile vs. Geogrid: 100*[(Pressure Cell Measurement in Experiment 10−Pressure Cell Measurement in Experiment 9)/Pressure Cell Measurement in Experiment 9]

K-16 Table K2-3. Percent Difference in Pressure Cell Measurements Percent Difference in Results of Instrumentations Geogrid vs. Control* Geotextile vs. Control** Geotextile vs. Geogrid*** Load (kip) Instrumentation 5 9 12 5 9 12 5 9 12 P5-Wet 89.0 68.1 45.3 80.1 59.4 45.1 -4.7 -5.2 -0.1 P6-Dry -113.3 -115.5 - -94.4 -94.5 - -141.6 -135.1 -151.2 P6-Wet -110.1 -113.7 -111.4 -97.0 -99.7 -98.2 -129.6 -102.5 -116.0 P7-Dry -24.9 -37.4 - 1.1 -13.4 - 34.6 38.4 37.1 P7-Wet -9.8 -28.6 -38.9 23.4 1.2 -9.9 36.8 41.7 47.4 P9-Dry 161.3 48.5 - -106.5 -103.5 - -102.5 -102.3 -102.0 P9-Wet 112.3 7.0 8.5 -124.2 -108.4 -100.7 -111.4 -107.8 -100.7 P10-Dry -98.8 -101.2 - 0.4 35.3 - 8009.1 -11436.7 500.6 P10-Wet -99.5 -88.7 -69.5 118.0 199.7 184.2 48245.2 2552.4 833.0 P21-Dry -1.2 13.6 - -67.4 -54.4 - -67.0 -59.8 -41.8 P21-Wet 12.0 43.1 60.3 -57.9 -17.5 27.9 -62.4 -42.3 -20.2 *Geogrid vs. Control: 100*[(Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 9−Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 7)/Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 7] **Geotextile vs. Control: 100*[(Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 10−Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 7)/Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 7] ***Geotextile vs. Geogrid: 100*[(Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 10−Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 9)/Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 9]

K-17 Table K2-4. Percent Difference in Strain Gauge Measurements Percent Difference in Results of Instrumentations Geogrid vs. Control* Geotextile vs. Control** Geotextile vs. Geogrid*** Load (kip) Instrumentation 5 9 12 5 9 12 5 9 12 S1-Dry -17.7 -13.6 - - - - - - - S1-Wet -67.4 -66.1 -68.4 - - - - - - SG3_Y-Wet - - - - - - -208.6 -1659.7 -194.2 SG4_X-Dry - - - - - - -505.5 -593.1 -601.6 SG4_X-Wet - - - - - - -1722.5 -858.6 -745.5 *Geogrid vs. Control: 100*[(Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 9−Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 7)/Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 7] **Geotextile vs. Control: 100*[(Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 10−Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 7)/Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 7] ***Geotextile vs. Geogrid: 100*[(Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 10−Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 9)/Strain Gauge Measurement in Experiment 9]