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Page 148
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Quantifying the Influence of Geosynthetics on Pavement Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24841.
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Page 149
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Quantifying the Influence of Geosynthetics on Pavement Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24841.
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Page 149
Page 150
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Quantifying the Influence of Geosynthetics on Pavement Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24841.
×
Page 150
Page 151
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Quantifying the Influence of Geosynthetics on Pavement Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24841.
×
Page 151
Page 152
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Quantifying the Influence of Geosynthetics on Pavement Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24841.
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Page 152

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148 REFERENCES 1. Berg, R.R., Christopher, B.R., and Perkins, S.W. (2000). Geosynthetic Reinforcement of the Aggregate Base/Subbase Courses of Flexible Pavement Structures. GMA White Paper II, Geosynthetic Materials Association, Roseville, MN, 176p. 2. Perkins, S. W. (2001). Mechanical-Empirical Modeling and Design Model Development of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Flexible Pavement. Final Report, No. FHWA/MT-01-002/99160- 1A, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 171p. 3. Perkins, S. W. (2001). Numerical Modeling of Geosynthetic Reinforced Flexible Pavements. Final Report, No. FHWA/MT-01-003/99160-2, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 112p. 4. Kwon, J. (2007). Development of a Mechanistic Model for Geogrid Reinforced Flexible Pavements. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois. 5. Zornberg, J. G., Prozzi, J. A., Gupta, R., Luo, R., McCartney, J. S., Ferreira, J. Z., and Nogueira, C. (2008). Validating Mechanisms in Geosynthetic Reinforced Pavements. Research Report FHWA/TX-08/0-4829-1, Center for Transportation Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. 6. Giroud, J. P. and Noiray, L. (1981). Geotextile-Reinforced Unpaved Roads. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 107, No. 9, pp. 1233–1254. 7. Giroud, J. P., Ah-Line, A., and Bonaparte, R. (1984). Design of Unpaved Roads and Traffic Areas with Geogrids. Proceedings of the Symposium on Polymer Grid Reinforcement, Thomas Telford, London, England, pp. 116–127. 8. Perkins, S.W., and Ismeik, M. (1997). A Synthesis and Evaluation of Geosynthetic- Reinforced Base Course Layers in Flexible Pavements: Part I Experimental Work. Geosynthetics International, Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 549–604. 9. Perkins, S.W., and Ismeik, M. (1997). A Synthesis and Evaluation of Geosynthetic- Reinforced Base Course Layers in Flexible Pavements: Part II Analytical Work. Geosynthetics International, Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 605–621. 10. Holtz, R.D., Christopher, B.R., and Berg, R.R. (1998). Geosynthetic Design and Construction Guidelines, FHWA-HI-98-038, Washington, D.C., 460p. 11. Giroud, J.P., and Han, J. (2004). Design Method for Geogrid-Reinforced Unpaved Roads-I. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 130, No. 8, pp. 775–786. 12. Kwon, J., and Tutumluer, E. (2009). Geogrid Base Reinforcement with Aggregate Interlock and Modeling of Associated Stiffness Enhancement in Mechanistic Pavement Analysis. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2116, pp. 85–95. 13. Al-Qadi, I. L., Dessouki, S., Tutumluer, E., and Kwon, J. (2011). Geogrid Mechanism in Low-Volume Flexible Pavements: Accelerated Testing of Full Scale Heavily Instrumented Pavement Sections. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 121–135.

149 14. Nazzal, M., Abu-Farsakh, M., and Mohammad, L. (2007). Laboratory Characterization of Reinforced Crushed Limestone under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 9, pp. 772–783. 15. Moghaddas-Nejad, F., and Small, J. C. (2003). Resilient and Permanent Characteristics of Reinforced Granular Materials by Repeated Load Triaxial Tests. Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 152–166. 16. Rahman, M., Arulrajah, A., Piratheepan, J., Bo, M., and Imteaz, M. (2014). Resilient Modulus and Permanent Deformation Responses of Geogrid-Reinforced Construction and Demolition Materials. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 512– 519. 17. Yang, X., and Han, J. (2013). Analytical Model for Resilient Modulus and Permanent Deformation of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Unbound Granular Material. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 139, No. 9, pp. 1443–1453. 18. McDowell, G. R., Harireche, O., Konietzky, H., Brown, S. F., and Thom, N. H. (2006). Discrete Element Modelling of Geogrid-Reinforced Aggregates. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 159, No. 1, pp. 35–48. 19. Schuettpelz, C., Fratta, D., and Edil, T. B. (2009). Evaluation of the Zone of Influence and Stiffness Improvement from Geogrid Reinforcement in Granular Materials. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2116, pp. 76–84. 20. Adu-Osei, A., Little, D. N., and Lytton, R. L. (2001). Cross-Anisotropic Characterization of Unbound Granular Materials. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1757, pp. 82–91. 21. Ashtiani, R. (2009). Anisotropic Characterization and Performance Prediction of Chemically and Hydraulically Bounded Pavement Foundations. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 22. Oh, J., Lytton, R. L., and Fernando, E. (2006). Modeling of Pavement Response Using Nonlinear Cross-Anisotropy Approach. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 132, No. 6, pp. 458–468. 23. Perkins, S. W., Christopher, B. R., Cuelho, E. L., Eiksund, G. R., Hoff, I., Schwartz, C. W., Svano, G., and Want, A. (2004). Development of Design Methods for Geosynthetic Reinforced Flexible Pavements. Report No. DTFH61-01-X-00068, 263p. 24. Wayne, M., Boudreau, R. L., and Kwon, J. (2011). Characterization of Mechanically Stabilized Layer by Resilient Modulus and Permanent Deformation Testing. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2204, pp. 76–82. 25. Abu-Farsakh, M., Souci, G., Voyiadjis, G. Z., and Chen, Q. (2012). Evaluation of Factors Affecting the Performance of Geogrid-Reinforced Granular Base Material Using Repeated Load Triaxial Tests. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 72–83. 26. Perkins, S. W., and Edens, M. Q. (2003). A Design Model for Geosynthetic-Reinforced Pavements. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 37–50. 27. Saad, B., Mitri, H., and Poorooshasb, H. (2006). 3D FE Analysis of Flexible Pavement with Geosynthetic Reinforcement. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 132, No. 5, pp. 402–415.

150 28. Prozzi, J. A., and Luo, R. (2007). Using Geogrids to Minimize Reflective Longitudinal Cracking on Pavements over Shrinking Subgrades. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2004, pp. 99–110. 29. Kwon, J., Tutumluer, E., and Al-Qadi, I. L. (2009). Validated Mechanistic Model for Geogrid Base Reinforced Flexible Pavement. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 135, No. 12, pp. 915–926. 30. Barksdale, R. D., and Brown, S. F. (1988). Potential Benefits of Geosynthetics in Flexible Pavements. Final Report, No. E-20-672, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, National Research Council, Washington D.C., 626p. 31. Dondi, G. (1994). Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of a Reinforced Paved Road. Fifth International Conference on Geotextiles, Geomembranes and Related Products, Singapore, pp. 95–100. 32. Wathugala, G. W., Huang, B., and Pal, S. (1996). Numerical Simulation of Geosynthetic- Reinforced Flexible Pavements. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1534, pp. 58–65. 33. Luo, R. (2007). Minimizing Longitudinal Pavement Cracking Due to Subgrade Shrinkage. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. 34. Perkins, S. W., Christopher, B. R., Cuelho, E. L., Eiksund, G. R., Hoff, I., Schwartz, C. W., Svano, G., and Want, A. (2004). Development of Design Methods for Geosynthetic Reinforced Flexible Pavements. Final Report No. DTFH61-01-X-00068, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. 35. Webster, S. L. (1991). Geogrid Reinforced Base Course for Flexible Pavements for Light Aircraft: Literature Review and Test Section Design. Interim Report, NO. DOT/FAA/RD- 90/28, 40p. 36. Bhutta, S. A. (1998). Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Procedure for Geosynthetically Stabilized Flexible Pavements. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia. 37. Aran, S. (2006). Base Reinforcement with Biaxial Geogrid—Long Term Performance. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1975, pp. 115–123. 38. Chan, F., Barksdale R., and Brown, S. (1989). Aggregate Base Reinforcement of Surfaced Pavements. Geotextile and Geomembranes, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 165–189. 39. Haas R., Walls, J., and Carroll, R.G. (1988). Geogrid Reinforcement of Granular Bases in Flexible Pavements. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1188, pp. 19–27. 40. Moghaddas-Nejad, F., and Small, J.C. (1996). Effect of Geogrid Reinforcement in Model Track Tests on Pavement. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 122, No. 6, pp. 468–474. 41. Perkins, S.W. (1999). Mechanical Response of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Flexible Pavements. Geosynthetic International, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 347–381. 42. ABAQUS. (2010). ABAQUS Standard User’s Manual. Abaqus Inc., Providence, RI.

151 43. Goodman, R.E., Taylor, R.L., and Brekke, T.L. (1968). A Model for the Mechanics of Jointed Rock. Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. SM3, pp. 637–659. 44. Christopher, B. R., Berg, R. R., and Perkins, S. W. (2001). Geosynthetic Reinforcement in Roadway Sections. Final Report, NCHRP Synthesis for NCHRP Project 20-7, Task 112, 119p. 45. Loulizi, A., Al-Qadi, I.L. Bhutta, S.A., and Flintsch, G.W. (1999). Evaluation of Geosynthetics Used as Separators. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Record, No. 1687, pp. 104–111. 46. Texas Department of Transportation. (1999). Testing Geogrids. Tex-621-J, TxDOT, Austin, Texas. 47. Narejo, D.B. (2003). Opening Size Recommendations for Separation Geotextiles Used in Pavements. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 257–264. 48. Perkins, S.W. (1999). Geosynthetic Reinforcement of Flexible Pavements: Laboratory Based Pavement Test Sections. Report No. FHWA/MT-99-001/8138, Montana Department of Transportation, Helena, Montana, 140p. 49. Perkins, S.W., and Cuelho, E.V. (1999). Soil-Geosynthetic Interface Strength and Stiffness Relationships from Pullout Tests. Geosynthetic International, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 321–346. 50. Adu-Osei, A. (2000). Characterization of Unbound Granular Layers in Flexible Pavements. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 51. Tutumluer, E., and Thompson, M. (1997). Anisotropic Modeling of Granular Bases in Flexible Pavements. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1577, pp. 18–26. 52. ASTM. (2012). Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort. ASTM D1557-12, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. 53. Kinney, T.C., Stone, D.K., and Schuler, J. (1998). Using Geogrids for Base Reinforcement as Measured by Falling Weight Deflectometer in Full-Scale Laboratory Study. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1611, pp. 70–77. 54. Tarefder, R.A. Ahmed, M.U., and Islam, M.R. (2014). Impact of Cross-Anisotropy on Embedded Sensor Stress-Strain and Pavement Damage. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 8, pp. 845–861. 55. Kinney, T.C., Abbott, J., and Schuler, J. (1998). Benefits of Using Geogrids for Base Reinforcement with Regard to Rutting. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1611, pp. 86–96. 56. Al-Qadi, I.L., and Appea, A.K. (2003). Eight-Year Field Performance of Secondary Road Incorporating Geosynthetics at Subgrade-Base Interface. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1849, pp. 212–220. 57. Tutumluer, E. (2013). Practices for Unbound Aggregate Pavement Layers. NCHRP Synthesis 445, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 180p.

152 58. Tseng, K.H., and Lytton, R.L. (1989). Prediction of Permanent Deformation in Flexible Pavements Materials: Implication of Aggregates in the Design, Construction, and Performance of Flexible Pavements. ASTM STP 1016, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 154–172. 59. Drucker, D.C., and Prager, W. (1952). Soil Mechanics and Plastic Analysis for Limit Design. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 157–165. 60. Gauch, H.G., Hwang, J.T., and Fick, G.W. (2003). Model Evaluation by Comparison of Model-Based Predictions and Measured Values. Agronomy Journal, No. 95, pp. 1442–– 1446. 61. Lytton, R.L. (2015). Analytical Model for Quantifying Influence of Geosynthetics on Performance of Granular Material. Unpublished Work. Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 62. AASHTO. (2008). Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide: A Manual of Practice, Interim Edition. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. 63. Tutumluer, E. (1995). Predicting Behavior of Flexible Pavements with Granular Bases. Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. 64. Kim, M., Tutumluer, E., and Kwon, J. (2009). Nonlinear Pavement Foundation Modeling for Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Flexible Pavements. International Journal of Geomechanics, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 195–208. 65. Perkins, S.W. (2004). Development of Design Methods for Geosynthetic-Reinforced Flexible Pavements. Report No. DTFH61-01-X-00068, FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 263p. 66. Haykin, S.S. (1999). Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 67. Wu, Z., Hu, S., and Zhou, F. (2014). Prediction of Stress Intensity Factors in Pavement Cracking with Neural Networks Based on Semi-Analytical FEA. Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 41, pp. 1021–1030. 68. Ceylan, H., Bayrak, M.B., and Gopalakrishnan, K. (2014). Neural Networks Applications in Pavement Engineering: A Recent Survey. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 6, pp. 434–444. 69. Demuth, H., and Beale, M. (1998). Neural Network Toolbox for Use with MATLAB. The MathWorks, Natick, MA. 70. More, J. (1978). The Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm: Implementation and Theory. Numerical Analysis, Vol. 630, pp. 105–116. 71. Amari, S. (1998). Natural Gradient Works Efficiently in Learning. Neural Computation, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 251–276.

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 235: Quantifying the Influence of Geosynthetics on Pavement Performance develops a methodology for quantifying the influence of geosynthetics on pavement performance for use in pavement design and analysis. This project focused on the use of geosynthetics in unbound base/subbase layers or as a base/subgrade interface layer for flexible and rigid pavements. The AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design software provides a methodology for the analysis and performance prediction of pavements. However, use of geosynthetics in pavement layers and their influence on distress models have not been included in Pavement ME Design.

The Composite Geosynthetic-Base Course Model is a computer subroutine written for incorporation into the Pavement ME Design software to predict the performance of pavements with geosynthetics.

In November 2017, an errata for this publication has been issued, and corrections have been made to the version available for download.

This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.

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