SECURING ADVANCED
MANUFACTURING IN THE
UNITED STATES
The Role of Manufacturing USA
PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP
Sujai Shivakumar and Gail Cohen, Rapporteurs
Innovation Policy Forum
Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy
Policy and Global Affairs
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
This activity was supported by a contract between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (SB1341-12-CQ-0036, TO #17182). Additional support was provided by IBM. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-46452-9
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-46452-8
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/24875
Additional copies of this publication are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2017 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Securing Advanced Manufacturing in the United States: The Role of Manufacturing USA: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/24875.
The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president.
The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.
The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.
Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.
Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.
Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.
For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo.
COMMITTEE ON SECURING ADVANCED MANUFACTURING IN THE UNITED STATES: THE ROLE OF MANUFACTURING USA
DAVID M. HART, Professor and Director, Center for Science and Technology Policy, Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Chair
WILLIAM B. BONVILLIAN, Lecturer, Science, Technology, and Society and Political Science Departments, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
SUSAN HELPER, Frank Tracy Carlton Professor of Economics, Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University
BRETT B. LAMBERT, Vice President, Corporate Strategy, Northrop Grumman Corporation
JENNIFER MCNELLY, President, 180 Skills, LLC
MIKE RUSSO, Director, Government Relations, Regulatory Affairs and Strategic Initiatives in the U.S., GLOBALFOUNDRIES
PROJECT STAFF
SUJAI SHIVAKUMAR, Study Director
GAIL COHEN, Board Director
DAVID ALLEN AMMERMAN, Financial Officer (until June 2017)
DAVID DIERKSHEIDE, Program Officer
FREDERIC LESTINA, Senior Program Assistant
ERIK SAARI, Senior Program Assistant
INNOVATION POLICY FORUM
The purpose of the Forum is to act as a focal point for a national and international dialogue on innovation policy. The Forum brings together representatives of government, industry, national laboratories, research institutes, and universities—foreign and domestic—to exchange views on current challenges and opportunities for U.S. innovation policy, and to learn about the goals, instruments, funding levels, and results of national and regional programs and discuss their lessons for U.S. policy and potential impact on the composition and performance of the U.S. economy. The Forum provides the opportunity for a regular exchange of information on current and potential policy initiatives to advance innovation and the development of the knowledge economy in the United States and abroad.
DAVID M. HART, Professor and Director, Center for Science and Technology Policy, George Mason University, Cochair
LUIS M. PROENZA, President Emeritus, The University of Akron, Cochair
WILLIAM B. BONVILLIAN, Lecturer, Science, Technology, and Society and Political Science Departments, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
E. WILLIAM COLGLAZIER, Visiting Scientist, Center for Science Diplomacy, American Association for the Advancement of Science
FRANK DIGIAMMARINO, Advisor, Accelerated Digital Ventures
MARYANN P. FELDMAN, Distinguished Professor, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
KATHLEEN N. KINGSCOTT, Vice President, Strategic Partnership, IBM Research
GINGER LEW, Managing Director, Cube Hydro Partners
MICHAEL RUSSO, Director, Government Relations, Regulatory Affairs and Strategic Initiatives in the U.S., GLOBALFOUNDRIES
NICHOLAS S. VONORTAS, Professor of Economics and International Affairs, The George Washington University
JERRY S. H. LEE, Deputy Director, Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (ex officio)
LAWRENCE SCHUETTE, Director of Research, Office of Naval Research (ex officio)
PHILIP A. SINGERMAN, Associate Director for Innovation and Industry Services, National Institute of Standards and Technology (ex officio)
BOARD ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ECONOMIC POLICY
For the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, this project was overseen by the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP), a standing board established by the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine in 1991. The mandate of the STEP Board is to advise federal, state, and local governments and inform the public about economic and related public policies to promote the creation, diffusion, and application of new scientific and technical knowledge to enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the U.S. economy and foster economic prosperity for all Americans. The STEP Board and its committees marshal research and the expertise of scholars, industrial managers, investors, and former public officials in a wide range of policy areas that affect the speed and direction of scientific and technological changes and their contributions to the growth of the U.S. and global economies. Results are communicated through reports, conferences, workshops, briefings, and electronic media subject to the procedures of the National Academies to ensure their authoritativeness, independence, and objectivity. The members of the STEP Board and staff are listed below:
RICHARD K. LESTER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chair
JEFF BINGAMAN, Former U.S. Senator, New Mexico
ELLEN R. DULBERGER, Dulberger Enterprises, LLC
ALAN M. GARBER (NAM), Harvard University
RALPH E. GOMORY (NAS/NAE), New York University
MICHAEL GREENSTONE, The University of Chicago
ARATI PRABHAKAR (NAE)
LUIS M. PROENZA, University of Akron
KATHRYN L. SHAW, Stanford University
Staff
GAIL COHEN, Board Director
PAUL BEATON, Senior Program Officer
DAVID DIERKSHEIDE, Program Officer
FREDERIC LESTINA, Senior Program Assistant
ERIK SAARI, Senior Program Assistant
SUJAI SHIVAKUMAR, Senior Program Officer
This page intentionally left blank.
Preface
Manufacturing USA, originally established as the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation program, was formally established in 2014 to “bring together industry, academia and federal partners within a growing network of advanced manufacturing institutes to increase U.S. manufacturing competitiveness and promote a robust and sustainable national manufacturing R&D infrastructure.”1 Operated by the interagency Advanced Manufacturing National Program Office; headquartered in the National Institute of Standards and Technology; and operating in partnership with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the Departments of Defense, Energy, Education, Agriculture, and Labor, Manufacturing USA is intended to create partnerships that leverage existing resources and facilitate collaboration and co-investment to nurture manufacturing innovation, accelerate commercialization, and foster a skilled manufacturing workforce. Fourteen institutes have been established to date.
On May 23, 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore the role of the Manufacturing USA initiative. The specific tasks of the meeting were to “examine external reviews of the Manufacturing USA Institutes; provide an in-depth discussion of particular institutes; address the contributions of the institutes to workforce and economic development; describe how other nations are supporting advanced manufacturing; and discuss potential U.S. priorities and policies for action.” (See Box 1-1, Project Statement of Task.)
The workshop was organized by a planning committee under the auspices of the National Academies’ Innovation Policy Forum, which acts as a focal point for national and international dialogue on innovation policy. Operating under the guidance of the Board on Science, Technology, and
___________________
1 Manufacturing USA website, Program Details. Access at https://www.manufacturingusa.com/pages/program-details.
Economic Policy (STEP), the Forum brings together representatives of government, industry, national laboratories, research institutes, and universities—foreign and domestic—to exchange views on current challenges and opportunities for U.S. innovation policy. It provides a platform for learning about the goals, instruments, funding levels, and results of national and regional programs and discussing their lessons for U.S. policy.
This particular Forum workshop built on previous work of the STEP Board, including the 2012 report Rising to the Challenge: U.S. Innovation Policy in the Global Economy, in which the authoring committee recommends expanded support for manufacturing,2 and the 2013 report 21st Century Manufacturing: The Role of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program, in which the authoring committee recommends that “any effort to establish programs to further support manufacturing should thoroughly assess existing U.S. resources, organizations, and institutions already engaged in applied research and should take into account lessons from U.S. and international best practice.”3 In addition, the 2014 report 21st Century Manufacturing: The Flexible Electronics Opportunity examines the potential of public–private consortia to facilitate applied research and manufacturing, as well as other measures to support the development of the flexible electronics industry in the United States.4 Together, these reports describe current U.S. efforts as well as substantial programs initiated by leading nations to support advanced manufacturing and are relevant to understanding the wider context of U.S. initiatives to support advanced manufacturing.5
This proceedings has been prepared by the workshop rapporteurs as a factual summary of what occurred at the workshop. The planning committee’s role was limited to planning and convening the workshop. The views contained in the proceedings are those of individual workshop participants and do not necessarily represent the views of all workshop participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
___________________
2 National Research Council, Rising to the Challenge: U.S. Innovation Policy in the Global Economy, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2012, Recommendation 5-d.
3 National Research Council, 21st Century Manufacturing: The Role of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013, Recommendation 8.
4 National Research Council, 21st Century Manufacturing: The Flexible Electronics Opportunity, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2014.
5 National Research Council, 21st Century Manufacturing: The Role of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program, 2013, Appendix A.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF REVIEWERS
This Proceedings of a workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings: William Bonvillian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Thomas Kurfess, Georgia Institute of Technology; Tom Guevara, Indiana University; Ira Moskowitz, Massachusetts Technology Collaborative; and Gregory Tassey, University of Washington.
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by Jan Youtie, Georgia Institute of Technology. She was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the National Academies.
This page intentionally left blank.
Contents
The Impetus for Manufacturing USA
The Federal Role in the Manufacturing USA Partnership
Importance of Public–Private Partnerships in Advanced Manufacturing
Role of the Manufacturing USA Institutes
Recent Assessments of the Institutes
Suggestions for Improving Manufacturing USA
Panel II: Manufacturing USA and Regional Economic Development
Panel III: Assessing the Manufacturing USA Initiative
Panel IV: Advanced Manufacturing Around the World
4 KEY POINTS MADE AT THE WORKSHOP
Boxes and Figures
BOXES
3-1 Partnering with MEP: Benefits to Manufacturing USA
3-2 Best Practices in Clustering from the Albany Nanocluster
FIGURES
1-1 Manufacturing USA institutes and their locations as of May 2017
3-1 Emerging capabilities at Lockheed Martin
3-3 Manufacturing employment, 1960–2016
3-4 Real value-added manufacturing and rest of economy, 2000–2015
3-5 The investment gap in manufacturing innovation
3-6 Status of the Manufacturing USA network as of April 2017
3-7 Manufacturing USA: An interconnected network
3-8 Manufacturing USA: Measuring performance
3-9 The global redistribution of production
3-10 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft’s contract research: 2011–2015 (in millions of euros)