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Assessing Aircraft Noise Conditions Affecting Student Learning–Case Studies (2017)

Chapter: 2 Site Selection and Data Collection Protocols

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Suggested Citation:"2 Site Selection and Data Collection Protocols." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Assessing Aircraft Noise Conditions Affecting Student Learning–Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24941.
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Suggested Citation:"2 Site Selection and Data Collection Protocols." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Assessing Aircraft Noise Conditions Affecting Student Learning–Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24941.
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Suggested Citation:"2 Site Selection and Data Collection Protocols." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Assessing Aircraft Noise Conditions Affecting Student Learning–Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24941.
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Suggested Citation:"2 Site Selection and Data Collection Protocols." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Assessing Aircraft Noise Conditions Affecting Student Learning–Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24941.
×
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Suggested Citation:"2 Site Selection and Data Collection Protocols." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Assessing Aircraft Noise Conditions Affecting Student Learning–Case Studies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24941.
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Chapter 2 – Site Selection and Data Collection Protocols 4 2 Site Selection and Data Collection Protocols One of the most challenging parts of this project was finding a suitable location for data location where there was  a sufficient number of elementary schools in aircraft noise affected districts near a busy airport. We had originally  identified the Miami‐Dade County School in the vicinity of Miami International Airport (MIA), but school  administrators there were not receptive to the study. As a result, the study focused on schools surrounding Los  Angeles International Airport (LAX), which offered many of the same advantages, namely:   High volume of aircraft operations: a large number of operations increased the likelihood of observing aircraft noise events during school hours, as well as the likelihood of observing a wide range of aircraft noise levels near schools.  Single‐flow traffic pattern: a consistent and predictable operational structure increased the likelihood of observable aircraft events happening at regular intervals at the study schools.  Uninsulated schools: like MIA, LAX is one of only a few major airports in the United States that has not implemented a comprehensive sound insulation program8. Finally, LAX was one of two airports recommended for case study by ACRP 02‐26, Assessing Aircraft Noise  Conditions Affecting Student Learning (MIA was the other).  Based in part on prior research projects, a series of protocols were developed for the acquisition and recording of  data. In addition to measuring both indoor and outdoor sound level at each school, a team of observers was  employed to observe and record the behavioral responses to noise events of both students and teachers. Outdoor  observations were also conducted to record sources of local noise events. A brief description of each program  element is given in the following sections.  2.1 Acoustic Measurements An acoustical measurement program was designed to simultaneously collect both outdoor and indoor aircraft  noise levels. For any given observation period, up to five noise monitors were employed, one located outdoors in  an open area, and up to four located inside separate classrooms. The outdoor monitor was attended by a single  observer who logged the passing of aircraft and other local outdoor noise events from an HMMH‐developed  computer application that was time‐synchronized to all of the noise monitors. Each of the indoor monitors was  attended by two observers logging the behavior of the students and teachers within each classroom.   Data collected by the observers included photographs of the school and classrooms, continuous time histories of  A‐ and C‐weighted sound levels (indoor and outdoor), event data for teacher, student, and outdoor noise  observations, various notes, and student and teacher demographics.  All measurements followed guidelines presented by ANSI for classroom noise measurements. The noise  measurement protocol is provided in detail in Appendix A.  2.2 Noise Level Predictions Noise levels were computed at all school locations. Two sets of predictions were made: (1) for the periods for  which noise measurements and classroom observations were conducted; and (2) for 2016 annual operations, in  order to allow for comparison with chronic levels, as required by current federal policy. Predictions were made  8 While no comprehensive program has been implemented, LAX has a long history of noise monitoring and abatement in the  communities surrounding the airport. From 1997 to 2010 the airport soundproofed over 7,300 homes. For details see the Los  Angeles World Airports (LAWA) website: http://www.lawa.org/welcome_LAWA.aspx?id=1092 

Chapter 2 – Site Selection and Data Collection Protocols 5 using RealContours™, a proprietary tool developed by HMMH to predict noise using the FAA’s Integrated Noise  Model (INM) and radar data from actual flight operations.   The following metrics were computed:   Daily School‐day LAeq and Lmax for each day in the observation period,  NA 55, 60, and 65 at each school for each day,  Annual School‐day LAeq and Lmax,  Annual LAeqand Lmax, and  Daily TA55, TA60, and TA65 at each school for each day in the observation period. A summary of the data modeled for noise predictions is provided in detail in Appendix B.  2.3 Classroom Observations Classroom observations were conducted through 90‐minute observation sessions, taking place in third to fifth  grade classrooms (and four second grade classrooms in the case of one school), during which time the students  were (ideally) participating in math, science, English language, or social science lessons.  The observational data on student and teacher behaviors were collected using tablet computers employing a  mobile application (developed by HMMH) that allowed researchers to record observations electronically. Two  observers were used for each classroom: one to observe the teacher and the other to observe the students.  Primary observations included:    Teacher speech pauses/unplanned interruptions,  Teacher voice‐masking (occurs when the teacher’s voice is distorted or drowned out by noise),  Teacher voice‐raising (occurs when the teacher needs to speak louder to be heard over aircraft noise), and  Student distraction and interruptions. The teacher was observed for the full ninety‐minute period, whereas the students were observed individually for  two minutes at a time. Since the typical classroom size was less than 45, the student observer observed some  students twice during a session.  Detailed discussion of the classroom protocol is provided in Appendix C.  2.3.1 Tablet Application The tablet application used for the recording of observed data was developed by HMMH specifically for this  project and allowed for the logging of teacher, student, and noise observations. The program was loaded onto  HMMH‐owned tablet computers and distributed to each of the observers for the duration of the observation  period. The selection of the data type recorded for each session is made on the app’s home screen, as shown in  Figure 1 below: 

Upon selec configure t (teacher, s When the  logging dat For a teach or teaching switches. F ting the type o he data being tudent, and no observer comp a every secon er observatio , masking, or  igure 3 below Fig f observation recorded that ise, respective Figure 2. T letes configur d.   n session, the  raising their vo  shows the Tea ure 1. Tablet   session, the o  session. A con ly) is given in  ablet Applicat ation of the se user presses a ice. The appli cher Observa Chapter 2 – Application Ho bserver is pres figuration scr Figure 2 below ion Session Co ssion and pre  series of three cation records tions Module o Site Selectio me Screen  ented with a  een for each ty :  nfiguration Sc ssed the “Begi  switches to d  data based on f the applicat n and Data C screen with pa pe of observa reens  n” button, the enote whethe  the configura ion.  ollection Pro rameters to  tion session   application b r a teacher is  tion of these  tocols 6 egins  idle 

As stated p module ha observer s application Logging fo noise even Observatio reviously, stud s only one swi ees a menu wi  for logging. T r noise events  t, and record t ns Module is s Figure 3. Ta ents were ob tch, which is fl th options con he Student Ob Figure 4. T was much sim he details of t hown in Figur blet Applicat served individ ipped when a  cerning the de servations mo ablet Applicat pler, as the ob he event, whic e 5 below:  Chapter 2 – ion Teacher O ually for two m student becom tails of the dis dule is shown ion Student O server only ne h is passed ba Site Selectio bservations M inutes at a tim es distracted traction, whic  in Figure 4 be bservations M eded to press ck to the appl n and Data C odule  e. The Studen . Upon flipping h they would  low:  odule   a button whe ication for logg ollection Pro t Observation  this switch th submit to the  n she observed ing. The Noise tocols 7 s  e   a   

2.4 Tea As part of t aircraft no similar surv a possible  Surveys we schools in  with added the first an The survey cher Inter he data collec ise and coping ey was condu comparison of re conducted  both districts.   incentives fo d second wav  instrument is Figure 5. T views/Surv tion, a volunta  mechanisms w cted as part o  the results.  via SurveyMo The first wave r participating es.   provided in A ablet Applica ey ry survey con as distributed f the RANCH st nkey, an online  did not receiv . The relevant  ppendix D.  Chapter 2 – tion Noise Ob sisting of ques  to all teacher udy, and man  survey tool, a e an adequate portions of the Site Selectio servations Mo tions relating t s of each of th y of the same  nd provided i  number of re  questionnair n and Data C dule  o teachers’ at e schools in b questions wer n two waves t sponses, so it  e remained un ollection Pro titudes toward oth districts. A e used to allow o all teachers  was sent back changed betw tocols 8      for  in all   out  een 

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TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Web-Only Document 34: Assessing Aircraft Noise Conditions Affecting Student Learning–Case Studies attempts to determine how the behaviors of students and teachers are affected by aircraft noise exposure. The report identifies metrics that define the level and characteristics of aircraft noise that impact student achievement. It also develops guidance for use by decision makers on how to reduce the impact of aircraft noise on student achievement. The report is accompanied by a brochure on the Effects of Aircraft Noise on Student Learning.

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