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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Field Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24934.
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Page 81
Page 82
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Field Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24934.
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Page 82

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81 1. Thomas, R. W., and D. Cuttino. NCHRP Report 696: Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2011. 2. AASHTO M 294-15, “Standard Specification for Corrugated Poly- ethylene Pipe, 300- to 1500-mm Diameter.” AASHTO State Materials Specifications. Washington, DC: AASHTO, 2015. 3. Pluimer, M. L. Evaluation of Corrugated HDPE Pipes Manufac- tured with Recycled Content in Commuter Rail Applications. Dis- sertation. Villanova, PA: Proquest, 2016. 4. ASTM F2136-14, “Standard Test Method for Notched, Con- stant Ligament-Stress (NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack- Growth Resistance of HDPE Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe.” Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2014. 5. ASTM F3181, “Standard Test Method for the Un-notched, Con- stant Ligament Stress Crack Test (UCLS) for HDPE Materials Containing Post-Consumer Recycled HDPE.” Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2016. 6. Gabriel, L. H. Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe Design Manual and Installation Guide. Irving, TX: Plastics Pipe Institute, 2002. 7. Masada, T., S. M. Sargand, and J. B. Goddard. “Field Service Condi- tions of the Oldest Corrugated HDPE Pipe Culvert under Ohio’s Roadway.” Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 27, no. 3 (June 2013): 326–33. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000307 8. Spirinckx, C., K. Boonen, and K. Peeters. Life Cycle Assessment of a PP Structured (Twin) Wall Sewer Pipe System (According to EN 13476). The European Plastic Pipes and Fittings Association. [Online] May 2011. http://teppfa.eu/images/stories/pdf/PE- Thirdpartyreport-June2011.pdf. 9. Janson, L.-E. Plastics Pipes for Water Supply and Sewage Dis- posal. Stockholm: Borealis, 2003. 10. Showaib, E. A. Fatigue Acceleration of Crack Growth in Medium Density Polyethylene. Dissertation. Case Western Reserve Univer- sity, May 1993. 11. Zhou, Y.-Q. and N. Brown. The Mechanism of Fatigue Failure in a Polyethylene Copolymer. Journal of Polymer Science. Part B, Polymer Physics 30, no. 5 (1992): 477–87. doi:10.1002/polb.1992.090300507. 12. Haager, M., G. Pinter, and R. W. Lang. “Ranking of PE-HD Pipe Grades by Fatigue Crack Growth Performance.” Plastics Pipes XIII. Washington, DC: 2006. 13. Zhao, Y., B.-H. Choi, and A. Chudnovsky. “Characterization of the Fatigue Crack Behavior of Pipe Grade Polyethylene Using Circular Notched Specimens.” International Journal of Fatigue 51 (2013): 26–35. doi:10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2013.01.016. 14. Parsons, M., E. V. Stepanov, A. Hiltner, and E. Baer. “Correlation of Fatigue and Creep Slow Crack Growth in a Medium Density Polyethylene Pipe Material.” Journal of Materials Science 35, no. 11 (2000): 2659–74. 15. Frank, A., W. Freimann, G. Pinter, and R. W. Lang. “A Fracture Mechanics Concept for the Accelerated Characterization of Creep Crack Growth in PE-HD Pipe Grades.” Engineering Fracture Mechanics 76, no. 18 (2009): 2780–7. doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech. 2009.06.009. 16. Pinter, G., R. Lang, and M. Haager. “A Test Concept for Lifetime Prediction of Polyethylene Pressure Pipes.” Chemical Monthly 138 (2007): 347–355. 17. Pinter, G., M. Haager, W. Balika, and R. W. Lang. “Cyclic Crack Growth Tests with CRB Specimens for the Evaluation of the Long- Term Performance of PE Pipe Grades.” Polymer Testing 26 (2006): 180–188. 18. Peacock, A. J. Handbook of Polyethylene. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2000. 19. Lander, L. L. “Environmental Stress Rupture of Polyethylene.” SPE Journal 1329 (1960): 1329–32. 20. ASTM D5397-12, “Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Con- stant Tensile Load Test.” Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2012. 21. Thomas, R. W. and B. Woods-DeSchepper. “Stress Crack Testing of Unnotched HDPE Geomembranes and Seams.” Proceedings of the 7th GRI Seminar, Vol. 116. Philadelphia: GRI, 1993. 22. Thomas, R. W. “Evaluating the Stress Crack Resistance of HDPE Seams.” Proceedings from the 6th International Conference of Geosynthetics, Vol. 316. Atlanta: GSI, 1998. 23. Hsuan, Y. G. and T. J. McGrath. Protocol for Predicting Long-term Service of Corrugated High Density Polyethylene Pipes. Florida Depart- ment of Transportation, 2005. http://www.fdot.gov/materials?/ laboratory/corrosion?/hdpe/20050729_report.pdf. 24. Thomas, R. W. and D. Cuttino. “The BFF Test: An Un-notched Stress Crack Test for Evaluating Resin Blends Containing Recycled HDPE for Use in Corrugated Drainage Pipe.” Plastics Pipes PPXV. Vancouver, 2010. 25. ASTM D3895-14, “Standard Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Polyolefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry.” Con- shohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2014. 26. ASTM D3350-14, “Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials.” Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2014. References

82 27. ASTM D4218-15, “Standard Test Method for Determination of Carbon Black Content in Polyethylene Compounds By the Muffle- Furnace Technique.” Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2014. 28. Zhang, J. Experimental Study of Stress Cracking in High Density Polyethylene Pipes. Dissertation. Philadelphia: Drexel University, 2005. 29. ASTM F2648, “Standard Specification for 2 to 60 inch [50 to 1500 mm] Annular Corrugated Profile Wall Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings for Land Drainage Applications.” ASTM F2648/ F2648M-13. Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2013. 30. McGrath, T. J., I. D. Moore, and G. Y. Hsuan. NCHRP Report 631: Updated Test and Design Methods for Thermoplastic Drainage Pipe. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2009. 31. Popelar, C. H., V. H. Kenner, and J. P. Wooster. “An Accelerated Method for Establishing the Long-Term Performance of Polyethyl- ene Gas Pipe Materials.” Polymer Engineering and Science 31, no. 24 (1991): 1693–1700. 32. ASTM D2837-13, “Standard Test Method for Obtaining Hydro- static Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials or Pressure Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Products.” Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2013. 33. Moser, A. P. Buried Pipe Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. 34. Moore, I. and C. Zhang. “Nonlinear Predictions for HDPE Pipe Response Under Parallel Plate Loading.” Journal of Transportation Engineering 124, no. 3 (1998): 286–292. 35. Chua, K. M. Time-Dependent Interaction of Soil and Flexible Pipe. Dissertation. Texas A&M University, May 1986. 36. Masada, T. Improved Solution for Pipe Stiffness as Measured by Parallel-Plate Load Test. Chicago: Pipeline Division Specialty Conference, 2006. doi:10.1061/40854(211)79. 37. American Association of State and Highway Transportation Offi- cials (AASHTO). AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Seventh Edition. Washington, DC: AASHTO, 2016. 38. Brachman, R., I. Moore, and R. Rowe. “The Performance of a Lab- oratory Facility for Evaluating the Structural Response of Small- Diameter Buried Pipes.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 38, no. 2 (2001): 260–75. doi:10.1139/t00-102. 39. LoPresti, J. A. Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe Testing under 315,000- Pound Cars at FAST. plasticpipe.org. [Online] January 14, 2010. [Cited: March 15, 2014.] http://plasticpipe.org/pdf/polyethylene- pipe-testing-under-315000-cars.pdf. 40. Hsuan, Y. G. and T. J. McGrath. NCHRP Report 429: HDPE Pipe: Recommended Material Specifications and Design Requirements. Washington, DC: TRB, National Research Council, 1999. 41. ASTM D638-14, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics.” Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2014. 42. McGrath, T. J. Performance of Thermoplastic Pipe under Highway Vehicle Loading. Monticello: Minnesota Department of Transpor- tation, 2005. 43. ASTM D7791-12, “Standard Test Method for Uniaxial Fatigue Properties of Plastics.” Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2012. 44. Hsuan, Y. G. Oxidation Resistance of Corrugated HDPE Pipe. Draft report. Florida Department of Transportation. [Online] December 22, 2010. [Cited: May 1, 2014.] http://www.fdot.gov/ materials/laboratory/corrosion?/hdpe/20101222_report.pdf. 45. ASTM F449-16, “Standard Practice for Subsurface Installation of Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe for Agricultural Drainage or Water Table Control.” Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2016.

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 870: Field Performance of Corrugated Pipe Manufactured with Recycled Polyethylene Content explores the use of corrugated high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe manufactured with recycled content and proposes guidelines for manufacturing these pipes to ensure they meet the service life requirements for the given application. This project expounded on the research published in NCHRP Report 696. The research consisted of manufacturing several large diameter corrugated HDPE pipes out of various blends of virgin and post-consumer recycled (PCR) materials commonly used in land drainage applications and evaluating these pipes in the field and laboratory to determine their service life in typical installed conditions. PCR materials were the focus of this project as they are more readily available and typically used in the corrugated HDPE pipe industry than post industrial recycled materials. However, the research is applicable to both types.

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