Guidebook for Quantifying Airport Ground Access Vehicle Activity for Emissions Modeling (2017)

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7 GAV are located on the landside of an airport. GAV users include airline passengers; the entities transporting passengers to, from, and sometimes within the airport; airport employees; airline or airport tenants; and users of airport support vehicles (e.g., vehicles delivering supplies). These airport users travel to, from, and on the access/egress roadway system of the airport in one or more of the following types of GAV: • Private vehicles; • Rental cars; • On-demand taxicabs; • Pre-reserved taxicabs; • Pre-arranged limousines; • On-demand limousines/town cars; • Door-to-door vans; • Courtesy vehicles; • Security vehicles; • Charter buses; • Scheduled buses; • Service and delivery vehicles; • Transportation Network Company (TNC) vehicles (e.g., Uber, Lyft); or • Air cargo vehicles. FAA categorizes airports as being commercial service, cargo service, reliever, and/or general aviation airports. Commercial service airports are further categorized by the number of annual passenger enplanements (i.e., boardings). Whether one, two, or all of the GAV types listed operate at a given airport will depend on the type of airport. For example, a small general aviation airport is unlikely to be on a scheduled bus route, but a large metropolitan airport would most certainly have this service. For each type of GAV, three factors determine the level of emissions for an individual vehicle within that type of GAV: (1) the fuel used to power the vehicle’s engine, (2) the operating speed of the vehicle, and (3) the amount of time the vehicle’s engine is running at idle. An important distinction between the MOVES and EMFAC models is the difference in their vehicle classification schemes. MOVES defines the “source type” as the primary vehicle classification for model input and output. EMFAC2014 uses multiple classification schemes that are named according to the model version that introduced them (e.g., EMFAC2007 and EMFAC2011 vehicle classifications). Table 3-1 describes the types of GAV, gives examples of the vehicles for each type, and lists equivalent vehicle classifications for the MOVES and EMFAC models. C H A P T E R 3 Airport GAV Fleet and Operational Characteristics

8 Guidebook for Quantifying Airport Ground Access Vehicle Activity for Emissions Modeling Table 3-1. Mapping of GAV types to MOVES and EMFAC vehicle classifications. GAV Type Description Vehicles in Group Example Vehicle(s) MOVES Equivalents EMFAC Equivalents Vehicle Type Fuel Type(s) Vehicle Type Fuel Type(s) Private vehicles (PV) Privately owned and operated vehicles Automobiles Chevrolet Malibu Passenger car Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Passenger car Gas, diesel Vans/SUVs GMC Savana Passenger truck Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Light-duty truck (1 and 2), medium-duty truck, light heavy-duty truck (8,501-10,000 lbs.) Gas, diesel Pickup Trucks Ford F-150 Passenger truck Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Light-duty truck (1 and 2), medium-duty truck, light heavy-duty truck (8,501-10,000 lbs.) Gas, diesel Motorcycles Victory Gunner Motorcycle Gas Motorcycle Gas Rental cars (RC) From companies on or near airport Automobiles Chevrolet Malibu Passenger car Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Passenger car Gas, diesel Vans/SUVs GMC Savana Passenger truck Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Light-duty truck (1 and 2), medium-duty truck, light heavy-duty truck (8,501-10,000 lbs.) Gas, diesel Pickup Trucks Ford F-150 Passenger truck Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Light-duty truck (1 and 2), medium-duty truck, light heavy-duty truck (8,501-10,000 lbs.) Gas, diesel On-Demand Taxicabs (ODTs) Typically vehicles capable of transporting five passengers Automobiles Ford Crown Victoria Passenger car Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Passenger car Gas, diesel Vans/SUVs GMC Savana Passenger truck Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Light-duty truck (1 and 2), medium-duty truck, light heavy-duty truck (8,501–10,000 lbs.) Gas, diesel Pre-Reserved Taxicabs (PRTs) Typically vehicles capable of transporting five passengers Automobiles Ford Crown Victoria Passenger car Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Passenger car Gas, diesel Vans/SUVs GMC Savana Passenger truck Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Light-duty truck (1 and 2), medium-duty truck, light heavy-duty truck (8,501–10,000 lbs.) Gas, diesel Vehicles Owned by a Transportation Network Company (TNC) such as Uber or Lyft Privately owned and operated vehicles Automobiles Chevrolet Malibu Passenger car Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Passenger car Gas, diesel Vans/SUVs GMC Savana Passenger truck Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Light-duty truck (1 and 2), medium-duty truck, light heavy-duty truck (8,501–10,000 lbs.) Gas, diesel Pickup trucks Ford F-150 Passenger truck Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Light-duty truck (1 and 2), medium-duty truck, light heavy-duty truck (8,501–10,000 lbs.) Gas, diesel Pre-Arranged Limousines (PALs) Typically vehicles capable of transporting five passengers (more for stretch) Automobiles Lincoln Town Car Passenger car Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Passenger car Gas, diesel On-Demand Limousines or Town Cars (ODLTCs) Typically vehicles capable of transporting five passengers Automobiles (Town Car) Lincoln Town Car Passenger car Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Passenger car Gas, diesel a a b c c

Airport GAV Fleet and Operational Characteristics 9 GAV Type Description Vehicles in Group Example Vehicle(s) MOVES Equivalents EMFAC Equivalents Vehicle Type Fuel Type(s) Vehicle Type Fuel Type(s) Door-to-Door/ Shared Ride Vans (D2D/SRVs) Typically vehicles capable of transporting eight to ten passengers Vans Ford E150 Light commercial truck Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Light heavy-duty truck (up to 8,501 lbs.), light heavy-duty truck (8,501-10,000 lbs.) Gas, diesel Courtesy Vehicles (CVs) Shared-ride transportation by hotels, motels, rental car company, parking lot operators. Typically eight to twelve-passenger vans, minibuses and full size buses Vans Ford E150 Light commercial truck Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Light heavy-duty truck (up to 8,501 lbs.), light heavy-duty truck (8,501-10,000 lbs.) Gas, diesel Minibuses Turtle Top Odyssey Short-haul single-unit truck Gas, diesel Light heavy-duty truck (10,001-14,000 lbs.) Gas, diesel Buses Motor Coach Industries 102- DW3SS Transit bus Gas, diesel, CNG Urban bus Diesel, gas, natural gas Buses (scheduled or charter) -- Buses Motor Coach Industries 102- DW3SS Transit bus Gas, diesel, CNG Urban bus Diesel, gas, natural gas Service and Delivery Vehicles (S/DV) Transport goods, air cargo, mail, contractors, refuse, etc. Trucks Kenworth T170 Short-haul single-unit truck Gas, diesel Medium-heavy-duty diesel truck (10,001- 26,000 lbs.) Diesel Kenworth T270 Refuse truck Gas, diesel Heavy heavy-duty diesel solid waste collection truck Diesel, natural gas Vans GMC Savana Light commercial truck Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Light heavy-duty truck (8,501-10,000 lbs.) Diesel, gas Semi-trailers Kenworth T800 Short-haul combination truck Gas, diesel Heavy heavy-duty diesel tractor Diesel Small package delivery service Light trucks Freightliner P1000 Short-haul single-unit truck Gas, diesel Light heavy-duty truck (10,001–14,000 lbs.), medium heavy-duty diesel truck (14,001– 26,000 lbs.) Gas, diesel Vans GMC Savana Light commercial truck Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Light heavy-duty truck (8,501–10,000 lbs.) Diesel, gas a ACRP Report 40: Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations (LeighFisher 2010) b Table 2-6 from Population and Activity of On-road Vehicles in MOVES2014a (EPA 2015b) c Table 6-1A from EMFAC2014 Volume III – Technical Documentation (CARB 2014) Airport Vehicles (AVs) and Security Vehicles Vehicles owned/operated by airport/airline staff and by airport security personnel Automobiles Chevrolet Malibu Passenger car Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Passenger car Gas, diesel Vans and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) GMC Savana Passenger truck Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Light-duty truck (1 and 2), medium-duty truck, light heavy-duty truck (8,501–10,000 lbs.) Gas, diesel Pickup trucks Ford F-150 Passenger truck Gas, diesel, E-85, electric Light-duty truck (1 and 2), medium-duty truck, light heavy-duty truck (8,501–10,000 lbs.) Gas, diesel a a b c c Table 3-1. (Continued).

10 Guidebook for Quantifying Airport Ground Access Vehicle Activity for Emissions Modeling 3.1 Fuel Type The most significant factor that determines the level of emissions from a vehicle is the fuel that powers the vehicle’s engine. The engines and fuel types associated with airport-related GAV vary somewhat, but the majority of engines are fueled by gasoline. Other fuels include, but are not limited to, the following: • Diesel, • Compressed natural gas (CNG), • Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), • Ethanol (E-85), and • Electric. For each type of GAV, the fuel types listed in each of the emissions models also are shown in Table 3-1. 3.2 Operating Speed A vehicle’s operating speed is another factor that determines the level of emissions. For exam- ple, emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), a significant GHG, are greatest at motor vehicle speeds less than 10 miles per hour (mph) and decrease substantially as the speed of a vehicle increases (see Figure 3-1). Within any given area of an airport, the range of vehicle speeds will vary depend- ing on location (e.g., an access roadway versus an airport curbside), the GAV driver’s familiarity with the airport or area of the airport, and the posted speed limits. 3.3 Idle/dwell Time and Delay Time For a GAV air quality assessment, idle/dwell time refers to periods of continuous engine opera- tion while the vehicle is stopped curbside at an airport’s terminal (i.e., at the enplane and deplane areas). Delay refers to periods of engine-on time while a vehicle is stopped at an intersection. Figure 3-1. Emissions–speed plot of individual trips or trip segments. Source: Barth and Boriboonsomsin (2016).