National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: 7 Summary of Key Findings and Recommendations
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×

References

Aitsi-Selmi, A., Blanchard, K., Al-Khudhairy, D., Ammann, W., Basabe, P., Johnston, D., Ogallo, L., Onishi, T., Renn, O., and Revi, A. (2015). UNISDR Science and Technical Advisory Group report 2015: Science is used for disaster risk reduction. Geneva: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.

AMS (American Meteorological Society). (2004). Weather and highways. Washington, DC: The American Meteorological Society.

Anderson, J., Kogan, M., Bica, M., Palen, L., Anderson, K., Morss, R., Demuth, J., Lazrus, H., Wilhelmi, O., and Henderson, J. (2016). Far far away in Far Rockaway: Responses to risks and impacts during Hurricane Sandy through first-person social media narratives. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) 2016 Conference.

Anthony, K.E., Cowden-Hodgson, K.R., Dan O’Hair, H., Heath, R.L., and Eosco, G.M. (2014). Complexities in communication and collaboration in the hurricane warning system. Communication Studies, 65(5), 468-483.

Atreya, A., Ferreira, S., and Michel-Kerjan, E. (2015). What drives households to buy flood insurance? New evidence from Georgia. Ecological Economics, 117, 153-161.

Ash, K.D. (2017). A qualitative study of mobile home resident perspectives on tornadoes and tornado protective actions in South Carolina, USA. GeoJournal, 82(3), 533-552.

Ash, K.D., Schumann III, R.L., and Bowser, G.C. (2014). Tornado warning trade-offs: Evaluating choices for visually communicating risk. Weather, Climate, and Society, 6(1), 104-118.

Ashley, S.T., and Ashley, W.S. (2008). Flood fatalities in the United States. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 47(3), 805-818.

Ashley, W.S., Krmenec, A.J., and Schwantes, R. (2008). Vulnerability due to nocturnal tornadoes. Weather and Forecasting, 23(5), 795-807.

ASRS (NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System). (2016a). ASRS database report set: Checklist incidents Moffett Field, CA Ames Research Center.

ASRS. (2016b). ASRS database report set: Cockpit resource management (CRM) issues Moffett Field, CA.

ASRS. (2016c). ASRS database report set: Commuter and corporate flight crew fatigue reports. Moffett Field, CA: Ames Research Center.

ASRS. (2016d). ASRS database report set: Pilot/controller communications. Moffett Field, CA: Ames Research Center.

Babbie, E.R. (2007). The practice of social research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

Baker, E.J. (1991). Hurricane evacuation behavior. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 9(2), 287-310.

Bakkensen, L.A., Fox-Lent, C., Read, L.K., and Linkov, I. (2016). Validating resilience and vulnerability indices in the context of natural disasters. Risk Analysis, 37(5), 982-1004.

Barnes, L.R., Gruntfest, E.C., Hayden, M.H., Schultz, D.M., and Benight, C. (2007). False alarms and close calls: A conceptual model of warning accuracy. Weather and Forecasting, 22(5), 1140-1147.

Barthold, F.E., Workoff, T.E., Cosgrove, B.A., Gourley, J.J., Novak, D.R., and Mahoney, K.M. (2015). Improving flash flood forecasts: The HMT-WPC Flash Flood and Intense Rainfall Experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96(11), 1859-1866.

Bass, E.J., Hogan, B., Rude, D., Philips, B., Westbrook, D., League, C., Brotzge, J., Marsh, P., Riley, R. and Lemon, L. (2011). A method for investigating real-time distributed weather forecaster-emergency manager interaction. Paper presented at the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). October 9-12, 2011, Anchorage, Alaska, 2809-2815.

Bean, H., Liu, B., Madden, S., Mileti, D., Sutton, J., and Woo, M. (2014). Comprehensive testing of imminent threat public messages for mobile devices. College Park, MD: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×

Bean, H., Sutton, J., Liu, B., Madden, S., Wood, M.M., and Mileti, D.S. (2015). The study of mobile public warning messages: A research review and agenda. Review of Communication, 15(1), 60-80.

Blackburn, R.R., McGrane, E.J., Chappelow, C.C., Harwood, D.W., and Fleege, E.J. (1994). Development of anti-icing technology. Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research Council.

Bogomolov, A., Lepri, B., Ferron, M., Pianesi, F., and Pentland, A.S. (2014). Daily stress recognition from mobile phone data, weather conditions and individual traits. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia.

Boselly, E., Thornes, E., and Ulburg, C. (1993). Road weather information systems volume 1: Research report. Strategic Highway Research Program Publication-SHRP-H-350, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 90-93.

Bostrom, A., Morss, R.E., Lazo, J.K., Demuth, J.L., Lazrus, H., and Hudson, R. (2016). A mental models study of hurricane forecast and warning production, communication, and decision-making. Weather, Climate, and Society, 8(2), 111-129.

Botzen, W.W., Kunreuther, H., and Michel-Kerjan, E. (2015). Divergence between individual perceptions and objective indicators of tail risks: Evidence from floodplain residents in New York City. Judgment and Decision Making, 10(4), 365.

Bouwman, H., Bejar, A., and Nikou, S. (2012). Mobile services put in context: A Q-sort analysis. Telematics and Informatics, 29(1), 66-81.

Boyd, D., and Crawford, K. (2012). Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 662-679.

Broad, K., Leiserowitz, A., Weinkle, J., and Steketee, M. (2007). Misinterpretations of the “cone of uncertainty” in Florida during the 2004 hurricane season. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 88(5), 651-667.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513.

Brown, S.R. (1993). A primer on Q methodology. Operant Subjectivity, 16(3/4), 91-138.

Bruch, E., and Feinberg, F. (2017). Decision-making processes in social contexts. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 207-227.

Budescu, D.V., Por, H.-H., Broomell, S.B., and Smithson, M. (2014). The interpretation of IPCC probabilistic statements around the world. Nature Climate Change, 4(6), 508.

Bureau of Transportation Statistics. (2016). Growth in the nation’s freight shipments—highlights. Retrieved February 21, 2017, from https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/freight_shipments_in_america/html/entire.html.

Burian, B.K., Orasanu, J., and Hitt, J. (2000). Weather-related decision errors: Differences across flight types. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 44(1), 22-25.

Butts, C.T., Acton, R.M., and Marcum, C.S. (2012). Interorganizational collaboration in the Hurricane Katrina response. Journal of Social Structure, 13.

Carbin, G., Heinselman, P., and Stensrud, D. (2013). Current challenges in tornado forecast and warning. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 31, 350-359.

CDC (Centers for Disease Control Prevention). (2012). Public health surveillance during a disaster. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/disaster/surveillance.htm.

CDC. (2013). Deaths associated with Hurricane Sandy—October-November 2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62(20), 393.

Chaffee, S.H. (1991). Communication concepts 1: Explication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Chen, X., Meaker, J.W., and Zhan, F.B. (2006). Agent-based modeling and analysis of hurricane evacuation procedures for the Florida Keys. Natural Hazards, 38(3), 321.

Chin, S., Franzese, O., Greene, D., Hwang, H., and Gibson, R. (2002). Temporary losses of highway capacity and impacts on performance. Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Cho, H. (2011). Health communication message design: Theory and practice: Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Choi, H., and Varian, H. (2012). Predicting the present with Google trends. Economic Record, 88(s1), 2-9.

Clark, A.J., Weiss, S.J., Kain, J.S., Jirak, I.L., Coniglio, M., Melick, C.J., Siewert, C., Sobash, R.A., Marsh, P.T., and Dean, A.R. (2012). An overview of the 2010 hazardous weather testbed experimental forecast program spring experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(1), 55-74.

Combs, D.L., Quenemoen, L.E., Parrish, R.G., and Davis, J.H. (1999). Assessing disaster-attributed mortality: Development and application of a definition and classification matrix. International Journal of Epidemiology, 28(6), 1124-1129.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×

Congdon, W.J., and Shankar, M. (2015). The White House Social & Behavioral Sciences Team: Lessons learned from year one. Behavioral Science & Policy, 1(2), 77-86.

Conrad, F., and Blair, J. (1996). From impressions to data: Increasing the objectivity of cognitive interviews. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, Annual Meetings of the American Statistical Association.

Conrad, F., and Blair, J. (2009). Sources of error in cognitive interviews. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(1), 32-55.

Contractor, N.S., and DeChurch, L.A. (2014). Integrating social networks and human social motives to achieve social influence at scale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(Supplement 4), 13650-13657.

Cooke, N.J., and Winner, J.L. (2007). Human factors of homeland security. Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 3(1), 79-110.

Cooke, N.J., Gorman, J.C., Myers, C.W., and Duran, J.L. (2013). Interactive team cognition. Cognitive Science, 37, 255-285.

Craft, E.D. (1999). Private weather organizations and the founding of the United States Weather Bureau. The Journal of Economic History, 59(4), 1063-1071.

Cuite, C.L., Shwom, R.L., Hallman, W.K., Morss, R.E., and Demuth, J.L. (2017). Improving coastal storm evacuation messages. Weather, Climate, and Society, 9(2), 155-170.

Cutter, S.L., Boruff, B.J., and Shirley, W.L. (2003). Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Social Science Quarterly, 84(2), 242-261.

Czajkowski, J., and Done, J. (2014). As the wind blows? Understanding hurricane damages at the local level through a case study analysis. Weather, Climate, and Society, 6(2), 202-217.

Daipha, P. (2012). Weathering risk: Uncertainty, weather forecasting, and expertise. Sociology Compass, 6(1), 15-25.

Daipha, P. (2015). Masters of uncertainty: Weather forecasters and the quest for ground truth. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Davidson, R.A. (2015). Integrating disciplinary contributions to achieve community resilience to natural disasters. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 32(1-2), 55-67.

DeMaria, M., Knaff, J.A., Knabb, R., Lauer, C., Sampson, C.R., and DeMaria, R.T. (2009). A new method for estimating tropical cyclone wind speed probabilities. Weather and Forecasting, 24(6), 1573-1591.

DeMaria, M., Knaff, J.A., Brennan, M.J., Brown, D., Knabb, R.D., DeMaria, R.T., Schumacher, A., Lauer, C.A., Roberts, D.P., and Sampson, C.R. (2013). Improvements to the operational tropical cyclone wind speed probability model. Weather and Forecasting, 28(3), 586-602.

DeMaria, M., Sampson, C.R., Knaff, J.A., and Musgrave, K.D. (2014). Is tropical cyclone intensity guidance improving? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 95(3), 387-398.

Demuth, J.L. (2015). Doctoral dissertation: Developing a valid scale of past tornado experiences. Colorado State University.

Demuth, J.L., Morss, R.E., Lazo, J.K., Gruntfest, E., and Drobot, S. (2007). WAS*IS: Building a community for integrating meteorology and social science. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 88(11), 1729-1737.

Demuth, J.L., Lazo, J.K., and Morrow, B.H. (2009). Weather forecast uncertainty information: An exploratory study with broadcast meteorologists. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90(11), 1614-1618.

Demuth, J.L., Lazo, J.K., and Morss, R.E. (2011). Exploring variations in people’s sources, uses, and perceptions of weather forecasts. Weather, Climate, and Society, 3(3), 177-192.

Demuth, J.L., Morss, R.E., Morrow, B.H., and Lazo, J.K. (2012). Creation and communication of hurricane risk information. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(8), 1133-1145.

Demuth, J.L., Morss, R.E., Lazo, J.K., and Hilderbrand, D.C. (2013). Improving effectiveness of weather risk communication on the NWS point-and-click web page. Weather and Forecasting, 28(3), 711-726.

Demuth, J.L., Morss, R.E., Lazo, J.K., and Trumbo, C. (2016). The effects of past hurricane experiences on evacuation intentions through risk perception and efficacy beliefs: A mediation analysis. Weather, Climate, and Society, 8(4), 327-344.

Dewitt, B., Fischhoff, B., Davis, A., and Broomell, S.B. (2015). Environmental risk perception from visual cues: The psycho-physics of tornado risk perception. Environmental Research Letters, 10(12), 124009.

DHS (Department of Homeland Security). (2017). About S&T. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/about-st.

Dillman, D.A., Smyth, J.D., and Christian, L.M. (2009). Internet, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: The tailored design method (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×

Dixon, R.W., and Moore, T.W. (2012). Tornado vulnerability in Texas. Weather, Climate, and Society, 4(1), 59-68.

Donner, W.R. (2008). Decision making as community adaptation: A case study of emergency managers in Oklahoma. Disasters, 32(2), 292-302.

DOT (Department of Transportation). (2016). Revised departmental guidance 2016: Treatment of the value of preventing fatalities and injuries in preparing economic analyses. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/2016%20Revised%20Value%20of%20a%20Statistical%20Life%20Guidance.pdf.

Dow, K., and Cutter, S.L. (2002). Emerging hurricane evacuation issues: Hurricane Floyd and South Carolina. Natural Hazards Review, 3(1), 12-18.

Droegemeier, K.K., Rothfusz, L.P., Knoedler, A.J., Ferree, J.T., Henderson, J., Nemunaitis-Monroe, K.L., Nagele, D., and Klockow, K.E. (2016, May 18-20, 2015). Living with extreme weather workshop: Summary and path forward. Paper presented at Living with Extreme Weather: A Workshop to Integrate Understanding and Improve Societal Response, Norman, OK.

Drost, R., Trobec, J., Steffke, C., and Libarkin, J. (2015). Eye tracking: Evaluating the impact of gesturing during televised weather forecasts. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96(3), 387-392.

Dynes, R.R. (1994). Community emergency planning: False assumption and inappropriate analogies. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 12(2), 141-158.

Dynes, R. (2006). Social capital: Dealing with community emergencies. Homeland Security Affairs, 2(2).

Edmonds, A.S., and Cutter, S.L. (2008). Planning for pet evacuations during disasters. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 5(1).

Enarson, E., and B. Pease. (2016). Men, masculinities, and disasters. New York: Routledge.

Eriksson, M., Niitamo, V.-P., and Kulkki, S. (2005). State-of-the-art in utilizing Living Labs approach to user-centric ICT innovation—A European approach. Lulea: Center for Distance-spanning Technology. Lulea University of Technology Sweden: Lulea.

FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). (2005). Human factors policy: Order 9550.8a. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from https://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/...hf/.../faa_order_9550.8_hf_policy.doc.

FAA. (2017). Research & development management division. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ang/offices/tc/about/campus/faa_host/RDM.

FDA (Food and Drug Administration). (2011). Communicating risks and benefits: An evidence-baseduser’s guide. Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration

FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). (2014). Preparedness in America, Research Insights to Increase Individual, Organizational, and Community Action. Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency.

FEMA. (2016). What is the Mitigation Assessment Team Program? Retrieved April 24, 2017, from https://www.fema.gov/what-mitigation-assessment-team-program#2.

FEMA. (2017a). Academic Emergency Management and Related Courses (AEMRC) for the higher education program. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from https://training.fema.gov/hiedu/aemrc.

FEMA. (2017b). Protective Action Validation Report, Research Review of Natural Hazard Guidance to the Public, Version 1, Individual and Community Preparedness, 2017.

FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). (1999). Surface transportation weather decision support requirements. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from https://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/94f01!.pdf.

FHWA. (2014). Best practices for road condition reporting systems. Publication no. FHWA-HOP-14-023.. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.

FHWA. (2017a). 511: America’s traveler information telephone number, from https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/trafficinfo/511what.htm.

FHWA. (2017b). How do weather events impact roads? Retrieved February 24, 2017, from https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/q1_roadimpact.htm.

FHWA. (2017c). Toward zero deaths. Retrieved February 24, 2017, from https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/tzd/

Fine, G.A. (2007). Authors of the storm: Meteorologists and the culture of prediction. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Fine, G.A., and Hallett, T. (2014). Group cultures and the everyday life of organizations: Interaction orders and meso-analysis. Organization Studies, 35(12), 1773-1792.

Fischhoff, B. (1994). What forecasts (seem to) mean. International Journal of Forecasting, 10(3), 387-403.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×

Fischhoff, B. (2017). Breaking ground for psychological science: The US Food and Drug Administration. American Psychologist, 72(2), 118.

Fischhoff, B., Watson, S.R., and Hope, C. (1984). Defining risk. Policy Sciences, 17(2), 123-139.

Fischhoff, B., Brewer, N., and Downs, J. (2011). Communicating risks and benefits: An evidence-based user’s guide. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC.

FIT (Field Innovation Team). (2014). Stories from the field: A visual series from the field innovation team. Retrieved March 6, 2017, from http://fieldinnovationteam.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Pakistan-After-Action-Report-2014.pdf.

Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D., Yost, J., Ciliska, D., and Krishnaratne, S. (2010). Communication about environmental health risks: A systematic review. Environmental Health, 9, 67.

Fothergill, A., and Peek, L. (2015). Children of Katrina. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

Freebairn, J.W., and Zillman, J.W. (2002). Economic benefits of meteorological services. Meteorological Applications, 9(1), 33-44.

Frei, T., von Grünigen, S., and Willemse, S. (2014). Economic benefit of meteorology in the Swiss road transportation sector. Meteorological Applications, 21(2), 294-300.

Gerring, J. (2011). Social science methodology: A unified framework. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Gladwin, C.H., Gladwin, H., and Peacock, W.G. (2001). Modeling hurricane evacuation decisions with ethnographic methods. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 19(2), 117-143.

Gladwin, H., Lazo, J.K., Morrow, B.H., Peacock, W.G., and Willoughby, H.E. (2007). Social science research needs for the hurricane forecast and warning system. Natural Hazards Review, 8(3), 87-95.

Glik, D.C. (2007). Risk communication for public health emergencies. Annual Reviews of Public Health, 28, 33-54.

Goodman, S.J., Gurka, J., DeMaria, M., Schmit, T.J., Mostek, A., Jedlovec, G., Siewert, C., Feltz, W., Gerth, J., and Brummer, R. (2012). The GOES-R proving ground: Accelerating user readiness for the next-generation geostationary environmental satellite system. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(7), 1029-1040.

Gravelle, C.M., Runk, K.J., Crandall, K.L., and Snyder, D.W. (2016). Forecaster evaluations of high temporal satellite imagery for the GOES-R era at the NWS operations proving ground. Weather and Forecasting, 31(4), 1157-1177.

Gunasekera, D. (2003). Measuring the economic value of meteorological information. Bulletin of the World Meteorological Organization, 52(4), 366-372.

Hastie, R. (2001). Problems for judgment and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 653-683.

Hayden, M., Drobot, S., Radil, S., Benight, C., Gruntfest, E., and Barnes, L. (2007). Information sources for flash flood warnings in Denver, CO and Austin, TX. Environmental Hazards, 7(3), 211-219.

HDMB (Hurricane Digital Memory Bank). (2017). Collecting and preserving the stories of Katrina and Rita. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from http://hurricanearchive.org.

HEI (Health Effects Institute). (2017). Health Effects Institute. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from https://www.healtheffects.org.

Heinselman, P.L., LaDue, D.S., and Lazrus, H. (2012). Exploring impacts of rapid-scan radar data on NWS warning decisions. Weather and Forecasting, 27(4), 1031-1044.

Heinselman, P., LaDue, D., Kingfield, D.M., and Hoffman, R. (2015). Tornado warning decisions using phased-array radar data. Weather and Forecasting, 30(1), 57-78.

Helmreich, R.L., Klinect, J.R., and Wilhelm, J.A. (1999). Models of threat, error, and CRM in flight operations. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology.

Helsel, M., Boyce, B., Poling, T., and Sundararajan, S. (2016). Collaboration across the road weather enterprise: The Pathfinder Project. FHWA-HOP-16-086.

Hemingway, L., and Priestley, M. (2014). Natural hazards, human vulnerability and disabling societies: A disaster for disabled people? Review of Disability Studies: An International Journal, 2(3).

Henderson, J.J. (2016). To err on the side of caution: Ethical dimensions of the National Weather Service warning process. PhD dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 240 pp.

Herring, L. (1997). CDC arms with behavioral science in war on disease and injury. Observer, Association for Psychological Science, May 1997.

Hoekstra, S., Klockow, K., Riley, R., Brotzge, J., Brooks, H., and Erickson, S. (2011). A preliminary look at the social perspective of warn-on-forecast: Preferred tornado warning lead time and the general public’s perceptions of weather risks. Weather, Climate, and Society, 3(2), 128-140.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×

Hoffman, R.R., Lee, J.D., Woods, D.D., Shadbolt, N., Miller, J., and Bradshaw, J.M. (2009). The dynamics of trust in cyberdomains. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 24(6).

Hoffman, R.R., LaDue, D.S., and Mogil, H.M. (2017). Minding the weather: How expert forecasters think. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Holtzman, D., Neumann, M., Sumartoj, E., and Lansky, A. (2006). Behavioral and social sciences and public health at CDC. MMWR Supplements, 55(2), 14-16.

Houston, J.B., Hawthorne, J., Perreault, M.F., Park, E.H., Goldstein Hode, M., Halliwell, M.R., Turner McGowen, S.E., Davis, R., Vaid, S., and McElderry, J.A. (2015). Social media and disasters: A functional framework for social media use in disaster planning, response, and research. Disasters, 39(1), 1-22.

Huang, S.-K., Lindell, M.K., Prater, C.S., Wu, H.-C., and Siebeneck, L.K. (2012). Household evacuation decision making in response to Hurricane Ike. Natural Hazards Review, 13(4), 283-296.

Huang, S.-K., Lindell, M.K., and Prater, C.S. (2016). Who leaves and who stays? A review and statistical meta-analysis of hurricane evacuation studies. Environment and Behavior, 48(8), 991-1029.

Hughes, A., and Palen, L. (2014). Chapter 11, social media and emergency management: An academic’s perspective. In J.E. Trainor and T. Subbio (Eds.), Critical issues in disaster science and management: A dialogue between researchers and practitioners (pp. 350-363): FEMA Higher Education Project.

Hughes, A.L., St Denis, L.A., Palen, L., and Anderson, K.M. (2014). Online public communications by police & fire services during the 2012 Hurricane Sandy. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.

IBHS (Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety). (2017). About IBHS. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from https://disastersafety.org/about.

Jauernic, S.T., and Van Den Broeke, M.S. (2016). Perceptions of tornadoes, tornado risk, and tornado safety actions and their effects on warning response among Nebraska undergraduates. Natural Hazards, 80(1), 329-350.

Jones, E.C., and Faas, A. (2017). Social network analysis of disaster response, recovery, and adaptation. Cambridge, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Jones, S., and Golding, B. (2014). HIWeather. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/wwrp/new/documents/HIW_IP_v1_4.pdf.

Joslyn, S., and Savelli, S. (2010). Communicating forecast uncertainty: Public perception of weather forecast uncertainty. Meteorological Applications, 17(2), 180-195.

Joslyn, S.L., and LeClerc, J.E. (2012). Uncertainty forecasts improve weather-related decisions and attenuate the effects of forecast error. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 18(1), 126.

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

Karstens, C.D., Stumpf, G., Ling, C., Hua, L., Kingfield, D., Smith, T.M., Correia Jr, J., Calhoun, K., Ortega, K., and Melick, C. (2015). Evaluation of a probabilistic forecasting methodology for severe convective weather in the 2014 hazardous weather testbed. Weather and Forecasting, 30(6), 1551-1570.

Kellens, W., Terpstra, T., and De Maeyer, P. (2013). Perception and communication of flood risks: A systematic review of empirical research. Risk Analysis, 33(1), 24-49.

Kendra, J.M., and Wachtendorf, T. (2003). Elements of resilience after the World Trade Center disaster: Reconstituting New York City’s Emergency Operations Centre. Disasters, 27(1), 37-53.

Ketcham, S.A., Minsk, L.D., Blackburn, R.R., and Fleege, E.J. (1996). Manual of practice for an effective anti-icing program: A guide for highway winter maintenance personnel. FHWA-RD-95-202: Federal Highway Administration.

Ketcham, S.A., Minsk, L.D., and Danyluk, L.S. (1998). Test and evaluation project no. 28: Anti-icing technology, field evaluation report. FHWA-RD-97-132: Federal Highway Administration, USACE Cold Regions Laboratory.

Klockow, K. (2017). Transitioning knowledge from research in the social sciences to applications in NOAA. Paper presented at the AMS 12th Symposium on Societal Applications: Policy, Research and Practice, Seattle, WA.

Klockow, K.E., Peppler, R.A., and McPherson, R.A. (2014). Tornado folk science in Alabama and Mississippi in the 27 April 2011 tornado outbreak. GeoJournal, 79(6), 791-804.

Knocke, E.T., and Kolivras, K.N. (2007). Flash flood awareness in southwest Virginia. Risk Analysis, 27(1), 155-169.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×

Koplan, J.P., Milstein, R.L., and Wetterhall, S. (1999). Framework for program evaluation in public health. MMWR, 48(RR11), 1-40.

Kossin, J.P., and DeMaria, M. (2016). Reducing operational hurricane intensity forecast errors during eyewall replacement cycles. Weather and Forecasting, 31(2), 601-608.

Kousky, C. (2017). Disasters as learning experiences or disasters as policy opportunities? Examining flood insurance purchases after hurricanes. Risk Analysis, 37(3), 517-530.

Kousky, C., and Michel-Kerjan, E. (2015). Examining flood insurance claims in the United States: Six key findings. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 84(3), 819-850.

Kowalick, T.M. (2005). Fatal exit: The automotive black box debate. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Kuhn, B., Higgins, L., Nelson, A., Finley, M., Ullman, G., Chrysler, S., Wunderlich, K., Shah, V., and Dudek, C. (2014). Effectiveness of different approaches to disseminating traveler information on travel time reliability. Transportation Research Board, SHRP 2 Report (S2-L14-RW-1).

Kunreuther, H.C., and Michel-Kerjan, E.O. (2009). At war with the weather: Managing large-scale risks in a new era of catastrophes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Kunreuther, H.C., Pauly, M.V., and McMorrow, S. (2013). Insurance and behavioral economics: Improving decisions in the most misunderstood industry. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Kyriakidis, M., de Winter, J.C., Stanton, N., Bellet, T., van Arem, B., Brookhuis, K., Martens, M., Bengler, K., Andersson, J., and Merat, N. (2017). A human factors perspective on automated driving. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 1-27.

Lach, D. (2014). Challenges of interdisciplinary research: Reconciling qualitative and quantitative methods for understanding human–landscape systems. Environmental Management, 53(1), 88-93.

Lachlan, K.A., Spence, P.R., Lin, X., and Del Greco, M. (2014a). Screaming into the wind: Examining the volume and content of tweets associated with Hurricane Sandy. Communication Studies, 65(5), 500-518.

Lachlan, K.A., Spence, P.R., Lin, X., Najarian, K.M., and Greco, M.D. (2014b). Twitter use during a weather event: Comparing content associated with localized and nonlocalized hashtags. Communication Studies, 65(5), 519-534.

Lambie, E., Wilson, T.M., Johnston, D.M., Jensen, S., Brogt, E., Doyle, E.E., Lindell, M.K., and Helton, W.S. (2016). Human behaviour during and immediately following earthquake shaking: Developing a methodological approach for analysing video footage. Natural Hazards, 80(1), 249-283.

Lambie, E.S., Wilson, T.M., Brogt, E., Johnston, D.M., Ardagh, M., Deely, J., Jensen, S., and Feldmann-Jensen, S. (2017). Closed circuit television (CCTV) earthquake behaviour coding methodology: Analysis of Christchurch public hospital video data from the 22 February Christchurch earthquake event. Natural Hazards, 86(3), 1175-1192.

Lazo, J.K. (2016). The weather information value chain. Paper presented at the HIWeather, Exeter, England, April 27.

Lazo, J.K., Morss, R.E., and Demuth, J.L. (2009). 300 billion served: Sources, perceptions, uses, and values of weather forecasts. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90(6), 785-798.

Lazo, J.K., Lawson, M., Larsen, P.H., and Waldman, D.M. (2011). US economic sensitivity to weather variability. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 92(6), 709-720.

Lazo, J.K., Bostrom, A., Morss, R.E., Demuth, J.L., and Lazrus, H. (2015). Factors affecting hurricane evacuation intentions. Risk Analysis, 35(10), 1837-1857.

Lazrus, H. (2016). “Drought is a relative term”: Drought risk perceptions and water management preferences among diverse community members in Oklahoma, USA. Human Ecology, 44(5), 595-605.

Lazrus, H., Morrow, B.H., Morss, R.E., and Lazo, J.K. (2012). Vulnerability beyond stereotypes: Context and agency in hurricane risk communication. Weather, Climate, and Society, 4(2), 103-109.

Lazrus, H., Morss, R.E., Demuth, J.L., Lazo, J.K., and Bostrom, A. (2016). “Know what to do if you encounter a flash flood”: Mental models analysis for improving flash flood risk communication and public decision making. Risk Analysis, 36(2), 411-427.

Letson, D., Sutter, D.S., and Lazo, J.K. (2007). Economic value of hurricane forecasts: An overview and research needs. Natural Hazards Review, 8(3), 78-86.

Lindell, M.K., and Brooks, H. (2013). Meeting summaries: Workshop on weather ready nation: Science imperatives for severe thunderstorm research. American Meterological Society.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×

Lindell, M.K., and Perry, R.W. (2012). The protective action decision model: Theoretical modifications and additional evidence. Risk Analysis, 32(4), 616-632.

Lindell, M.K., Huang, S.-K., Wei, H.-L., and Samuelson, C.D. (2016). Perceptions and expected immediate reactions to tornado warning polygons. Natural Hazards, 80(1), 683-707.

Ling, C., Hua, L., Karstens, C.D., Stumpf, G.J., Smith, T.M., Kuhlman, K.M., and Rothfusz, L. (2015). A comparison between WarnGen System and Probabilistic Hazard Information System for severe weather forecasting. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 59(1), 1791-1795.

Löfstedt, R. (2005). Risk management in post-trust societies. New York, NY: Springer.

Malta, L., Miyajima, C., and Takeda, K. (2007). Analysis of drivers’ responses under hazardous situations in vehicle traffic. Paper presented at the Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 2007 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

Manfredi, J., Walters, T., Wilke, G., Osborne, L., Hart, R., Incrocci, T., Schmitt, T., Garrett, V.K., Boyce, B., and Krechmer, D. (2008). Road weather information system environmental sensor station siting guidelines, version 2.0. FHWA-HOP-05-026 Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.

Martinaitis, S.M., Gourley, J.J., Flamig, Z.L., Argyle, E.M., Clark III, R.A., Arthur, A., Smith, B.R., Erlingis, J.M., Perfater, S., and Albright, B. (2017). The HMT multi-radar multi-sensor hydro experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.

Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H., and Schoorman, F.D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.

McComas, K.A. (2006). Defining moments in risk communication research: 1996-2005. Journal of Health Communication, 11(1), 75-91.

McEntire, D.A. (2007). International relations and disasters: Illustrating the relevance of the discipline to the study and profession of emergency management. Disciplines, Disasters and Emergency Management: The Convergence and Divergence of Concepts, Issues and Trends from the Research Literature. Charles C. Thomas Publisher: Springfield, IL, 170-177.

McFadden, K.L., and Towell, E.R. (1999). Aviation human factors: A framework for the new millennium. Journal of Air Transport Management, 5(4), 177-184.

Merrell, D., Simmons, K.M., and Sutter, D. (2002). Taking shelter: Estimating the safety benefits of tornado safe rooms. Weather and Forecasting, 17(3), 619-625.

Meyer, R., Broad, K., Orlove, B., and Petrovic, N. (2013). Dynamic simulation as an approach to understanding hurricane risk response: Insights from the Stormview lab. Risk Analysis, 33(8), 1532-1552.

Meyer, R.J., Baker, J., Broad, K., Czajkowski, J., and Orlove, B. (2014a). The dynamics of hurricane risk perception: Real-time evidence from the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 95(9), 1389-1404.

Meyer, R.J., Horowitz, M., Wilks, D.S., and Horowitz, K.A. (2014b). A novel financial market for mitigating hurricane risk. Part II: Empirical validation. Weather, Climate, and Society, 6(3), 318-330.

Michel-Kerjan, E., and Kunreuther, H. (2011). Redesigning flood insurance. Science, 333(6041), 408-409.

Michel-Kerjan, E., Lemoyne de Forges, S., and Kunreuther, H. (2012). Policy tenure under the U.S. National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Risk Analysis, 32(4), 644-658.

Mileti, D.S., and Sorensen, J.H. (1990). Communication of emergency public warnings: A social perspective and state-of-the-art assessment. Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Mileti, D.S., Bandy, R., Bourque, L.B., Johnson, A., Kano, M., Peek, L., Sutton, J., and Wood, M. (2006). Annotated bibliography for public risk communication on warnings for public protective response and public education. Natural Hazards Centre, University of Colorado at Boulder.

Militello, L.G., Patterson, E.S., Bowman, L., and Wears, R. (2007). Information flow during crisis management: Challenges to coordination in the emergency operations center. Cognition, Technology & Work, 9(1), 25-31.

Morgan, M.G., Fischhoff, B., Bostrom, A., and Atman, C.J. (2002). Risk communication: A mental models approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Morrow, B.H., Lazo, J.K., Rhome, J., and Feyen, J. (2015). Improving storm surge risk communication: Stakeholder perspectives. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, January 2015.

Morss, R.E., Demuth, J.L., and Lazo, J.K. (2008a). Communicating uncertainty in weather forecasts: A survey of the U.S. public. Weather and Forecasting, 23(5), 974-991.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×

Morss, R.E., Lazo, J.K., Brown, B.G., Brooks, H.E., Ganderton, P.T., and Mills, B.N. (2008b). Societal and economic research and applications for weather forecasts. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 89(3), 335.

Morss, R.E., Demuth, J.L., Bostrom, A., Lazo, J.K., and Lazrus, H. (2015). Flash flood risks and warning decisions: A mental models study of forecasters, public officials, and media broadcasters in Boulder, Colorado. Risk Analysis, 35(11), 2009-2028.

Morss, R.E., Demuth, J.L., Lazo, J.K., Dickinson, K., Lazrus, H., and Morrow, B.H. (2016a). Understanding public hurricane evacuation decisions and responses to forecast and warning messages. Weather and Forecasting, 31(2), 395-417.

Morss, R.E., Mulder, K.J., Lazo, J.K., and Demuth, J.L. (2016b). How do people perceive, understand, and anticipate responding to flash flood risks and warnings? Results from a public survey in Boulder, Colorado, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 541, 649-664.

Morss, R.E., Demuth, J.L., Lazrus, H., Palen, L., Barton, C.M., Davis, C.A., Snyder, C., Wilhelmi, O.V., Anderson, K.M., Ahijevych, D.A., Anderson, J., Bica, M., Fossell, K.R., Henderson, J., Kogan, M., Stowe, K., and Watts, J. (2017). Hazardous weather prediction and communication in the modern information environment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.

Murphy, A.H., Lichtenstein, S., Fischhoff, B., and Winkler, R.L. (1980). Misinterpretations of precipitation probability forecasts. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 61(7), 695-701.

Nagele, D. (2015). PhD dissertation: Evolution of culture among warning system organizations. University of Delaware.

Nagele, D.E., and Trainor, J.E. (2012). Geographic specificity, tornadoes, and protective action. Weather, Climate, and Society, 4(2), 145-155.

NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine). (2016a). Attribution of extreme weather events in the context of climate change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NASEM. (2016b). Refining the concept of scientific inference when working with big data: Proceedings of a workshop—in brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NASEM. (2017a). Communicating science effectively: A research agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NASEM. (2017b). Decadal survey for earth science and applications from space. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from http://sites.nationalacademies.org/DEPS/ESAS2017/index.htm.

NASEM. (2017c). The value of social, behavioral, and economic science to national priorities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research). (2017). NCAR societal impacts program vision, mission, and goals. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from http://www.sip.ucar.edu/mission.php.

NCAR Research Applications Laboratory. (2017). Maintenance decision support system. Retrieved February 24, 2017, from http://www.ral.ucar.edu/projects/rdwx_mdss.

NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) Central Operations. (2016). MADIS. Retrieved February 24, 2017, from https://madis.ncep.noaa.gov.

Neely, L. (2014). Risk communication in social media. In J. Arvai and L. Riveres (Eds.), Effective Risk Communication (pp. 143-164). London: Routledge.

NERRS (National Estuarine Research Reserve System). (2011). National Estuarine Research Reserve System strategic plan 2011-2016. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from https://coast.noaa.gov/data/docs/nerrs/StrategicPlan2011.pdf.

Neugebauer, C. (2014, November 13, 2014). UDOT releases first crowd-sourced road hazard smartphone app. Retrieved from http://www.standard.net/Local/2014/11/13/UDOT-releases-first-citizen-reporting-crowd-sourced-roadhazard-smartphone-app-in-the-nation.

NIDDK (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases). (2008). Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.

Nigg, J.M. (1995). Risk communication and warning systems. Natural risk and civil protection, 16050, 369.

NIH (National Institutes of Health). (2017). NIH disaster research response (DR2). Retrieved March 6, 2017, from https://dr2.nlm.nih.gov.

Nisbet, M.C. (Editor), Ho, S., Markowitz, E., O’Neill, S., Schafer, M., Thaker, J.T. (Assoc. Editors) (2017). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Climate Change Communication. New York: Oxford University Press.

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). (2015). Flash flood services for the future: Flash Flood Summit and Focus Group findings. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/water/resources/NOAA_Flash_Flood_Summit_Report5_29_15.pdf.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×

NOAA. (2016). Risk communication and behavior: Best practices and research findings. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Social Science Committee.

NOAA Social Science Committee. (2015). Vision and strategy: Supporting NOAA’s mission and social science. Retrieved January 31, 2017, from http://www.performance.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/SSVS_Final_0731151.pdf.

NOAAWP. (2015). LWEW workshop 1. [video file]. Paper presented at the Living with Extreme Weather Workshop, May 18-20, 2015, Norman, OK. Retrieved December 7, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_NVgCGK6Js&index=2&list=PLowCkjeYmJBSREJAJidfb_XXBwCr7tufo.

NRC (National Research Council). (1996). Understanding risk: Informing decisions in a democratic society Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

NRC. (2000). From research to operations in weather satellites and numerical weather prediction: Crossing the valley of death. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

NRC. (2003a). Communicating uncertainties in weather and climate information: A workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NRC. (2003b). Fair weather: Effective partnerships in weather and climate services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NRC. (2004). Where the weather meets the road: A research agenda for improving road weather services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NRC. (2005a). Decision making for the environment: Social and behavioral science research priorities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NRC. (2005b). Facilitating interdisciplinary research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NRC. (2006a). Completing the forecast: Characterizing and communicating uncertainty for better decisions using weather and climate forecasts. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NRC. (2006b). Facing hazards and disasters: Understanding human dimensions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NRC. (2007). Research and networks for decision support in the NOAA sectoral applications research program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NRC. (2010). When weather matters: Science and service to meet critical societal needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NRC. (2011). Climate change education: Goals, audiences, and strategies: A workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NRC. (2012). Weather services for the nation: Becoming second to none. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NRC. (2015). Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NRC, IOM, and TRB (National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, and Transportation Research Board). (2007). Preventing teen motor crashes: Contributions from the behavioral and social sciences: Workshop report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NSF (National Science Foundation). (2017). Critical Resilient Interdependent Infrastructure Systems and Processes (CRISP). Retrieved April 24, 2017, from https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=505277.

NSSL (National Severe Storms Laboratory). (2015). Warn-on-Forecast. Retrieved April 21, 2017, from http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/news/factsheets/WoF_2015.pdf.

NWS (National Weather Service). (2011). Service assessment: The historic tornadoes of April 2011. Silver Spring, MD: National Weather Service.

NWS. (2013). Weather-Ready Nation roadmap. Silver Spring, MD: National Weather Service.

NWS. (2014). Service assessment: May 2013 Oklahoma tornadoes and flash flooding. Silver Spring, MD: National Weather Service.

NWS. (2016). Natural hazard statistics. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/hazstats.shtml.

NWS. (2017a). Hazard simplification. Retrieved July 24, 2017, from https://www.weather.gov/hazardsimplification.

NWS. (2017b). NWS service assessments. Retrieved March 3, 2017, from http://www.weather.gov/publications/assessments.

O’Connor, R.E., Yarnal, B., Dow, K., Jocoy, C.L., and Carbone, G.J. (2005). Feeling at risk matters: Water managers and the decision to use forecasts. Risk Analysis, 25(5), 1265-1275.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). (2017). Behavioural insights and public policy. Lessons from Around the World: Paris: OECD Publishing.

OFCM (Office of Federal Coordinator for Meteorology). (2016). The federal plan for meteorological services and supporting research: Fiscal year 2017. Silver Spring, MD: Federal Coordinator for Meterological Services and Supporting Research.

Oliver-Smith, A., and Hoffman, S.M. (1999). The angry earth: Disaster in anthropological perspective. New York, NY: Routledge.

Oliver-Smith, A., Alcántara-Ayala, I., Burton, I., and Lavell, A.M. (2016). Forensic investigations of disasters (FORIN): A conceptual framework and guide to research. Integrated Research on Disaster Risk, 2.

Orlove, B., Roncoli, C., Kabugo, M., and Majugu, A. (2010). Indigenous climate knowledge in southern Uganda: The multiple components of a dynamic regional system. Climatic Change, 100(2), 243-265.

Palen, L., and Anderson, K.M. (2016). Crisis informatics—new data for extraordinary times. Science, 353(6296), 224-225.

Palen, L., Anderson, K.M., Mark, G., Martin, J., Sicker, D., Palmer, M., and Grunwald, D. (2010). A vision for technology-mediated support for public participation & assistance in mass emergencies & disasters. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2010 ACM-BCS Visions of Computer Science Conference: 2010 April 12-16, Edinburgh, UK.

PANDOWAE. (2013). Workshop on HIW THORPEX Legacy Project. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from http://www.pandowae.de/en/thorpex-hiw.

Parke, B., and Kanki, B.G. (2008). Best practices in shift turnovers: Implications for reducing aviation maintenance turnover errors as revealed in ASRS reports. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 18(1), 72-85.

Parrot, R., ed. (2017). The Oxford encyclopedia of health and risk message design and processing. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Peacock, W.G., Morrow, B.H., and Gladwin, H. (1997). Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, gender, and the sociology of disasters. New York: Routledge.

Peacock, W.G., Brody, S.D., and Highfield, W. (2005). Hurricane risk perceptions among Florida’s single family homeowners. Landscape and Urban Planning, 73(2), 120-135.

Perreault, M.F., Houston, J.B., and Wilkins, L. (2014). Does scary matter?: Testing the effectiveness of new National Weather Service tornado warning messages. Communication Studies, 65(5), 484-499.

Phillips, B.D., and Morrow, B.H. (2007). Social science research needs: Focus on vulnerable populations, forecasting, and warnings. Natural Hazards Review, 8(3), 61-68.

Phillips, B., Thomas, D.S., Fothergill, A., and Blinn-Pike, L. (2009). Social vulnerability to disasters. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Philips, B., Chandresekar, V., Carr, F., Brotzge, J., Rees, P., League, C., Thoerner, M., and Ortiz, J. (2011). Dallas Fort Worth urban demonstration network. AMS summer community meeting 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2017, from https://www.ametsoc.org/boardpges/cwce/docs/profiles/PhilipsBrendaJ/2011-08-SCM.pdf.

Poteete, A.R., Janssen, M.A., and Ostrom, E. (2010). Working together: Collective action, the commons, and multiple methods in practice: Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Prasad, S., and Stoler, J. (2016). Mobile home residents and hurricane vulnerability in South Florida: Research gaps and challenges. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 7(4), 436-439.

Prochaska, J.O., and DiClemente, C.C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(3), 390-395.

PROSPER. (2006). PROSPER: Project for research on speed adaptation policies on European roads, final report on stakeholder analysis project no. GRD2200030217.

Quarantelli, E.L. (1990). The warning process and evacuation behavior: The research evidence. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/520.

Quiring, S.M., Schumacher, A.B., and Guikema, S.D. (2014). Incorporating hurricane forecast uncertainty into a decision-support application for power outage modeling. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 95(1), 47-58.

Ralph, F.M., Intrieri, J., Andra Jr, D., Atlas, R., Boukabara, S., Bright, D., Davidson, P., Entwistle, B., Gaynor, J., and Goodman, S. (2013). The emergence of weather-related test beds linking research and forecasting operations. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 94(8), 1187-1211.

Rappaport, E.N., Jiing, J.-G., Landsea, C.W., Murillo, S.T., and Franklin, J.L. (2012). The joint hurricane test bed: Its first decade of tropical cyclone research-to-operations activities reviewed. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(3), 371-380.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×

Rasmussen, E. (2015). VORTEX-Southeast program overview. Norman, Oklahoma: National Severe Storms Laboratory.

Rayner, S., Lach, D., and Ingram, H. (2005). Weather forecasts are for wimps: Why water resource managers do not use climate forecasts. Climatic Change, 69(2), 197-227.

Reich, S.M., and Reich, J.A. (2006). Cultural competence in interdisciplinary collaborations: A method for respecting diversity in research partnerships. American Journal of Community Psychology, 38(1-2), 51-62.

Renn, O. (2008). Risk governance: Coping with uncertainty in a complex world. New York: Earthscan Risk in Society.

Richard, C.M., Campbell, J.L., Lichty, M.G., Cluett, C., Osborne, L., and Balke, K. (2010). Human factors analysis of road weather advisory and control information: Final report. FHWA-JPO-10-053.

Rickard, L.N., Schuldt, J.P., Eosco, G.M., Scherer, C.W., and Daziano, R.A. (2017). The proof is in the picture: The influence of imagery and experience in perceptions of hurricane messaging. Weather, Climate, and Society, 9(3), 471-485.

Ripberger, J.T., Jenkins-Smith, H.C., Silva, C.L., Carlson, D.E., and Henderson, M. (2014). Social media and severe weather: Do tweets provide a valid indicator of public attention to severe weather risk communication? Weather, Climate, and Society, 6(4), 520-530.

Ripberger, J.T., Silva, C.L., Jenkins-Smith, H.C., and James, M. (2015). The influence of consequence-based messages on public responses to tornado warnings. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96(4), 577-590.

Salas, E., Cooke, N.J., and Rosen, M.A. (2008). On teams, teamwork, and team performance: Discoveries and developments. Human Factors, 50(3), 540-547.

Sallis, J.F., and Owen, N. (2015). Ecological models of health behavior. Pp. 43-65 in Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice. K. Glanz, B.K. Rimer, and K. Viswanath, eds. 5th ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Santos, A., McGuckin, N., Nakamoto, H.Y., Gray, D., and Liss, S. (2011). Summary of travel trends: 2009 National Household Travel Survey. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.

Savelli, S., and Joslyn, S. (2013). The advantages of predictive interval forecasts for non-expert users and the impact of visualizations. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27(4), 527-541.

SBST (Subcommittee on the Social and Behavioral Sciences Team). (2016). Social and Behavioral Sciences Team 2016 annual report. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President, National Science and Technology Council.

Schmidlin, T.W., Hammer, B.O., Ono, Y., and King, P.S. (2009). Tornado shelter-seeking behavior and tornado shelter options among mobile home residents in the United States. Natural Hazards, 48(2), 191-201.

Schmidt-Cotta, R. (2009). Vehicle event recording based on intelligent crash assessment: VERONICA–II. Retrieved from https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1152521.

Schrage, M. (2015, September 1, 2015). Why the future of social science is with private companies. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2015/09/why-the-future-of-social-science-is-with-private-companies.

Shadish, W.R., Cook, T.D., and Campbell, D.T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Belmond, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Shanteau, J. (2015). Why task domains (still) matter for understanding expertise. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4(3), 169-175.

Shelton, T., Poorthuis, A., Graham, M., and Zook, M. (2014). Mapping the data shadows of Hurricane Sandy: Uncovering the sociospatial dimensions of “big data.” Geoforum, 52, 167-179.

Sherman-Morris, K. (2005). Tornadoes, television and trust—a closer look at the influence of the local weathercaster during severe weather. Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 6(4), 201-210.

Sherman-Morris, K. (2010). Tornado warning dissemination and response at a university campus. Natural Hazards, 52(3), 623-638.

Sherman-Morris, K., Antonelli, K.B., and Williams, C.C. (2015). Measuring the effectiveness of the graphical communication of hurricane storm surge threat. Weather, Climate, and Society, 7(1), 69-82.

Siebeneck, L.K., and Cova, T.J. (2008). Risk perception associated with the evacuation and return-entry process of the Cedar Rapids, Iowa flood. Boulder, CO: Natural Hazards Center.

Siebeneck, L.K., Lindell, M.K., Prater, C.S., Wu, H.-C., and Huang, S.-K. (2013). Evacuees’ reentry concerns and experiences in the aftermath of Hurricane Ike. Natural Hazards, 65(3), 2267-2286.

Siegrist, M., Earle, T.C., and Gutscher, H. (2012). Trust in cooperative risk management: Uncertainty and scepticism in the public mind. London, UK: Earthscan.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×

Singer, J.D., and Willett, J.B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Sivle, D.A., and Kolstø, S.D. (2016). Use of online weather information in everyday decision-making by laypeople and implications for communication of weather information. Meteorological Applications, 23(4), 650-662.

Smedley, B.D., and Syme, S.L. (2000). Promoting health: Intervention strategies from social and behavioral research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press..

Sorensen, J.H. (2000). Hazard warning systems: Review of 20 years of progress. Natural Hazards Review, 1(2).

Sorensen, J.H., and Mileti, D.S. (2017a). First alert and/or warning issuance time estimation for dam breaches, controlled dam releases, and levee breaches or overtopping. Publication Pending: US Army Corps of Engineers Risk Management Center.

Sorensen, J.H., and Mileti, D.S. (2017b). First alert or warning diffusion time estimation for dam breaches, controlled dam releases, controlleddamreleases, and levee breaches or overtopping. Publication Pending: US Army Corps of Engineers Risk Management Center.

Sorensen, J.H., and Mileti, D.S. (2017c). Protective action initiation time estimation for dam breaches, controlled dam releases, and levee breaches or overtopping. Publication Pending: US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center.

Spence, P.R., Lachlan, K.A., Lin, X., and Del Greco, M. (2015). Variability in Twitter content across the stages of a natural disaster: Implications for crisis communication. Communication Quarterly, 63(2), 171-186.

Stephens, K.K., Jafari, E., Boyles, S., Ford, J.L., and Zhu, Y. (2015). Increasing evacuation communication through ICTs: An agent-based model demonstrating evacuation practices and the resulting traffic congestion in the rush to the road. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 12(3), 497-528.

Stewart, T.R., Pielke Jr, R., and Nath, R. (2004). Understanding user decision making and the value of improved precipitation forecasts: Lessons from a case study. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 85(2), 223-235.

Stokes, D.E. (1997). Pasteur’s quadrant: Basic science and technological innovation. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.

Stokols, D., Hall, K.L., Taylor, B.K., and Moser, R.P. (2008). The science of team science: Overview of the field and introduction to the supplement. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(2 Suppl), S77-S89.

StoryCorps. (2017). StoryCorps. Retrieved March 4, 2017, from https://storycorps.org.

Sullivan, K. (2013, January, 10, 2013). Vision and strategies for a Weather-Ready Nation. Paper presented at the American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, Austin, TX.

Sutter, D., and Erickson, S. (2010). The time cost of tornado warnings and the savings with storm-based warnings. Weather, Climate, and Society, 2(2), 103-112.

Sutter, D., and Ewing, B.T. (2016). State of knowledge of economic value of current and improved hurricane forecasts. Journal of Business Valuation and Economic Loss Analysis, 11(1), 45-64.

Sutton, J., and Woods, C. (2016). Tsunami warning message interpretation and sense making: Focus group insights. Weather, Climate, and Society, 8(4), 389-398.

Sutton, J., Spiro, E.S., Johnson, B., Fitzhugh, S., Gibson, B., and Butts, C.T. (2014). Warning tweets: Serial transmission of messages during the warning phase of a disaster event. Information, Communication & Society, 17(6), 765-787.

Sutton, J., Gibson, C.B., Phillips, N.E., Spiro, E.S., League, C., Johnson, B., Fitzhugh, S.M., and Butts, C.T. (2015a). A cross-hazard analysis of terse message retransmission on Twitter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(48), 14793-14798.

Sutton, J., League, C., Sellnow, T.L., and Sellnow, D.D. (2015b). Terse messaging and public health in the midst of natural disasters: The case of the Boulder floods. Health Communication, 30(2), 135-143.

Sylves, R., and Búzás, Z.I. (2007). Presidential disaster declaration decisions, 1953–2003: What influences odds of approval? State and Local Government Review, 39(1), 3-15.

Taylor, K., Priest, S., Sisco, H.F., Banning, S., and Campbell, K. (2009). Reading Hurricane Katrina: Information sources and decision-making in response to a natural disaster. Social Epistemology, 23(3-4), 361-380.

Terpstra, T. (2011). Emotions, trust, and perceived risk: Affective and cognitive routes to flood preparedness behavior. Risk Analysis, 31(10), 1658-1675.

Terrell, D. (2016). The economic state of the August 2016 floods on the state of Louisiana. Louisiana Economic Development: Baton Rouge, LA.

Thompson, R.R., Garfin, D.R., and Silver, R.C. (2017). Evacuation from natural disasters: A systematic review of the literature. Risk Analysis, 37(4), 812-839.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×

Tierney, K. (2014). The social roots of risk: Producing disasters, promoting resilience. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Tierney, K., and Trainor, J. (2004). Networks and resilience in the World Trade Center disaster. MCEER: Research Progress and Accomplishments 2003-2004, 157-172.

Toledo, T., Musicant, O., and Lotan, T. (2008). In-vehicle data recorders for monitoring and feedback on drivers’ behavior. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 16(3), 320-331.

Trainor, J.E., Nagele, D., Philips, B., and Scott, B. (2015). Tornadoes, social science, and the false alarm effect. Weather, Climate, and Society, 7(4), 333-352.

Trumbo, C.W., Peek, L., Meyer, M.A., Marlatt, H.L., Gruntfest, E., McNoldy, B.D., and Schubert, W.H. (2016). A cognitive-affective scale for hurricane risk perception. Risk Analysis, 36(12), 2233-2246.

Tushman, M., and O’Reilly, C. (2007). Research and relevance: Implications of Pasteur’s quadrant for doctoral programs and faculty development. The Academy of Management Journal, 50(4), 769-774.

UCAR (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research). (2012). Weather-ready nation: A vital conversation on tornadoes and severe weather. A community report. Retrieved December 6, 2016, from http://vintage.joss.ucar.edu/events/2011/weather_ready/summary_report.pdf.

UCAR. (2017). Welcome to the COMET® Program. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from http://www.comet.ucar.edu.

Ukkusuri, S.V., Hasan, S., Luong, B., Doan, K., Zhan, X., Murray-Tuite, P., and Yin, W. (2017). A-RESCUE: An agent based regional evacuation simulator coupled with user enriched behavior. Networks and Spatial Economics, 17(1), 197-223.

Van Doorn, J., Lemon, K.N., Mittal, V., Nass, S., Pick, D., Pirner, P., and Verhoef, P.C. (2010). Customer engagement behavior: Theoretical foundations and research directions. Journal of Service Research, 13(3), 253-266.

Visschers, V.H., Meertens, R.M., Passchier, W.W., and De Vries, N.N. (2009). Probability information in risk communication: A review of the research literature. Risk Analysis, 29(2), 267-287.

Webb, G.R., Wachtendorf, T., and Eyre, A. (2000). Bringing culture back in: Exploring the cultural dimensions of disaster. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 18(1), 5-19.

Weinstein, N.D., Lyon, J.E., Rothman, A.J., and Cuite, C.L. (2000). Preoccupation and affect as predictors of protective action following natural disaster. British Journal of Health Psychology, 5(4), 351-363.

Widener, M.J., Horner, M.W., and Metcalf, S.S. (2013). Simulating the effects of social networks on a population’s hurricane evacuation participation. Journal of Geographical Systems, 15(2), 193-209.

Wiggins, M.W., and Stevens, C. (2016). Aviation social science: Research methods in practice. New York: Routledge.

Wilks, D.S., and Horowitz, K.A. (2014). A novel financial market for mitigating hurricane risk. Part I: Market structure and model results. Weather, Climate, and Society, 6(3), 307-317.

Wilson, K.A., Heinselman, P.L., and Kang, Z. (2016). Exploring applications of eye tracking in operational meteorology research. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97(11), 2019-2025.

Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T. & Davis, I. (2004). At risk: Natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters (2nd edition ed.). New York: Routledge.

WMO (World Meterological Organization). (2017). The observing system research and predictability experiment (THORPEX). Retrieved April 24, 2017, from http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/wwrp/new/thorpex_new.html.

Wogalter, M.S. (2006). Purposes and scope of warnings. Handbook of Warnings, 3-9.

Wogalter, M.S., and Mayhorn, C.B. (2017). Warning design. Information Design: Research and Practice, 331.

Wouters, P.I., and Bos, J.M. (2000). Traffic accident reduction by monitoring driver behaviour with in-car data recorders. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 32(5), 643-650.

Xu, L., Jiang, C., Wang, J., Yuan, J., and Ren, Y. (2014). Information security in big data: Privacy and data mining. IEEE Access, 2, 1149-1176.

Zeitz, K.M., Tan, H.M., Grief, M., Couns, P.C., and Zeitz, C.J. (2009). Crowd behavior at mass gatherings: A literature review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 24(1), 32-38.

Zimmer, M. (2010). “But the data is already public”: On the ethics of research in Facebook. Ethics and Information Technology, 12(4), 313-325.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×
Page 133
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×
Page 134
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×
Page 135
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×
Page 136
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×
Page 137
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×
Page 138
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×
Page 139
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×
Page 140
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×
Page 141
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×
Page 142
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×
Page 143
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×
Page 144
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×
Page 145
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24865.
×
Page 146
Next: Appendix A: Examples of Funding for Social and Behavioral Science Activities by NOAA, NSF, DHS »
Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise Get This Book
×
 Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise
Buy Paperback | $60.00 Buy Ebook | $48.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Our ability to observe and forecast severe weather events has improved markedly over the past few decades. Forecasts of snow and ice storms, hurricanes and storm surge, extreme heat, and other severe weather events are made with greater accuracy, geographic specificity, and lead time to allow people and communities to take appropriate protective measures. Yet hazardous weather continues to cause loss of life and result in other preventable social costs.

There is growing recognition that a host of social and behavioral factors affect how we prepare for, observe, predict, respond to, and are impacted by weather hazards. For example, an individual's response to a severe weather event may depend on their understanding of the forecast, prior experience with severe weather, concerns about their other family members or property, their capacity to take the recommended protective actions, and numerous other factors. Indeed, it is these factors that can determine whether or not a potential hazard becomes an actual disaster. Thus, it is essential to bring to bear expertise in the social and behavioral sciences (SBS)—including disciplines such as anthropology, communication, demography, economics, geography, political science, psychology, and sociology—to understand how people's knowledge, experiences, perceptions, and attitudes shape their responses to weather risks and to understand how human cognitive and social dynamics affect the forecast process itself.

Integrating Social and Behavioral Sciences Within the Weather Enterprise explores and provides guidance on the challenges of integrating social and behavioral sciences within the weather enterprise. It assesses current SBS activities, describes the potential value of improved integration of SBS and barriers that impede this integration, develops a research agenda, and identifies infrastructural and institutional arrangements for successfully pursuing SBS-weather research and the transfer of relevant findings to operational settings.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!